scholarly journals Alkaloidal fraction of Diospyros mespiliformis protect against Trypanosoma evansi-mediated haematological and hepatic impairment in infected rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 66-78
Author(s):  
Bashir Lawal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Elevated Bilirubin ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Alkaloid Fraction ◽  
Hematological Alterations ◽  
Novel Agent

The present study investigated the antitrypanosomal activities of crude and an alkaloidal fraction of Diospyros mespiliformis in Trypanosoma evansi - infected rats. A total of twenty-one (21) rats were divided into seven (7) groups of three (3) rats each. Groups 1-6 were infected with the T. evansi parasite and were treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg BW crude extract, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW of the alkaloid fraction of D. mespiliformis, 3.5mg/kg of berenil (standard control) and 0.2 mL/kg BW of normal saline (negative control) respectively. Group 7 serves as the normal control (non-infected and non-treated) rats. Results revealed that the crude extract at 400 mg/kg BW and alkaloid fraction at all doses tested (100 and 200 mg/kg BW) significantly (P<0.05) increased the RBC, PCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, and reduced the elevated bilirubin when compared with the untreated control. The extract also significantly increased the reduced total proteins. In conclusion, an alkaloid from Diospyros mespiliformis ameliorative effect on T. evansi-induced biochemical and hematological alterations in rats, thus could be considered a novel agent for the development of a new drug against trypanosomiasis

scholarly journals Trypanocidal activity of methanol extracts of the hemolymph of Sarcophaga argyrostoma larva against Trypanosoma evansi infected mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1599-1604
Author(s):  
Doaa S. Farghaly ◽  
Al-Shaimaa M. Sadek
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Trypanocidal Activity ◽  
Sarcophaga Argyrostoma

Background and Aim: Many natural products worldwide are used for medicinal purposes. Various insect-isolated compounds were investigated in pursuit of new therapeutic agents. This study aimed to compare the effects of methanol extract of hemolymph of Sarcophaga argyrostoma larvae with diminazene aceturate on some hematological and biochemical indices of mice infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Materials and Methods: Sixteen albino mice were randomly divided into four groups, of four mice, which received different treatments: In Group 1 (G1), mice were infected intraperitoneally with 1×104 T. evansi and received no treatment (positive control), in Group 2 (G2), infected mice were treated with 0.5 mL/kg of diminazene aceturate, in Group 3 (G3), infected mice were treated with 0.5 mL/kg methanol extract of the hemolymph of S. argyrostoma larvae, and in Group 4 (G4), uninfected mice received 0.5 ml of distilled water (negative control). In G3, treatment was started 3 days before injecting the parasite, while for the other groups, a single dose of treatment was applied when the parasite appeared in the blood. Results: Mice from G3 showed low parasitemia of 29×104/mm3 4 days post-infection until the infection completely disappeared on the 5th day, which was earlier than for other groups. The results showed that the numbers of red blood corpuscles (red blood cells [RBCs]) and white blood cells (WBCs) per unit volume were significantly different (p<0.05) between the four groups. The highest RBC (9.09×103 cell/ mm3) and WBC (14.30×103 cell/ mm3) counts were recorded in G3, whereas the lowest values of 6.60 and 4.60×103cell/ mm3, respectively, were recorded for G2. In addition, there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the different groups for platelet counts per unit volume, with G3 having the most (943×103 cell/ mm3) and G2 having the least (357×103 cell/ mm3). There was a significant (p<0.05) difference in the indices of biochemical activities between the extract-treated infected groups and the standard drug-treated group. Conclusion: This study suggests that the methanol extract of the hemolymph of S. argyrostoma larva exhibits trypanocidal activity, so it may be exploited as a suitable candidate for the development of trypanocidal drugs.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity of Hydroalcoholic Root Extract of Acanthus polystachyus Delile (Acanthaceae) Against Plasmodium berghei–Infected Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 2515690X1988532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagninet Derebe ◽  
Muluken Wubetu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Antimalarial Agents ◽  
Mean Survival Time

