scholarly journals Enterococcus Present in Marine Ecosystems and Their Potential to Degrade Azo Dyes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganiveth María Manjarrez Paba ◽  
Rosa Baldiris Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Colored Wastewater ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Azo dyes are frequently used at an industrial level to restore the color of raw materials once it has faded away, make an original color more vibrant or with the purpose of giving a material a different color that is considered more attractive. These processes however, have a negative impact on the environment, evidenced in colored wastewater that is subsequently dumped into water bodies, causing disruptions in the natural balance of ecosystems and deteriorating human health. Traditional strategies for the treatment of effluents contaminated with azo dyes are limited to physical and chemical processes that have a high energy and economic cost. For these reasons, current challenges are focused on the use of microorganisms capable of transforming dyes into less toxic products. This chapter will present a description of the main characteristics of azo dyes and the different methods used for their treatment, with special emphasis on the benefits associated with biological treatment. Likewise, it will provide relevant information about Enterococcus and show its potential to degrade azo dyes.

scholarly journals Sustainability in the Chemical Industry in Brazil

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia Gabriele Azevedo Garcia ◽  
Carolina Cabral Netto ◽  
Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Sustainability Reports

ABSTRACT Over the past few decades, the Chemical Industry has shown a high growth rate resulting in higher consumption of raw materials, natural resources and also higher waste generation. In this context, a more sustainable attitude was adopted by the industry in order to reduce its negative impact, the results of such efforts are published in Sustainability Reports. However there are only but a few academic papers related to the subject, the objective of this graduation project is to help to fill this gap by presenting, through the analysis of sustainability reports of ten companies previously selected and by their economic, social and environmental indicators, the level of quantitative and qualitative application of sustainability in the processes, policies and culture of the chemical industry. The reports were analyzed by means of Excel Spreadsheets that were elaborated based on GRI guidelines, containing the description of the topic or sustainability indicator and also a field designated to the inclusion of relevant information that was exposed in the report. For the qualitative analysis, the companies were grouped by sector of performance and/or similar processes, enabling the development and analysis of relative indicators. It was also performed a qualitative assessment of the GRI application levels. The analysis of relative indicators allowed us to understand and measure the level of sustainability across industries that, together with the other analysis, allowed the authors to conclude that sustainability in the national chemical industry is at an early stage , where the industry is currently focusing its attention on aspects of energy consumption, water and emissions, further progress in the area requires greater investments in research and development of cleaner processes and that result in less waste. Keywords:Chemical Industry; Sustainability; Sustainability - indicators

Development of Composition and Technology of Wood-Slag Composite Material

2019 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vitalevna Kolobova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
The Russian Federation

The most urgent task in the construction industry today is energy saving at all stages: from the production of building materials, products and structures to the construction of buildings and their operation. Combining these problems forms one of the directions of innovation policy of the majority of subjects of the Russian Federation – strengthening of local capacity and demonstration of solutions to improve energy and resource saving in construction. Building materials industry-one of the leading sectors of the economy, which is quite effectively uses secondary products of many industries for the production of various building materials. Development of production of building materials in this direction is associated with many aspects: the depletion of natural resources, high energy intensity of a number of technological processes of extraction and processing of raw materials; threat to environmental safety of the Russian Federation; lack of waste disposal sites; negative impact on the air, water and plant environment, human and animal health.

EVALUATION OF DRINKING MILK SOLD IN THE SAMARA REGION, AS RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NATURAL CHEESE FLAVORING

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.В. БОРИСОВА ◽  
К.В. ПОЛИКАРПОВА ◽  
Ю.В. БУДНИКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Drinking Milk ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Проведена оценка питьевого молока, реализуемого в Самарской области, по сычужной пробе для выявления его пригодности к свертыванию. Исследована способность питьевого молока к образованию сгустка в зависимости от марки, способа упаковки, тепловой обработки и массовой доли жира. Проведен анализ 27 образцов пастеризованного и ультрапастеризованного молока по физико-химическим показателям и сычужной пробе по методикам ГОСТ. Установлено, что питьевое молоко с разной массовой долей жира (от 1,5 до 6,0%) способно к свертыванию, причем эта способность зависит от марки молока и способа его тепловой обработки (пастеризация или ультрапастеризация), но не зависит от способа упаковки и массовой доли жира в молоке. Только в 37% исследованных образцов молоко свернулось, ультрапастеризация оказала негативное влияние на способность к свертыванию. Сделан вывод о предпочтительном использовании молока марок Сарафаново, Пестравка, Ташлинское, Домик в деревне. Также необходимо учитывать нормативные значения рН, титруемую кислотность, плотность и органолептические характеристики молока. Установлено, что питьевое молоко может быть использовано как сырье для производства натурального сырного ароматизатора методом ферментной модификации, обладающего натуральным сырным ароматом без синтетических запахов и придающего вкус продуктам. Evaluation of drinking milk sold in the Samara region, by rennet sample to determine its suitability for coagulation was carried out. The ability of drinking milk to form a clot depending on the brand, method of packaging, heat treatment and fat mass fraction was investigated. The analysis of 27 samples of pasteurized and UHT milk according to physical and chemical parameters and rennet sample according to GOST methods. It is established that drinking milk with different mass fraction of fat (from 1,5 to 6,0%) is capable to coagulation, and this ability depends on brand of milk and a way of its heat treatment (pasteurization or ultra pasteurization), but does not depend on the method of packaging and the mass fraction of fat in milk. It is seen from 27 samples’ analysis, that only 37% of the milk was coagulated, and ultra pasteurization has a negative impact on the ability to coagulate. It is preferable to choose such brands as Sarafanovo, Pestravka, Tashlinskoe, Domik v derevne. It is also necessary to other points of consider are the normative values of pH, titratable acidity, density and organoleptic characteristics of milk. It was established that drinking milk can be used as a raw material for production of natural cheese flavoring by enzyme modification which has a natural cheese flavor without synthetic smells and makes products flavored.

