scholarly journals Effect of Wheat Straw as a Cover Crop on the Chlorophyll, Seed, and Oilseed Yield of Trigonella foeunm graecum L under Water Deficiency and Weed Competition

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Raheem Lahmod ◽  
Jawadayn Talib Alkooranee ◽  
Ahmed Abed Gatea Alshammary ◽  
Jesús Rodrigo-Comino
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
The Impact

The effects of water stress on fenugreek crops are well documented. However, little is known about how these plants respond to water deficits under a soil-mulching system when the surface is protected. Therefore, the current research aims to demonstrate the possibility of reducing the impact of water stress and weed competition on the fenugreek crop through the use of wheat residues as a cover crop on the soil surface. A field experiment was carried out during the winter season (2016–2017) using a split-plot design arrangement with three replicates. The experiments included four levels of water deficit, which consisted of a 40% depletion treatment as a control plot, and 50%, 60%, and 70% depletion from the field capacity (DFC) for the other studied fields. The subplot division consisted of mulching the soil with wheat residues. The results demonstrated that soil-mulching systems and a water deficit are able to impact fenugreek yield of seed and oil. Additionally, soil mulching led to a decrease in weed density and biomass, chlorophyll content, and biological yield. Although high water deficit (70% DFC) led to yield and growth reduction, the use of wheat residue as a cover crop moderated the effect of a strong water deficit on plants and showed clear reduction of weed growth. Therefore, the results suggest that soil mulching can mitigate the adverse effects of water deficit by conserving soil moisture and decreasing weeds, which can be considered an acclimation mechanism under water-deficit conditions to avoid yield loss. Moreover, the allelopathic effects of wheat residue were observed on fenugreek crops subjected to irrigation after depleting 40% soil water moisture, but these effects disappeared within 90 days of sowing. We conclude that these results can help future agricultural planning and systems in order to increase productivity, reduce irrigation costs, and conserve soil quality.

scholarly journals Investigation of improving the drought tolerance in persian petunia (Petunia sp.) by exogenous application of salicylic acid and gibberellic acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Morteza Goldani ◽  
Ali Dolatkhahi ◽  
Mahdi Parsa ◽  
Navid Vahdati ◽  
Zahra Rasouli
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Four Levels

Plants respond to water deficit through several mechanisms. Among which, plant hormones play an important role in induction to abiotic stress tolerance. To bring this issue closer, an experiment was conducted to examine whether salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) exogenous applications through foliar spray could alleviate detrimental effects of water deficit on Persian petunia. Treatments consisted of water stress in three levels: 100% field capacity (F.C.) as control, 50, and 25% F.C linked with different concentrations of GA3 and SA sprayed at four levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg L–1). Results showed that the dry and fresh biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments levels, relative water content (RWC) and the total number of flowers were significantly (P≤0.01) reduced in response to water deficit. However, free proline concentration and root-to-shoot ratio significantly increased in stressed plants. Plants subjected to severe water stress (25% F.C.), exhibit about 66% stomatal conductance rate lower than the plants grown at 100% F.C. The results showed that SA-treated plants exhibited reduced negative effect of water stress on most of the qualitative and quantitative attributes compared to control, while GA3 application had little impact on studied traits. Importantly, stomatal conductance and RWC were improved in water-stressed plants treated with SA. Moreover, SA-treated plants produced more flowers at all water deficit levels compared to GA3 sprayed plants. It can be concluded that Persian petunia plants respond to water deficit through adaptive changes at biochemical and morphological levels and that adverse effects of water deficit could be alleviated by exogenous application of SA.

scholarly journals The effect of climate change on rainfall pattern and deficit of water in tea plantation

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwa Lubnan Dalimoenthe ◽  
Y Apriana ◽  
T June
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Rainfall Pattern ◽  
Tea Plantation ◽  
Water Index ◽  
The Impact

