scholarly journals Ameliorating the Effect of Mycotoxins in Poultry Feeds Using Plant Extracts

2021 ◽  
pp. 334-348
Author(s):  
A. R. Varalakshmi ◽  
A. Josephine ◽  
R. Kunguma Priya ◽  
K. Revathi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Trachyspermum Ammi ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungal origin that tends to contaminate agricultural commodities before or under post-harvest conditions. They are mainly produced by fungi in the genera, Aspergillus sp. (Aspergillaceae: Eurotiales), Penicillium sp. (Trichocomaceae; Eurotiales) and Fusarium sp. (Nectriaceae: Hypocreales). When ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, mycotoxins causes sickness or death in humans and animals. Natural substances that can prevent AFB1 toxicity to human and animal health with minimal cost will be a great advantage. Traditional medicinal plants are currently used for their antifungal, anti-aflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. Aspergillus parasiticus strain NRRL 2999 was used to produce Aflatoxin, as it is one of the highly toxigenic fungus available. Inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts of plants was enhanced upon gradual increase in their concentrations. Among them, the ethanol extracts of Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae: Apiales) completely arrested the fungal growth and inhibited the growth significantly, even at lower concentrations (1%) in comparison with other extracts and the negative control.  Hence, the present work has been carried out to find the aflatoxin antifungal activity of the plant extracts Albizia lebbeck (Fabaceae: Fabales), Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae: Myrtales) and Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae: Apiales) against aflatoxin contaminated poultry feed. In conclusion, the present study serves as a base and arises a futuristic need for efficient cost effective sampling and analytical methods that can be used for detection and control of mycotoxins in poultry feed.

scholarly journals Synergistic effect of plant extracts and fungicide against purple blotch disease of onion

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Kalsoom ◽  
Sobia Chohan ◽  
Muhammad Saleem Haider ◽  
Muhammad Abid
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Program Cost ◽  
Agriculture Industry

Onion is widely cultivated crop and attacked by different fungi. Purple blotch of onion caused by Alternaria porri is a continuous threat to Pakistan agriculture industry for the last few years. Generally, fungicides give satisfactory control but due to the environmental concerns, their use should be restricted. In integrated disease management program, cost effective and eco-friendly approach is used to cope with plant pathogens. Therefore, the present study was planned to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of different plants extracts such as Pongamia pinnata, Polyalthia longifolia, Cassia fistula, and Citrus sinensis against A. porri alone as well as synergistically with different concentrations of Mancozeb under in vitro conditions. Methanolic leaves extracts of these plants were mixed with different concentrations (25, 50, and 75%) of fungicide and screened via poisoned food technique to measure percent inhibition of fungal growth. The results indicated that plant extracts alone gave appreciable amount of fungal reduction but when used in combination with fungicide, performed best. Among them P. longifolia gave 73%inhibition, C. sinensis 49%, P. pinnata 70%and Cassia fistula showed46% inhibition respectively. In combination with fungicide, 25% of recommended dose, P. longifolia gave 82.93%, P. pinnata gave 77.07 %, C. sinensis 73.17% and C. fistula gave 62.92% inhibition as compared to control against A. porri. With the increase of fungicide in combination, more reduction in the fungal growth was observed. It is concluded that extracts can be used synergistically with fungicides. The combinations will protect the environment by reducing the amount of fungicide

Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Plant Extract: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amol Nande ◽  
Swati Raut ◽  
Marta Michalska-Domanska ◽  
S. J. Dhoble
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Synthesis Mechanism ◽  
Pass Through

: From last two decades, extensive research is going on metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and their application in field of medical, cosmetic, catalyst, packaging, photonics, agriculture and electronics. However, these nanoparticles show toxicity to the environmental, human and animal health. The toxicity effects of nanoparticles are mainly due to its size which can be easily pass through physiological barriers and the other due to the synthesis procedure. The toxicity due to their size cannot be avoided but toxicity due to synthesis process can be nullified by adopting biosynthesis process. Bacteria, fungus, fish scales, plant extracts and algae are used to synthesize metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles such as silver, gold, iron-oxide, zinc-oxide, zirconia, etc. From last a few year researchers are working on plant extracts synthesis methods to produce stable, cost-effective and economical these nanoparticles. In this review, we focus on biosynthesis of nanoparticles using different parts of plant extracts. The review contains summary of selected papers from 2018 – 20 with detail description of process of synthesis, mechanism, characterization and their application in various fields of biosynthesized metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.

