The First Azerbaijan Republic and its European Students. The History of their Return

Author(s):  
Marinela Mladenova

The assumption in the historiography of the Soviet period implies that the Soviet power established in Azerbaijan played a major role in the modernization and further development of the country. Within the last three decades, when many new studies, memories, copies of documents, and data from previous secret archives have been published, a different history has emerged. The decisions related to the development of the secondary and tertiary education in Azerbaijan, voted by the Parliament of the Democratic Republic, clearly reveal the vision of the then politicians for rapid changes and modernization of society that were possible mainly through education. The first Azerbaijani politicians connected their country’s modernization with Europe, where they sent its future elite to study. The blood terror through which the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan overturned the fate of many people, drammatically ceased the European orientation of the country for a long period, and predefined the next 70 years of its development.

Author(s):  
Tetyana Dubitska

The Khotyn Uprising was an event that became one of the most striking pages in the history of the region in the XX century. Considerable attention was paid to the study of the history of this issue during the Soviet period, but interpretation of the rebellion has changed several times because of the increasing influence of ideology on the research of Soviet scientists. With the proclamation of Ukraine's Independence, it became possible to objectively cover these events, which led to a process of rethinking the scientific works of Soviet researchers. The presence of different approaches in covering this issue necessitates a detailed analysis of the transformations that took place in the interpretation of the Khotyn uprising. The article explores the specific features of the main approaches to the coverage of the Khotyn uprising in Soviet and contemporary Ukrainian scientific historical literature. It is established that in the 20th – 40th of the XX century the Khotyn uprising was reported as a spontaneous peasant rebellion against the Romanian invaders. According to the Representatives of this approach, one of the main causes of the defeat of uprising was the absence of a Bolshevik insurgency organisation. It is revealed that 50th of the XX century became a transitional period between the previous interpretation of the Khotyn uprising and the new coverage of events, as scientists still emphasized that the uprising was peasantry, but began to provide a significance to revolutionary elements among them. Since the 60th of the XX century the situation is changed: ideology has become a decisive element in research of the uprising and, therefore, all events related to the uprising have been covered in according to the ideology. Thus, the Khotyn uprising is reported as prepared by the communist-led committee, had a well-planned commencement and aimed at restoring Soviet power in the Khotyn region. It is established that with the proclamation of Ukraine's Independence in the coverage of the uprising, there are dramatic changes related to the nature and purpose of the uprising, the political orientations of its leaders, etc. In contemporary Ukrainian science, for example, the Bolshevik character of the uprising and the struggle for power of the Soviets is refuted; instead, the emphasis was made on national liberation; it was confirmed the thesis about the orientation of some of the organizers of the uprising to the Ukrainian People's Republic in Kiev. The neutrality of the UPR’s Directory is explained because of the threat of war with Romania. Keywords: Khotyn uprising, Soviet historiography, contemporary Ukrainian historiography.


Author(s):  
B.S. Zhumagulov ◽  

In the article analysed measures are conducted on liquidation of hunger it is Underlined in Kazakhstan 1920-1922, that authorities of Kazakhstan used all possibilities for stopping of hunger, that attracted attention Central Soviet power to the catastrophic situation for the habitants of republic. From Moscow done suggestion on helping to the people history of that has the specific, it is talked about difficulties and contradictions in realization of first political, economic, cultural and other directions of activity of peaceful structures of Soviet power. In the indicated terms Soviet power had in the earliest possible dates to complete this major step, undertaking measures on erection and further development of economy, subject to the crisis, falling of the productivity and depression. At this time soviet power appeared on the stage of maximal cutback of economic activity. And new agitations followed on him. Events of 1920th are in Russia, civil conflicts affected all spheres the countries, caused by enormous destructions, falling, depression, shock of their population, poverty and hunger.