<p><em>Climate change has been influencing rainfall pattern so that it would be necessary to see the impact of that changed on tea plantation. The experimental area coverage lowland (600 m asl), midland (800-1000m asl) and highland (&gt;1.000 m asl) tea plantation and each altituted represented by three tea estate in West Java. The rainfall data collected since 2005 up to 2014 from each estate and water deficit has been count through the method develop by Wijaya (1996). The results showed that the rainfall pattern has been changed by La-Nina and El-Nino during 2005-2014 in tea estate either in lowland, midland or highland in the last decade. The climate change caused  rainfall decreasing and increasing on dry month (the rainfall &lt; 100 mm). Eventhough on 2009 there is an significantly increasing of the rainfall but after 2009 until 2014, the rainfall tend to decrease. After El-Nino on late 2009 and early 2010, lowland tea estate on Subang Regency facing water deficit until 5 months with R (defisit water index) far below 1 even there is no El Nino. The tea plantation at midland area (Cianjur Regency) facing 5 months water deficit per year, but the R index close to 1. While in highland tea plantation (Bandung Regency), the water deficit only happend on certain month on certain year although there is a month with zero rainfall. Water deficit could be happend because of runoff on soil surface stimulate by low ability of soil to keep the water.</em></p>

scholarly journals Antioxidant and carbohydrate changes of two pomegranate cultivars under deficit irrigation stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e0809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Ebtedaie ◽  
Akhtar Shekafandeh
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
High Water ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Four Levels

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biochemical responses to water stress tolerance of two pomegranate cultivars, ‘Rabbab’ and ‘Shishehgap’. After the establishment of rooted stem cuttings of both cultivars under greenhouse conditions, they were treated with four levels of deficit irrigations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of field capacity) in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed a significant difference between the two cultivars regarding antioxidant enzymes activities. In both cultivars, the water stress increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. However, at high water deficit (25% field capacity, FC), ‘Rabbab’ showed significantly higher enzyme activity than ‘Shishehgap’. In each level of irrigation, there were not considerable differences in peroxidase activity between the two cultivars. An increment of 162% and 65.5% in soluble sugar was gained at 50% FC in ‘Rabbab’ and ‘Shishehgap’, respectively. ‘Rabbab’ showed better growth performance in each level of irrigation than ‘Shishehgap’. Therefore, it can be concluded that 'Rabbab', with lesser decline in leaf relative water content (RWC), a strong antioxidant system and accumulation of more soluble carbohydrates, can resist higher water stress than 'Shishehgap'.

scholarly journals ↵​Impact of A Selected Mycorrhizal Complex and A Rhizobacterial Species on Tomato Plants’ Growth under Water Stress Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slimani Afafe ◽  
Harkousse Oumaima ◽  
Mazri Mouaad Amine ◽  
Zouahri Abdelmajid ◽  
Ouahmane Lahcen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Impact

Background: Plant strategies for adapting to drought could be improved by associations between plant roots and soil microorganisms, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this study, the impact of a selected AMF complex and a selected PGPR species on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) under induced water stress was evaluated. Methods: Three different inoculation treatments were applied to tomato seedlings (a complex of AMF composed mainly of Glomus genus a Bacillus sp. PGPR treatment and a combination of both) and three different water levels (75%, 50% and 25% of field capacity). Result: A significant damaging impact of drought on tomato growth parameters and root mycorrhizal colonization, although the presence of microbes stimulated tomato plants growth and decreased the impact ofdrought stress. Indeed inoculated plants presented greater heights, fresh and dry weights, leaves number and area; greater water status; and greater proteins, sugars and chlorophylls contents either with the AMF complex or the Bacillus sp. in normal and drought stress conditions compared to the non-inoculated plants. However dual inoculation recorded the highest values under all water levels treatments.