MANUFACTURING GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY PYROLYSIS MICROALGAE BIOMASS

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
N. I. Chernova ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva ◽  
O. M. Larina ◽  
G. A. Sytchev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquid ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

Algae biomass is considered as an alternative raw material for the production of biofuels. The search for new types of raw materials, including high-energy types of microalgae, remains relevant, since the share of motor fuels in the structure of the global fuel and energy balance remains consistently high (about 35%), and the price of oil is characterized by high volatility. The authors have considered the advantages of microalgae as sources of raw materials for fuel production. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion are proposed as technologies for their processing. This paper presents the results of the study of the pyrolysis of the biomass of clonal culture of blue-green microalgae / cyanobacteriumArthrospira platensis rsemsu 1/02-Pfrom the collection of the Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. An experiment to study the process of pyrolysis of microalgae biomass was carried out at the experimental facility of the Institute of High Temperatures RAS in pure nitrogen grade 6.0 to create an oxygen-free environment with a linear heating rate of 10 ºС / min from room temperature to 1000 ºС. The whole process of pyrolysis proceeded in the field of endothermy. The specific amounts of solid residue, pyrolysis liquid and gaseous products were experimentally determined. As a result of the pyrolysis of microalgae biomass weighing 15 g, the following products were obtained: 1) coal has the mass of the solid residue is 2.68 g, or 17.7% of the initial mass of the microalgae (while 9.3% of the initial mass of the microalgae remained in the reactor); 2) pyrolysis liquid – weight 3.3 g, or 21.9% of the initial weight; 3) non-condensable pyrolysis gases – weight 1.15 l. The specific volumetric gas yield (the amount of gas released from 1 kg of the starting material) was 0.076 Nm3/ kg. The analysis of the composition and specific volume yield of non-condensable pyrolysis gases formed in the process of pyrolysis, depending on temperature. It is shown that with increasing temperature, the proportion of highcalorie components of the gas mixture (hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide) increases. The calorific value of the mixture of these gases has been estimated.

Diesel Biofuels - Preparation, Characterization and Testing

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Dusescu ◽  
Anca Borcea ◽  
Vasile Matei ◽  
Ion Popa ◽  
Irina Gabriela Radulescu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The present paper studies biodiesel samples preparation by transesterification and compares their physical and chemical properties (biofuels prepared from different raw materials - vegetable oils: sunflower oil, crocus oil and soya bean oil) and the biodegradability degree, as well as the possibilities of the integration of such production unit in industrial diagram of auto fuels production.

Organic chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in supercritical carbon dioxide and associated less eco-unfriendly approaches: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110085
Author(s):  
Jabulani I Gumede ◽  
Buyiswa G Hlangothi ◽  
Chris D Woolard ◽  
Shanganyane P Hlangothi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Waste Tyres ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

There is a growing need to recover raw materials from waste due to increasing environmental concerns and the widely adopted transition to circular economy. For waste tyres, it is necessary to continuously develop methods and processes that can devulcanize rubber vulcanizates into rubber products with qualities and properties that can closely match those of the virgin rubber. Currently, the most common, due to its efficiency and perceived eco-friendliness in recovering raw rubber from waste rubbers, such as tyres, is devulcanization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using commercial and typical devulcanizing agents. The scCO2 has been generally accepted as an attractive alternative to the traditional liquid-based devulcanization media because of the resultant devulcanized rubber has relatively better quality than other processes. For instance, when scCO2 is employed to recover rubber from waste tyres (e.g. truck tyres) and the recovered rubber is blended with virgin natural rubber (NR) in various compositions, the curing and mechanical properties of the blends closely match those of virgin NR. The atmospheric toxicity and cost of the commonly used devulcanization materials like chemical agents, oils and solvents have enabled a shift towards utilization of greener (mainly organic) and readily available devulcanization chemical components. This literature review paper discusses the approaches, which have less negative impact on the environment, in chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates. A special focus has been on thermo-chemical devulcanization of waste tyres in scCO2 using common organic devulcanizing agents.