Failure of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs is recognized in different classes of medicines for treating malaria, which urges the need for new drugs. This study tried to check the in vivo antimalarial activity of the root extracts of Acanthus polystachyus Delile against Plasmodium berghei–infected mice. The study revealed that the methanolic crude extract of the root of Acanthus polystachyus Delile showed significant ( P < .01) parasitemia suppressive activities in both models compared with the negative control. Parasitemia suppressive activities were 25.26%, 33.46%, and 51.48% in a 4-day suppressive test and 23.31%, 31.20%, and 43.54% in prophylaxis test at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, as compared to the negative control. Besides, the extract increases mean survival time significantly in all tested doses in a 4-day suppressive test, but in the prophylaxis model, only mice treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly lived longer. Based on this finding, the root of Acanthus polystachyus Delile has strong antimalarial activity, which may be a good candidate for new antimalarial agents.

scholarly journals Chemopreventive Effects of Germinated Rough Rice Crude Extract in Inhibiting Azoxymethane-Induced Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation in Sprague-Dawley Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elnaz Saki ◽  
Latifah Saiful Yazan ◽  
Razana Mohd Ali ◽  
Zalinah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Aberrant Crypt Foci ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Rough Rice

Chemoprevention has become an important area in cancer research due to low success rate of current therapeutic modalities. Diet plays a vital role in the etiology of cancer. This research was carried out to study the chemopreventive properties of germinated rough rice (GRR) crude extract in Sprague-Dawley rats induced with azoxymethane. Germination of rough rice causes significant changes in several chemical compositions of presently bioactive compounds. These compounds may prevent or postpone the inception of cancer. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks of age) were randomly divided into 5 groups which were (G1) induced with azoxymethane (AOM) and not given GRR (positive control), (G2) induced with AOM and given 2000 mg/kg GRR, (G3) induced with AOM and given 1000 mg/kg GRR, (G4) induced with AOM and given 500 mg/kg GRR, and (G5) not induced with AOM and not given GRR crude extract (negative control). To induce colon cancer, rats received two IP injections of AOM in saline (15 mg/kg) for two subsequent weeks. Organs were removed and weighed. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were evaluated histopathologically. β-Catenin expressions were determined by Western blot. Treatment with 2000 mg/kg GRR crude extract not only resulted in the greatest reduction in the size and number of ACF but also displayed the highest percentage of nondysplastic ACF. Treatment with 2000 mg/kg GRR also gave the lowest level of expression in β-catenin. Thus, GRR could be a promising dietary supplement for prevention of CRC.

scholarly journals Anti-diabetic effect of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis on low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed on a high-fat diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mac Donald Idu ◽  
Owen – Obaseki Edehia ◽  
Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract Introduction This study evaluates the anti-diabetic effect of ethanol extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaf on streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetic rats fed on high-fat diet (HFD). Methods Sets of male albino rats of the Wistar strain weighing between 180 and 250 g were exposed to high fat diet (margarine and oil from vegetable sources in a ratio of 2:1 w/v) for 3 weeks. Then the animals were fasted overnight; hyperglycemic state was induced using reduced dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) and animals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7); group A received the HFD + STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.); group B received HFD + STZ + gliberclamide (10 mg/kg; i.p); groups C, D and E were administered the HFD + streptozotocin with different doses of the ethanol extract (30, 35 and 100 mg/kg p.o., respectively). Results Results showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in blood glucose concentration of the rats treated with different doses of S. jamaicensis extract and those treated with gliberclamide compared to the untreated diabetic rats (negative control). Significant (p < 0.05) reductions in activities of serum AST, ALP, total protein and bilirubin were noticed in the groups in contrast to the control. Levels of urea, creatinine, potassium and chloride were considerably (p < 0.05) low while sodium and bicarbonate levels were high in the groups except the control. Lipid profile revealed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL, VLDL while HDL levels were high in the groups compared to the control. The extract significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated weight loss. Histopathology of the liver, kidney and pancreas showed ameliorative effect of the extract against the deleterious changes occasioned by the HFD and STZ induced diabetic state. Conclusion These findings have provided scientific basis for the use of S. jamaicensis in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in ethnomedicinal practices in Nigeria.