scholarly journals In Field Measurements of Nitrogen Mineralization following Fall Applications of N and the Termination of Winter Cover Crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. ASWR.S13861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey G. Lacey ◽  
Shalamar D. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
N Application ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Little is known about the timing and quantity of nitrogen (N) mineralization from cover crop residue following cover crop termination. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the impact of cover crop species on the return of fall applied N to the soil in the spring following chemical and winter terminations. Fall N was applied (200 kg N ha−1) into a living stand of cereal rye, tillage radish, and control (no cover crop). After chemical termination in the spring, soil samples were collected weekly and were analyzed for inorganic N (NO3-N and NH4-N) to investigate mineralization over time. Cereal rye soil inorganic N concentrations were similar to that of the control in both the spring of 2012 and 2013. Fall N application into tillage radish, cereal rye, and control plots resulted in an average 91, 57, and 66% of the fall N application rate as inorganic N in the spring at the 0-20 cm depth, respectively. The inclusion of cover crops into conventional cropping systems stabilized N at the soil surface and has the potential to improve the efficiency of fall applied N.

scholarly journals Interspecific Differences in Physiological and Biochemical Traits Drive the Water Stress Tolerance in Young Morus alba L. and Conocarpus erectus L. Saplings

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Zikria Zafar ◽  
Fahad Rasheed ◽  
Ahsan Ul Haq ◽  
Faridah Hanum Ibrahim ◽  
Shazia Afzal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency

Mitigating climate change requires the identification of tree species that can tolerate water stress with fewer negative impacts on plant productivity. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the water stress tolerance of young saplings of C. erectus and M. alba under three soil water deficit treatments (control, CK, 90% field capacity, FC, medium stress MS, 60% FC and high stress, HS, 30% FC) under controlled conditions. Results showed that leaf and stem dry weight decreased significantly in both species under MS and HS. However, root dry weight and root/shoot ratio increased, and total dry weight remained similar to CK under MS in C. erectus saplings. Stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate decreased, and intrinsic water use efficiency increased significantly in both species under MS and HS treatments. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage increased in both the species under soil water deficit but was highest in M. alba. The concentration of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase also increased in both species under MS and HS but was highest in C. erectus. Therefore, results suggest that C. erectus saplings depicted a better tolerance to MS due to an effective antioxidative enzyme system.

scholarly journals Sugar beet extract rich in glycine betaine modulates oxidative defense system and key physiological characteristics of maize under water-deficit stress

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0254906
Author(s):  
Sidra Shafiq ◽  
Nudrat Aisha Akram ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf ◽  
Mohammad S. AL-Harbi ◽  
Bassem N. Samra
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Pigments ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Maize Plants

Now-a-days, plant-based extracts, as a cheap source of growth activators, are being widely used to treat plants grown under extreme climatic conditions. So, a trial was conducted to assess the response of two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties, Sadaf (drought tolerant) and Sultan (drought sensitive) to foliar-applied sugar beet extract (SBE) under varying water-deficit conditions. Different SBE (control, 1%, 2%, 3% & 4%) levels were used in this study, and plants were exposed to water-deficit [(75% and 60% of field capacity (FC)] and control (100% FC) conditions. It was observed that root and shoot dry weights (growth), total soluble proteins, RWC-relative water contents, total phenolics, chlorophyll pigments and leaf area per plant decreased under different water stress regimes. While, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), RMP-relative membrane permeability, H2O2-hydrogen peroxide and the activities of antioxidant enzymes [CAT-catalase, POD-peroxidase and SOD-superoxide dismutase] were found to be improved in water stress affected maize plants. Exogenous application of varying levels of SBE ameliorated the negative effects of water-deficit stress by enhancing the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, RWC, proline, glycinebetaine (GB), activities of POD and CAT enzymes and levels of total phenolics, whereas it reduced the lipid peroxidation in both maize varieties under varying water stress levels. It was noted that 3% and 4% levels of SBE were more effective than the other levels used in enhancing the growth as well as other characteristics of the maize varieties. Overall, the sugar beet extract proved to be beneficial for improving growth and metabolism of maize plants exposed to water stress.

