The Governance of Pandemics in Primary Health Care: The Governance Strategies Adopted by Health Facility Governing Committees in Times of COVID Pandemic in Tanzania

The governance of COVID 19 in Lower and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) is very critical for curbing its effects. However, it is unknown what governance strategies are adopted by Health Facility Governing Committees (HFGCs) s as a response to the pandemic. We employed an exploratory qualitative design to study the governance strategies adopted by HFGCs during the COVID19. Since COVID 19 is new, an inductive approach was used as it involves analyzing collected data with little or no predetermined theory for the study. A purposive sampling technique was employed in which multistage clustered sampling was used to select regions, councils, health facilities and respondents. In-depth interviews with HFGCs chairpersons and Focus Group Discussions with members of HFGCs were used to collect data. The data were analyzed based on the themes which emerged during data collection. We found five governance strategies that were found to be commonly adopted by many HFGCs which are financial allocation, re-planing, mobilization of resources, community sensitization and mobilization of stakeholders. however, these governance structures were not all adopted by all HFGCs. The HFGCs slowly adopted governance strategies in the times of COVID 19 pandemics because were unprepared. Despite being empowered by the Direct Health Facility Financing, still, the newest of the COVID 19 has been a challenge to many HFGCs. This calls for urgent capacity building for governance institutions on how to deal will pandemics in primary health facilities.

UPNM Way Forward: A Proposal of Cost Saving Strategy to Strengthen UPNM Financial Through Saving Plan Package

This study aims to determine and propose appropriate recommendation to the top management of university on how to generate income through saving plan that can be implement by Human Resource Department at UPNM to strengthen the financial issue. This proposal is proposed to assist management team on how to rationalize limited financial issues that can affect financial crisis faced by the university nowadays. At present, all public universities in Malaysia faced a critical challenge due to insufficient financial budget allocation, where the Government's financial allocation is increasingly bubbling. All Universities have been urged to generate their own internal income aside from budget allocation to ensure that the dependency on the Government can be reduce. Hence, some of these significant arrangement need to be carefully strategize and plan by the management of university to generate extra revenue as an effort to encounter financial issues faced by the university. From this case study, the finding can be used to identify and assist Top management of university to overcome issues on revenue generating to support financial operation cost at UPNM.

How Does China Promote Integrated Care Development? A Policy Content Analysis

Background: Multiple countries' experiences have illustrated that integrated care is an ideal choice regarding improving the quality of health care. In China, the central government has enacted a large number of policies to promote the development of integrated care in recent years. Yet, no existing research has examined how these policies to support the development of integrated care. In this paper we seek to address that gap. Methods: Document content analysis method was used in this paper. Data were collected by carrying out a review of integrated care policies (N=21) published from January 2015 to December 2020. The policy documents of integrated care issued by central governments are retrieved through the Internet. IHSDNSs (Integrated Health Service Delivery Networks)’s essential attributes framework was used to guide data analysis. Results: The most commonly referenced principal domains of integrated care in China were model of care, there were 45 references to the organization and management, financial allocation and incentives was the least often referenced source of information. The main purpose of reference to information was to support the reform of integrated care decision-making. Conclusions: A whole range of policies on integrated care were issued in a relatively short time. These policies propose a macro conceptual and operational framework for the development of integrated care. The development of integrated care has been mainly driven by the policy stimulus in China. However, the concrete measures still need clear negotiation and management by the local municipalities. Future policy should improve complementary policies such as financial allocation and financial incentive policy.

The Role of the Church in Curbing Drug Addiction Problems: A Case Study of Nairobi Chapel

Drug and substance abuse is considered a worldwide menace. Kenya being part of the globe experiences its effects. The Church, being a tool that helps society live godly lives, should take part in the fight against drug and substance abuse. This study sought to identify the role of the Church in curbing drug addiction problems. A descriptive case study and qualitative research approach were employed. 50 churches under the Nairobi Chapel umbrella of Churches were targeted. Questionnaires were employed to collect data from lead pastors in charge of drug addicts’ recovery programs within Nairobi Chapel. Data was analyzed and presented using tables and charts. From the study majority of the churches that took part in the research, only 40% had ministries to help in combating drug abuse, none of the churches had financial allocation for the same, on the human resource set aside; lead pastors comprised 85%, staff members 9%, while drug and substance rehabilitation pastors were 6%, on involvement in advocacy only 20% of the churches were participating, on the other hand, 61% of the churches took part in partnerships with drug addiction and rehabilitation and prevention programs.

The role of productive university in supporting the budget and educational process development

The study aims to clarify the role of other sources of funding in the educational institutions in 2021 by finding alternatives that contribute to meeting some of the expenses of educational institutions due to a decrease in the financial allocation by the state observed in the recent years with regard to the circumstances that Iraq is going through, namely low world oil prices and a lack of other revenues in universities. The research consists of five subjects: the University Office of the Higher Education Fund, the Institute of Management of Rusafa, Technical Institute of Kut, Technical Institute Baquba, Technical College Baghdad and is based on data of the 2019-2021 period. It has been proven that the increasing requirements regarding the development of the educational process in terms of technology, as well as the urgent need for laboratories and other educational institutions to enhance their budgets to meet those requirements, become a burden for those institutions. Hence, the productive university should help find ways to match actual revenues in order to eliminate the observed budget deficit.