scholarly journals ANTI-TRYPANOSOMA ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF NEEM LEAF (Azadirachta indica) ON Trypanosoma evansi IN RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Yudha Fahrimal ◽  
Siti Maghfirah ◽  
Rinidar Rinidar ◽  
Al Azhar ◽  
Nuzul Asmilia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neem Leaf Extract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) on parasitemia of rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) Aceh local isolate. A total of 24 male rats aged three months were used in this study and randomly divided into six treatment groups equally. The negative control group (K0) without T. evansi infection and neem leaf extract, the positive control group (K1) was infected with T. evansi but no neem leaf extract given, group K2, K3, K4, and K5 were infected with 5x104 T. evansi and were given neem leaf extract after patent infection with dose of 50, 100, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW respectively. The extract was given orally for three consecutive days. On the fourth day, rat blood was drawn for parasitemia examination. The results showed that no T. evansi detected in rats in negative control group (K0), while parasitemia in group K1; K2; K3; K4; and K5 was 12,295 x106/mL; 10,495 x106/mL; 9,360 x106/mL; 5,080x106/mL; and 2,398x106/mL of blood, respectively. Percentage of inhibition of parasitemia in K2, K3, K4, and K5 reached 14.64, 23.78, 58.68, and 80.50%, respectively. Based on the result of the study, neem leaf extract of 800 mg/kg BW gave the highest reduction of parasitemia in rats infected with T. evansi.

scholarly journals Clinical and Hematological Profiles of Malaysian Ponies Experimentally Infected with a Field Strain of Trypanosoma evansi

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.I. Elshafie ◽  
R.A. Sani ◽  
R. Sharma ◽  
I.A. Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Local Strain ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cell Counter

Background: No outbreak has been reported on Trypanosoma evansi infection in Malaysia ponies since 1983, and little is known about the interaction between T. evansi and ponies in the country. Therefore, an experimental study was designed to evaluate the pathogenicity of a local strain of T. evansi in the local ponies. Method: For this purpose, four healthy local ponies were inoculated with 102 live trypanosomes/kg body weight, whereas two ponies served as negative control. Blood samples and rectal temperature were collected on alternate days from both groups for 54 days. Physical examination comprised visible mucous membrane and any appearance of clinical signs were observed daily. The number of trypanosomes was estimated using the Neubauer haemocytometer method. Complete haemogram measurements were performed immediately using an automated blood cell counter and the data obtained was evaluated using the general linear model as linear regression. All infected ponies were salvaged treated with 7 mg/kg of diminazene diaceturate. Results: The four infected ponies developed parasitaemia on the 4th day post-infection (DPI), whereas the first high mean of parasites count was recorded on the 8th DPI. Parasitaemia was detected at a level that fluctuated throughout the infection period (30 days) in all infected ponies with a mean of 13.5x106 trypanosomes/ml blood on the 30th DPI. Successive peaks of pyrexia were accompanied by the peaks of parasitaemia and the highest temperature (39.4°C) was observed on the 20th DPI. Excessive weakness and a reduction of appetite fluctuated in the infected ponies during the infection and one animal died unexpectedly on the 23rd DPI. The mean values for RBC, PCV, Hb and thrombocyte count were significantly lower in the infected ponies than the control groups. Neutrophil and eosinophil were significantly declined after the onset of parasitaemia, whereas monocyte increased significantly in the infected group. Conclusion: The appearance of clinical signs and changes in haematological parameters suggests that Malaysian local ponies are susceptible to T. evansi infection. Treatment of the infected ponies with the recommended dosage of diminazene diaceturate was successful in the surviving ponies.

scholarly journals Effects of aqueous extract of Salvia on some parameters of sperms and histopathological changes in testes of mice treated with Methotrexate (MTX)

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Khulood W. AL-Samarrae ◽  
Hazim Ismaeel AL-Ahmed ◽  
Wisam Abdulatif
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
The Third