scholarly journals 68 ASAS-EAAP Exchange Speaker Talk: Natural feed additives enhancing innate immunity: the gateway to sustainable animal health

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 100-100
Author(s):  
Johanna Fink-Gremmels
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Market ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Natural Substances

Abstract Sustainable animal health is one of the key objectives in modern livestock management, as animal health is also directly linked to performance and feed efficiency. The feed industry, however, faces an increasing number of uncertainties associated with declining resources, climate change and increasing world market prices for feed materials. Specialized feed ingredients and feed additives can promote feed utilization and animal health by increasing the resilience to infectious disease thereby meeting also societal demands to reduce the need for an undesirable use of antibiotics in the absence of severe infectious diseases. Feed additives are commonly originating from natural substances such as organic acids, pre- and probiotics and are already widely accepted and used. Understanding their mechanism of action on pathogen exclusion and improvement of gut health, are the drivers for the development of new additives, including phytogenic agents, which are added due to their multiple actions as antimicrobials, antioxidants and digestives and measurable beneficial effect on the innate immune system. Such innovative solutions require a multi-disciplinary cooperation with the aim to understand the specific mode of action on digestive functions, the gut microbiome and the cross-talk between the intestinal mucosal barrier and other mucosal organs such as the lungs and the innate immune system. Moreover, specific pharmaceutical technologies are needed for a targeted release of feed additives within the intestinal tract and to guarantee their stability during feed and drinking water application. Bridging these insights with the physiological development of animals at different stages of life and the unavoidable risk for endogenous and environmental stressors, enables a cost-effective integration of natural feed additives into sustainable health programs of livestock operations, ultimately contributing also to animal wellbeing and food safety and security.

Review on Methodologies Used in the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: Significance of Phytosynthesis Using Plant Extract as an Emerging Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (40) ◽  
pp. 5188-5204
Author(s):  
Uzair Nagra ◽  
Maryam Shabbir ◽  
Muhammad Zaman ◽  
Asif Mahmood ◽  
Kashif Barkat
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Nanosized Particles ◽  
Preparation Methods

Nanosized particles, with a size of less than 100 nm, have a wide variety of applications in various fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Metal nanoparticles [MNPs] have been synthesized by different chemical and physical procedures. Still, the biological approach or green synthesis [phytosynthesis] is considered as a preferred method due to eco-friendliness, nontoxicity, and cost-effective production. Various plants and plant extracts have been used for the green synthesis of MNPs, including biofabrication of noble metals, metal oxides, and bimetallic combinations. Biomolecules and metabolites present in plant extracts cause the reduction of metal ions into nanosized particles by one-step preparation methods. MNPs have remarkable attractiveness in biomedical applications for their use as potential antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial agents. The present review offers a comprehensive aspect of MNPs production via top-to-bottom and bottom-to-top approach with considerable emphasis on green technology and their possible biomedical applications. The critical parameters governing the MNPs formation by plant-based synthesis are also highlighted in this review.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using sustainable resources and their use as antibacterial agents: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumari Jyoti ◽  
Punyasloka Pattnaik ◽  
Tej Singh
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Metal Species ◽  
Sustainable Resources ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Low Toxicity

Background:: Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted extensive vitality in numerous research areas such as drug delivery, biomedicine, catalysis etc. where continuous efforts are being made by scientists and engineers to investigate new dimensions for both technological and industrial advancements. Amongst numerous metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) is a novel metal species with low toxicity, higher stability and significant chemical, physical and biological properties. Methods:: In this, various methods for the fabrication of AgNPs are summarized. Importantly, we concentrated on the role of reducing agents of different plants parts, various working conditions such as AgNO3 concentration; ratio of AgNO3/extract; incubation time; centrifugal conditions, size and shapes. Results:: This study suggested that eco-friendly and non toxic biomolecules present in the extracts (e.g. leaf, stem and root) of plants are used as reducing and capping agents for silver nanoparticles fabrication. This method of fabrication of silver nanoparticles using plants extracts is comparatively cost-effective and simple. A silver salt is simply reduced by biomolecules present in the extracts of these plants. In this review, we have emphasized the synthesis and antibacterial potential of silver nanoparticles using various plant extracts. Conclusion:: Fabrication of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts have advantage over the other physical methods, as it is safe, eco-friendly and simple to use. Plants have huge potential for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles of wide potential of applications with desired shape and size.