scholarly journals Root morphology and root characters of different cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) types at 100 and 50 percent field capacity under water deficit condition

1970 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
ARUNKUMAR K
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Stressed Condition ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance ◽  
Water Stress Condition

Aim of this study to screened the root morphology and root characters of different cocoa types at 100 and 50 percent field capacity under water deficit condition at seedling stage. A survey was conducted at Idukki region of Kerala and twenty seven plus trees were identified. These twenty seven plus trees were screened for water stress tolerance under glasshouse condition by gravimetric method. With respect to the performance of plus trees, root length under 50% field capacity got increased to 21.15 cm as against 20.51 cm in 100 per cent field capacity. Fresh root weight and dry root weight substantially got increased under water stress. The average root girth of 27 plus trees got increased in stressed condition from 3.70 cm to 3.88 cm. The root volume also followed the same trend (47.28 as against 45.96). The percent of nitrogen is 1.37 in 50 per cent field capacity as against 1.63 in 100 per cent field capacity. The percentage of phosphorous decreased to 0.16 under 50 per cent field capacity as against 0.37 in 100 per cent field capacity. Similarly the percentage of potassium also showed a decreasing trend (1.27 % under 100 % field capacity to 1.06 % under 50 % field capacity). In the present investigation, under water stress condition the root length, number of roots, fresh weight of root and dry weight of root tends to increase compared to the 100 per cent field capacity, indicating the morphological adaptations of roots to survive under water stress condition. Furthermore, under water stress condition, root nutrients tend to get depleted.

scholarly journals Growth of the common bean submitted at different levels of water deficit in the soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Camila Aparecida Da Silva Martins ◽  
Edvaldo Fialho dos Reis ◽  
Giovanni De Oliveira Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Quantitative Factor ◽  
The Common ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Different Levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water deficit on thegrowth of common bean cultivated in medium and clayey soil. Two experiments were developed in factorial scheme of 2 x 4 with tension for the determination of field capacity on two levels and soil water deficit on four levels in a completelyrandomized design with three replicates for each soil. Growth analyzes were performed in two phenological stage of crop and the data were submitted to an analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05). When significant, the F Test (p ≤ 0.05) was used for the qualitative factor and regression analysis for the quantitative factor. The water content in the soil of 40 and 60% of available water exertednegative effects on leaf water potential, leaf area and total dry matter of thecommon bean, independent of voltage adopted in determining the field capacity.

scholarly journals Exogenously Applied Ascorbic Acid-Mediated Changes in Osmoprotection and Oxidative Defense System Enhanced Water Stress Tolerance in Different Cultivars of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farooq ◽  
Bukhari ◽  
Akram ◽  
Ashraf ◽  
Wijaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Oxidative Defense ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of exogenously applied ascorbic acid (AsA) on osmoprotectants and the oxidative defense system in four cultivars (16171, 16183, 16207 and 16246) of safflower under well-watered and water deficit conditions. Water stress (60% field capacity) significantly decreased the shoot and root fresh and dry weights, shoot and root lengths and chlorophyll contents in all four safflower cultivars, while it increased the leaf free proline, total phenolics, total soluble proteins, hydrogen peroxide content and activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes. Foliar-applied (100 mg L−1 and 150 mg L−1) ascorbic acid caused a marked improvement in shoot and root fresh and dry weights, plant height, chlorophyll and AsA contents as well as the activity of peroxidase (POD) enzyme particularly under water deficit conditions. It also increased the accumulation of leaf proline, total phenolics, total soluble proteins and glycine betaine (GB) content in all four cultivars. Exogenously applied AsA lowered the contents of MDA and H2O2, and the activities of CAT and SOD enzymes. Overall, exogenously applied AsA had a positive effect on the growth of safflower plants under water deficit conditions which could be related to AsA-induced enhanced osmoprotection and regulation of antioxidant defense system.

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