2021 ◽  
pp. 146-161
Author(s):  
Марина Петровна Войтеховская ◽  
Светлана Анатольевна Кочурина

Опорой для проведения современных образовательных реформ является исторический опыт, поэтому в современных исторических и историко-педагогических исследованиях проблемы истории образования занимают значительное место. В историографии вопросов развития педагогического образования в России долгие годы сохранялись две независимые исследовательские традиции, первая из которых была обращена к дореволюционной истории образования, вторая – к истории советской школы. Что касается истории образования в период революции и Гражданской войны, то глубоких научных работ, тем более в региональном разрезе, вплоть до конца XX в. практически не было. В первые десятилетия советской власти в историографии отношение к проблемам развития образования было напрямую связано с идеологическими установками. Последние предполагали критичное или исключительно негативное отношение к дореволюционному наследию. Постепенно утверждалось ошибочное мнение, что отечественное педагогическое образование началось с организации в СССР учебных заведений нового типа – педагогических институтов. В 1950–1960-е гг. история педагогического образования нередко рассматривалась как отдельное направление научных исследований, однако ученые акцентировали внимание на достижениях и нововведениях в организации советского образования, совершенно не учитывая объективных данных о многочисленных заимствованиях Наркомпросом политики, методов и приемов управления системой образования, сложившихся в дореволюционный период. Когда с конца 1960-х гг. исследователи получили возможность доступа ко многим ранее закрытым архивам, изучение истории педагогического образования обрело второе дыхание. Но только с 1990-х гг. постепенно исчезает догматическое отношение к историческому материалу 1917 – начала 1930-х гг., чему способствовало изменение общественных умонастроений, свобода слова, доступность исследователям обширных исторических материалов. В постсоветский период особую актуальность приобрел вопрос о преемственности досоветской и советской истории, в том числе и истории образования. В последнее время появилось значительное число публикаций, в которых напрямую или как сопутствующие рассматриваются проблемы подготовки учительских кадров в регионе в первые десятилетия советской власти. Вместе с тем во многих современных публикациях присутствуют неточности формулировок, ошибочные факты, которые кочуют из работы в работу. Подчас авторы пользуются ограниченным подбором источников, излишне вольно интерпретируют данные, что, безусловно, снижает качество научных исследований. Анализ литературы показал, что научных исследований, в комплексе раскрывающих процессы разработки в 1917 – начала 1930-х гг. стратегии модернизации советской системы педагогического образования и ее реализации в регионах, пока недостаточно. Обращает внимание полное отсутствие современных обобщающих работ по истории педагогического образования в условиях введения всеобщего обучения в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке. Historical experience is the basis for carrying out modern educational reforms; therefore, problems of the history of education occupy a significant place in modern historical and historical-pedagogical research. In the historiography of the development of pedagogical education in Russia, two independent research traditions have been preserved for many years, the first of which was directed to the pre-revolutionary history of education, the second to the history of the Soviet school. As for the history of education during the revolution and the Civil War, there were practically no deep scientific works, especially in the regional context, until the end of the 20th century. In the first decades of Soviet power, in historiography, the attitude towards the problems of the development of education was directly related to ideological attitudes that presupposed a critical or exclusively negative attitude towards the pre-revolutionary legacy. Gradually, the erroneous opinion was confirmed that domestic pedagogical education began with the organization in the USSR of educational institutions of a new type – pedagogical institutes. In the 1950s – 1960s the history of pedagogical education was often considered as a separate area of scientific research, however, researchers focused on the achievements and innovations in the organization of Soviet education, completely disregarding objective data on the numerous borrowings of the People’s Commissariat of Education of policies, methods and techniques for managing the education system that developed in the pre-revolutionary period. When from the late 1960s researchers got the opportunity to access many, previously closed archives, the study of the history of teacher education has found a “second wind”. But only since the 1990s the dogmatic attitude to historical material from 1917 to the early 1930s is gradually disappearing, which was facilitated by a change in public attitudes, freedom of speech, and the availability of extensive historical materials to researchers. In the post- Soviet period, the question of the continuity of the pre-Soviet and Soviet history, including the history of education, acquired particular relevance. In recent decades, a significant number of publications have appeared in which the problems of teacher training in the region in the first decades of Soviet power are directly or as related. At the same time, in many modern publications there are inaccuracies in wording, erroneous facts that wander from work to work. Sometimes authors use a limited selection of sources, interpret the data too freely, which undoubtedly reduces the quality of scientific research. Analysis of scientific literature showed that scientific research, in a complex revealing the development processes in 1917 – early 1930s the strategy of modernizing the Soviet system of pedagogical education and its implementation in the regions is still insufficient. Attention is drawn to the complete absence of modern generalizing works on the history of teacher education in the context of the introduction of universal education in Siberia and the Far East.