scholarly journals Bioactive Metabolites from the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus sp. SPH2

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Viridiana Morales-Sánchez ◽  
Carmen E. Díaz ◽  
Elena Trujillo ◽  
Sonia A. Olmeda ◽  
Felix Valcarcel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Antifungal Effects ◽  
Aspergillus Sp

In the current study, an ethyl acetate extract from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp. SPH2 isolated from the stem parts of the endemic plant Bethencourtia palmensis was screened for its biocontrol properties against plant pathogens (Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata, and Botrytis cinerea), insect pests (Spodoptera littoralis, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi), plant parasites (Meloidogyne javanica), and ticks (Hyalomma lusitanicum). SPH2 gave extracts with strong fungicidal and ixodicidal effects at different fermentation times. The bioguided isolation of these extracts gave compounds 1–3. Mellein (1) showed strong ixodicidal effects and was also fungicidal. This is the first report on the ixodicidal effects of 1. Neoaspergillic acid (2) showed potent antifungal effects. Compound 2 appeared during the exponential phase of the fungal growth while neohydroxyaspergillic acid (3) appeared during the stationary phase, suggesting that 2 is the biosynthetic precursor of 3. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A was not detected under the fermentation conditions used in this work. Therefore, SPH2 could be a potential biotechnological tool for the production of ixodicidal extracts rich in mellein.

scholarly journals 179 Using a 100% Dried Distillers Grains Cube as a Supplement for Steers Grazing Mixed Grass Prairie in Oklahoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
Zane N Grigsby ◽  
Paul A Beck ◽  
Stacey A Gunter
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Mixed Grass Prairie ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Main Plot

Abstract This research was conducted to determine effects of supplementation and implanting on BW gain by steers grazing mixed grass prairie (n = 12 pastures, 19.9 ± 0.7 ha) in northwest Oklahoma. Three main plot treatments were: 1) Negative Control (NC), no supplementation, 2) Positive Control (PC), supplemented with DDGS cubes, 1.8 kg/steer on alternate days in late summer, 3) High Supplement (HS), 1/3 increase in stocking rate with 0.75% BW supplemental DDGS cubes all season. Steers (n = 125, BW = 223.1 ± 23.2 kg) were stocked at 2.2 ha/steer for PC and NC, 1.3 ha/steer for HS. Grazing was from May 17 – September 27 (132 d). All steers were implanted with 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate (SYN, Synonvex S, Zoetis Animal Health) on May 17. On July 18 three reimplant treatments were applied: 1) no reimplant; 2) SYN; or 3) 40 mg trenbolone acetate and 8 mg estradiol (Revalor G, Merck Animal Health). Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS as a split-plot experimental design. In early summer HS had 0.26 kg greater (P < 0.01) ADG than NC and PC. Late summer gains of PC were 0.33 kg/d more (P ≤ 0.01) than NC; and HS gained 0.49 and 0.16 kg/day more (P ≤ 0.04) than NC and PC, respectively. Gain per hectare for PC (46 kg/ha) were greater (P < 0.01) than NC (35 kg/ha) and more than doubled (P < 0.01) with HS (89 kg/ha). Reimplanting had no effect on ADG (P ≥ 0.28). Late season supplementation with PC resulted in supplemental efficiency of 2.7 kg supplement/kg added gain compared with NC. Increased stocking rates with season long supplementation in HS resulted in supplemental efficiency of 3.8 kg supplement/kg added gain per hectare. Based on these data, a 100% DDGS cube is an effective supplement option to increase BW gain during the late summer or increase carrying capacity and gain during the summer grazing period in northwestern Oklahoma.