scholarly journals Production of Microfibrillated Cellulose from Fast-Growing Poplar and Olive Tree Pruning by Physical Pretreatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6445
Author(s):  
David Ibarra ◽  
Raquel Martín-Sampedro ◽  
Bernd Wicklein ◽  
Úrsula Fillat ◽  
María E. Eugenio
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Microfibrillated Cellulose ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pfi Refining ◽  
Tree Pruning

Motivated by the negative impact of fossil fuel consumption on the environment, the need arises to produce materials and energy from renewable sources. Cellulose, the main biopolymer on Earth, plays a key role in this context, serving as a platform for the development of biofuels, chemicals and novel materials. Among the latter, micro- and nanocellulose have been receiving increasing attention in the last few years. Their many attractive properties, i.e., thermal stability, high mechanical resistance, barrier properties, lightweight, optical transparency and ease of chemical modification, allow their use in a wide range of applications, such as paper or polymer reinforcement, packaging, construction, membranes, bioplastics, bioengineering, optics and electronics. In view of the increasing demand for traditional wood pulp (e.g., obtained from eucalypt, birch, pine, spruce) for micro/nanocellulose production, dedicated crops and agricultural residues can be interesting as raw materials for this purpose. This work aims at achieving microfibrillated cellulose production from fast-growing poplar and olive tree pruning using physical pretreatment (PFI refining) before the microfibrillation stage. Both raw materials yielded microfibrillated cellulose with similar properties to that obtained from a commercial industrial eucalypt pulp, producing films with high mechanical properties and low wettability. According to these properties, different applications for cellulose microfibers suspensions and films are discussed.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Antimicrobial Films for Food Packaging: Effect of Antimicrobials on Degradation

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1256
Author(s):  
Eva Hernández-García ◽  
María Vargas ◽  
Chelo González-Martínez ◽  
Amparo Chiralt
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Microorganism Population ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Antimicrobial Materials ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria ◽  
Compost Soil ◽  
Specific Influence

The environmental problem generated by the massive consumption of plastics makes necessary the developing of biodegradable antimicrobial materials that can extend food shelf-life without having a negative impact on the environment. The current situation regarding the availability of biodegradable food packaging materials has been analysed, as well as different studies where antimicrobial compounds have been incorporated into the polymer matrix to control the growth of pathogenic or spoilage bacteria. Thus, the antimicrobial activity of active films based on different biodegradable polymers and antimicrobial compounds has been discussed. Likewise, relevant information on biodegradation studies carried out with different biopolymers in different environments (compost, soil, aquatic), and the effect of some antimicrobials on this behavior, are reviewed. In most of the studies, no relevant effect of the incorporated antimicrobials on the degradation of the polymer were observed, but some antimicrobials can delay the process. The changes in biodegradation pattern due to the presence of the antimicrobial are attributed to its influence on the microorganism population responsible for the process. More studies are required to know the specific influence of the antimicrobial compounds on the biodegradation behavior of polymers in different environments. No studies have been carried out or marine media to this end.

scholarly journals New Circular Challenges in the Development of Take-Away Food Packaging in the COVID-19 Period

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4705
Author(s):  
Ewa Kochańska ◽  
Rafał M. Łukasik ◽  
Maciej Dzikuć
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Food Market

The COVID-19 pandemic has set new challenges for the HoReCa industry. Lockdowns have coincided with and strongly impacted the industrial transformation processes that have been taking place for a decade. Among the most important HoReCa transition processes are those related to the rapid growth of the delivery-food market and ordering meals via internet platforms. The new delivery-food market requires not only the development of specific distribution channels, but also the introduction of appropriate, very specific food packaging. Food packaging and its functionality are defined by the administrative requirements and standards applicable to materials that have contact with food and principally through the prism of the ecological disaster caused by enormous amounts of plastic waste, mainly attributed to the food packaging. To meet environmental and administrative requirements, new technologies to produce food packaging materials are emerging, ensuring product functionality, low environmental impact, biodegradability, and potential for composting of the final product. However, predominantly, the obtained product should keep the nutritional value of food and protect it against changes in color or shape. Current social transformation has a significant impact on the food packaging sector, on one hand creating a new lifestyle for society all over the world, and on the other, a growing awareness of the negative impact of humans on the environment and increasing responsibility for the planet. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to develop a circular economy based on the paradigm of shortening distribution channels, using local raw materials, limiting the consumption of raw materials, energy, water, and above all, minimizing waste production throughout the life cycle of products, all of which are in line with the idea of low-carbon development.

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