Author(s):  
Sultanova Dilshoda Namazovna ◽  
Suvonqulov Saydulla Makkamovich ◽  
Dusanov Zafar Zohirovich

Given article is denoted of theoretical benchmark analysis - of geographical, climatic, ecologic, landscapes criteria’s of the nature of Aral oasis - as potential base for development of the tourism. It is studied, as particularly at Soviet period scientist seminal studied the Aral oasis at all points. It is given artistic analysis to Aral series of the artist in accompaniment with photo reproductions in 1959 year from works of painter. To enormous regret, the present-day youth nearly has not a full belief about fate Aral epidemic deaths. The examples is described about created card and scheme for forecasting of terrain of the town-port Muynak, created on miscellaneous method and already of needs in editions and addition last information. Row of the offers is given. In conclusion on the further development and improvement former Aral epidemic deaths, on inimitable of flora and fauna. The broad artistic analysis of the process is given in reconstruction of Aral museums in accompaniment with photo reproduction using work painter from 1960-2020. As a result of modern analyses with original museum of Aral Sea under opened by sky, as specific facility for development of the tourism is studied in our republic and have a questions, which expects their own decisions. The author is present for the first time in picturesque way in your attention, painting to interpretation, coming from it scientifically- creative experience. Given exploratory work, possible considers, as significant contribution to science in theories landscape architecture, archaeologies and history of art.


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
I. V. Kozii

A number of opinions of the modern Ukrainian scientists concerning the definition of the term “Soviet philosophy” and its impact on the further development of a philosophical thought in Ukraine are analyzed in the article. The connection between the intensity of the popularization of the Marxism ideology by the speakers of the Soviet philosophy in Ukraine and the degree of freedom in the evolution of national philosophical traditions (in this case, the Ukrainian philosophy) is established. Also, the notions “Soviet philosophy”, “Ukrainian Soviet philosophy”, with the parallel analysis of the development of some core vectors of the Ukrainian philosophy in the Soviet period, are construed.The influence of the main concepts of the Ukrainian Soviet philosophy on the further development of national philosophy is evaluated. The article states that for the further unbiased development of the Ukrainian philosophical tradition it is necessary to get rid of the obsessive influence of the Soviet past that was under way in the Ukrainian history for many decades of the XX century, and also continues to indirectly influence the contemporary Ukrainian philosophy. Thus, in order to ensure the further free development of the Ukrainian philosophy, domestic scholars should, in an impartial way, investigate the role and place of totalitarian ideology (Soviet philosophy) in the history of the development of the Ukrainian philosophical thought, and thus be able to go their own way. Therefore, it is essential to analyse objectively a number of core and fundamental questions regarding the activities of apologists of the Ukrainian Soviet philosophy.Such analysis will help to generate more objectively the general “outline” in the plane of which the investigated phenomenon developed, since we see that many issues in the evolution of the Soviet philosophy either are not covered at all, or are given somewhat distorted. So now there is an increasingly urgent need to study the declared phenomenon.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Oleksii B. Shliakhov ◽  
Serhii I. Svitlenko

The main factors of the formation of personality of V. V. Ivanenko, stages of the biography of the famous scientisthistorian and teacher, manager of the high school are considered. The focus of the authors’ attention is the creative work of a scientist - a well-known specialist on the modern history of Ukraine, his work on expanding historical knowledge on the issues of the controversial Soviet period, the didactic activity of the scientific and pedagogical worker, his hard work on the preparation of higher education qualifications as a scientific Head, Consultant and Chair of the Specialized Academic Council on History. An important part of the work of the historian within the framework of the program "Rehabilitated History" in the Dnipropetrovsk region was the revival and preservation of historical memory, the study of punitive and repressive policies of Soviet power, which led to numerous victims of the Stalinist totalitarian regime. The various initiatives of the vice-rector on modernization of educational work with a student youth, his public activity were revealed. The contribution of the jubilator to the development of higher historical education and science in Ukraine is recognized.