Methotrexate commonly used to treat cancer and causes reproductive damage in mice. The aim of this research is to study the effects of salvia aqueous extract on some parameters of sperms and histopathological changes in testis of mice treated with methotrexate. Twenty-four adult albino male mice were divided into three groups, (8 mice in each group) First group was negative control received normal saline intraperitoneally, while second group was treated with50 μg/kg, for 35 days intrapritoneally (ip). The third group was treated with methotrexate (50 μg/kg) also (ip) and extract of salvia 85 mg/kg for 35 days. The results showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in sperms motility , increased percentage of dead sperms and abnormalities of sperms in mice treated with MTX, there was significant (P<0.05) decrease in diameters of seminiferous tubules, primary spermatocytes and spermatids, increased interstitial spaces as compared with control, while in the third group result showed significant (P<0.05) increase in sperms motility , decreased percentage of dead and abnormalities of sperms and significant (P<0.05) increase in diameters of seminiferous tubules, primary spermatocytes and spermatids and decrease interstitial spaces compared with first and second groups.

scholarly journals THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ECHINOPS HETEROPHYLLUS AQUEOUS EXTRACT AGAINST METHOTREXATE-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RABBITS

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Abdulmohsin ◽  
Ahmed Abu Raghif ◽  
Mohammed Jabbar Manna
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Oxidative Stress Markers ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Flavonoid Fraction

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of Iraqi Echinops heterophyllus aqueous crude extract and its flavonoid fraction against methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits.Methods: MTX-induced hepatotoxicity by administration of 20 mg/kg MTX intraperitoneally for 3 successive days was used as animal model, and animals were arrayed in four groups with eight animals in each group: Group 1 was the healthy control, Group 2 - the negative control receiving MTX only, Group 3 received MTX+crude extract of E. heterophyllus, and Group 4 administered MTX+flavonoid fraction of E. heterophyllus. The study duration was 10 days; at day 11, animals were sacrificed, and the blood samples were obtained for the measurement of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total protein, and albumin as well as ELISA assay of the oxidative stress markers such as glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The liver was dissected and processed for histopathological investigation and scoring. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate the significance of each result.Results: The study results revealed severe liver damage due to MTX administration in the negative control (induced-non treated) group in comparison with healthy group, also there was significant hepatoprotective effect after administration of the crude extract of E. heterophyllus, and flavonoid fraction from E. heterophyllus shown after biochemical liver function tests and anti-oxidant properties demonstrated by the measurement of oxidative stress markers MDA and GSH. The crude extract of E. heterophyllus shown superior hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect. Histopathological scoring showed a remarkable decrease in the scores of the treatment groups in comparison with the high score in the MTX only treated group.Conclusions: MTX administered in a dose of 20 mg/kg for 3 successive days causes marked liver injury, while treatment with the crude extract and flavonoid fraction of E. heterophyllus significantly ameliorates MTX-induced liver damage, although the crude extract of E. heterophyllus seems to have the most hepatoprotective properties.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance and Intestinal Architecture in Broiler Infected with Salmonella

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaeldein M. Abudabos ◽  
Muttahar H. Ali ◽  
Mohammed A. Nassan ◽  
Ahmad A. Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis Atcc ◽  
Ameliorative Effect

A total of 600 day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) confirmed for the absence of Salmonella were randomly allocated to five treatments each with 10 replicates: negative control (basal diet only); positive control (basal diet) + infected with Salmonella; T1, Salmonella infected + avilamycin; T2, Salmonella infected + Bacillus subtilis (ATCC PTA-6737; 2 × 107 CFU/g) and T3, Salmonella infected + B. subtilis (DSM 172999; 1.2 × 106 CFU/g). The results revealed that feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were significantly (p < 0.01) lower in T1 compared to T2. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in T2 and T3 compared to other treatments. Similarly, the performance efficiency factor (PEF) was also significantly (p < 0.01) higher in T2 and T3 compared to positive control. Villus height was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in T2 compared to all other treatments. However, villus width and surface area were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in T1. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with B. subtilis improved growth and intestinal health by reversing the negative effects of Salmonellosis.

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