BioWorma as an Aid for Controlling Ruminant Nematode Parasites

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
James E Miller ◽  
Joan M Burke ◽  
Thomas H Terrill
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Nematode Parasites

Abstract Nematode-trapping fungi are biological control agents used against the larval stages of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock feces. These fungi are normal soil inhabitants where they feed on a variety of non-parasitic soil nematodes. Of the various fungi tested, Duddingtonia flagrans spores (BioWorma, International Animal Health Products, Australia) have been shown to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. After defecation, the spores germinate and grow in the feces to form sticky, sophisticated traps/loops which are able to trap the developing larval stages in the fecal environment. This form of control has been successfully applied under field conditions and is an environmentally safe biological approach for forage-based feeding systems. BioWorma has recently been approved for use in the United States. The primary delivery system is mixing BioWorma into supplement feedstuffs daily where each animal has the opportunity to consume an adequate amount of the mixture. To achieve optimum control of larvae during the transmission season (May–October), BioWorma needs to be fed for a period of no shorter than 60 days, starting at the beginning of the grazing season (especially young after weaning). Feeding BioWorma to dams during late pregnancy and lactation will also help to reduce pasture contamination, especially for growing young that will graze the same pasture. Another delivery system is mixing BioWorma into loose mineral supplement where animals will consume it free choice. The mineral needs to be kept covered and dry. The spores cannot be incorporated into pellets as the heat of the pelleting process will kill the spores. One drawback in using BioWorma is the relatively high cost. Research is being conducted to evaluate other delivery schemes that could be more cost effective. This product is the only control method that targets nematodes on pasture, where a majority of the total population reside.

122 Bioactive Peptides for Enhancing Intestine Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 65-65
Author(s):  
Julang Li ◽  
Nadeem Akhtar ◽  
Celina Osakowicz ◽  
Lauren Fletcher ◽  
Karmin O ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Animal Trials

Abstract Intestinal disorders and colitis affect both animals and humans. The pathogenesis behind the inflammation is complex and not entirely understood. Furthermore, the significant rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria has emphasized an urgent need for alternative anti-infective therapies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is one of the appealing alternative to antibiotics due to their antimicrobial activity, mode of actions, and potential role in tissue repair. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in intestinal proliferation and differentiation and thus promotes intestinal development. Using food grade microorganisms such as Lactococcus lactis and yeast as hosts, our laboratory has produced recombinant porcine protegrin-1 (PG-1), a pig originated antimicrobial peptide and EGF via fermentation. Oral administration of PG-1 reduced Citrobacter rodentium induced intestinal infection in mice. This was evidenced by reduced histopathological changes in the colon, prevention of body weight loss, milder clinical signs of disease, and ultimately more effective clearance of bacterial infection. On the other hand, animal trials using the recombinant EGF demonstrated that it enhances intestinal development and growth of early weaned pig fed with antibiotic-free diet. Moreover, piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherchia coli (E. coli) K88 showed similar beneficial responses to EGF as those fed diets with antibiotic in terms of improving gain to feed ratio and lowering oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings suggest the potential for cost-effective production and application of recombinant bioactive proteins as alternatives to antibiotics in animal health and production.

Cucumber vs Ants: a Case Against the Myth of the Uses of Plant Extracts in Insect Pest Management

Sociobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 5813
Author(s):  
Matan Shelomi ◽  
Bo-Jun Qiu ◽  
Lin-Ting Huang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Realistic Situation ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ant Repellent

An accumulation of questionable scientific reports on the use of natural plant extracts to control household pest insects, using biologically irrelevant experimental designs and extremely high concentrations, has resulted in a publication bias: “promising” studies claiming readily available plants can repel various insects, including social insects, despite no usable data to judge cost-effectiveness or sustainability in a realistic situation. The Internet provides a further torrent of untested claims, generating a background noise of misinformation. An example is the belief that cucumbers are “natural” ant repellent, widely reported in such informal literature, despite no direct evidence for or against this claim. We tested this popular assertion using peel extracts of cucumber and the related bitter melon as olfactory and gustatory repellents against ants. Extracts of both fruit peels in water, methanol, or hexane were statistically significant but effectively weak gustatory repellents. Aqueous cucumber peel extract has a significant but mild olfactory repellent effect: about half of the ants were repelled relative to none in a control. While the myth may have a grain of truth to it, as cucumber does have a mild but detectable effect on ants in an artificial setup, its potential impact on keeping ants out of a treated perimeter would be extremely short-lived and not cost-effective. Superior ant management strategies are currently available. The promotion of “natural” products must be rooted in scientific evidence of a successful and cost-effective implementation prospect.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document