2021 ◽  
pp. 8-25
Author(s):  
V. O. Rumyantsev ◽  
S. L. Hotsuliak

The article identifies and characterizes the main stages of formation and transformation of the judicial system and the judiciary of the Hetmanate. The years of independence of the Ukrainian state are marked by rapid changes in the judicial system. The desire of national law to eliminate gaps, determines the interest in the legal past, namely, awareness of the need to reproduce an objective picture of the emergence and evolution of national justice to determine the main directions of its further development. In this regard, the analysis of the judicial system and the judicial process in the Ukrainian lands of the second half of the XVII – first half of the XVIII century. Is useful in some respects. First, an important factor is the appeal to the history of the Ukrainian judicial system, namely the period of the second half of the XVII – first half of the XVIII century, which was decisive for the formation of Ukrainian law as a prototype of European. Secondly, in recent decades there has been an accumulation of significant theoretical and scientific value, which requires a theoretical rethinking of many facts and phenomena. The relevance of the study lies in the accumulation of a large amount of information to reproduce an objective picture of the provisions of the judiciary, which can significantly affect the evolution of the national judicial system and determine its further development. The purpose of the article is to study the structures of the judicial system of the Hetmanate in the second half of the XVII – first half of the XVIII century., And highlight the main features of the judiciary. Issues related to the organization of the judicial system and forms of justice in the Hetmanate in the second half of the XVII – first half of the XVIII century are considered and analyzed. The legal aspects of the organization and activity of various institutions of the judicial system, their jurisdiction and instance are also analyzed. The most significant provisions of the proceedings are highlighted: preliminary investigation, procedure for consideration of the case, evidence, court decisions, the procedure for their appeal and execution.


Author(s):  
Sergey Vasil'ev ◽  
Vyacheslav Schedrin ◽  
Aleksandra Slabunova ◽  
Vladimir Slabunov

The aim of the research is a retrospective analysis of the history and stages of development of digital land reclamation in Russia, the definition of «Digital land reclamation» and trends in its further development. In the framework of the retrospective analysis the main stages of melioration formation are determined. To achieve the maximum effect of the «digital reclamation» requires full cooperation of practical experience and scientific potential accumulated throughout the history of the reclamation complex, and the latest achievements of science and technology, which is currently possible only through the full digitalization of reclamation activities. The introduction of «digital reclamation» will achieve greater potential and effect in the modernization of the reclamation industry in the «hightech industry», through the use of innovative developments and optimal management decisions.


2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 219-236
Author(s):  
Andrey Yu. Dvornichenko

The abundant Russian historiography of the medieval history of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian-Russian State) has become in the last decades the centre of the discussions and is often subject to groundless criticism. This historiography was not very lucky in the Soviet period of the 20th century either, as it was severely criticized from the Marxist-Leninist position. When discussing Russian historiography the author of this article is consciously committed to the Russian positions. There are no reasons to consider this historiography branch either Byelorussian or Ukrainian one, as that was really Russian historiography, - the phenomenon that formed under the favorable specific conditions of Russian Empire before the beginning of the 20th century. The said phenomenon can be studied in different ways: according to the existing then main trends and schools or according to their affiliation with specific universities of Russian Empire. But according to the author of this article the best way to study the issue is in accordance with the main concepts of history. And then the pre-revolutionary historiography appears as an integral scientific paradigm that turns out to be the most divaricate branch of the Lithuanian studies of the time. It created, in its turn, the most vivid and objective historical picture that can still serve as the basis for the studies of Lithuanian-Russian state.


Author(s):  
Aislu R. Abdulkhakova

In this article the national origins of Tatar children’s book art formation and the influence of Russian traditions of book design are considered. The history of Tatar children’s book design art development in the Soviet period covers the field briefly. The author succeeded in eliciting some facts in the field of children’s book design in the local archival and printed sources, and these facts are produced in the article. The names of some graphic artists are mentioned.


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