The relationship between education and self-sustainability in a stressed economy

Education is an important key in achieving sustainable national development. For a state or society to achieve sustainable development, the quality of its education should be an issue of great concern. This paper examined the relationship between education and self-sustainability in Nigeria. It also provided insights into various challenges confronting education in Nigeria such as gender inequity in education, dearth of teachers, inadequate infrastructures, overcrowded classrooms and inadequate remunerations. Data from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin where recurrent expenditures on education and social and community services as well as Gross Domestic Products for 1985 to 2017 were used. The study also suggested ways on how to solve the identified challenges confronting education in Nigeria. The study recommends the creation of conducive atmosphere for learning, increasing financial allocation for educational development, ensure gender quality in education, and setting up a committee that will manage and supervise education policies that will involve sustainability.

Teachers’ Perceived Barriers to Implementation of Physical Education

This study investigated the perception of Physical Education (PE) teachers on barriers to implementation of PE pro[1]gramme in terms of the administration of PE programme, and the provision of non-human resources. A total of 248 PE[1]major teachers were surveyed using questionnaires which were mailed to schools. The sample consisted of almost 63% male teachers and the majority was under 40 years of age. A 12-item questionnaire was used to assess the administration of the PE programme, and the provision of non-human resources. Results showed that a majority of administrators did not assume PE important; they did not seek consensus in assigning teaching duty, did not discuss teaching and learning factors, and did not organize staff training programme (STP). Older teachers and teachers with 15 years of teaching ex[1]perience or more agreed that administrators discuss their teaching assignment, observe them, and organize STP. Respon[1]dents also perceived inadequacy of facilities, equipment, financial allocation, and reference books in the school PE pro[1]gramme. Male teachers, younger teachers and teachers with less teaching experience concurred the inadequacy of human resources. It is recommended that further research on solving PE human resource problems and PE administration be undertaken. Specifically, greater attention should be given to the needs of younger and junior PE teachers.

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS ON THE ENCROACHMENT OF GOVERNMENT LAND IN PERAK

The encroachment on government land is an issue faced by the Perak state government. This land encroachment problem has caused losses to the state government in terms of revenue. Various solutions have been implemented by the Perak government to address the issue of encroachment, but the issue of encroachment still occurs to this day. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the causes that cause the existing solution to be ineffective and to study alternative solutions to address the issue of encroachment of government land in the state of Perak. To achieve the objectives of the study, a qualitative design was used. Two types of data were obtained, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by interviewing officers from the Enforcement and Technical Unit under the Office of the Director of Lands and Mines Perak to provide an overview of the current situation and feedback on the issue of land encroachment. While for secondary data obtained from extracts of previous studies, newspaper clippings, and related journals. These data are then analysed using descriptive analysis methods. The results of the study found that there are three sources of existing solutions that are ineffective, namely political intervention, limited financial allocation, and security threats from intruders. In addition, there are several alternative solutions that have been proposed, namely the use of technology and the creation of a complete database of encroached land. In conclusion, it is hoped that the findings of this study will benefit all parties, especially the government in addressing the issues of encroachment on land owned by the state government.

An Empirical Study on the Construction of a Higher-Education Performance Allocation Model

China’s financial input mechanism reform’s current development trend involves fully implementing budget performance management and constructing a performance-oriented financial allocation model. These are also essential measures in promoting the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. The current financial allocation method for higher education entails a financial supply policy based on per-student appropriation. A new performance-oriented system of higher- education financial allocation system is necessary to upgrade the per-student appropriation of a single flow, construct a close loop of financial allocation “fund flow,” optimize the allocation of financial resources for higher education, and guide higher-education institutions to deepen comprehensive reform and achieve high- quality development. Based on the actual situation and relevant data of 26 undergraduate universities in Jiangsu of China, this paper proposes a “double dimension” higher-education performance funding index system, conducts an empirical study with the data envelopment analysis model, and suggests policies on the construction, organization, and implementation of higher-education performance allocation models.

PENERAPAN PRINSIP AKUNTABILITAS PADA PEMBIAYAAN KEGIATAN EKSTRAKURIKULER KEAGAMAAN DI MADRASAH ALIYAH PARADIGMA PALEMBANG

The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of the principle of accountability in the financing of religious extracurricular activities in the Madrasah Aliyah Paradigma Palembang and the factors that support and inhibit the application of the principle of accountability in the financing of religious extracurricular activities in the Madrasah Aliyah Paradigma Palembang. This type of research is field research with a descriptive qualitative approach. The informants of this research are the madrasa head, Madrasa deputy head, madrasa treasurer and religious extracurricular adviser. The data collection tools used were interviews, observation and documentation study. After the data is collected then it is analyzed using the Milies and Huberman approach. Activities in data analysis in this approach are: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing / verification. Based on the results of research and discussion, conclusions can be drawn, namely: Application of the Principle of Accountability in Financing Religious Extracurricular Activities in Madrasah Aliyah Paradigma Palembang has been going well. It is clear that transparency of education providers is open to receiving input and including various components in budget management. Meet clear performance standards in every activity that can serve as benchmarks in carrying out duties, functions and authority with a full sense of responsibility. Participation from all parties to create a conducive atmosphere for each other. Factors supporting the application of the principle of accountability are setting clear goals and objectives. Solid institutional structure. Establish a clear and directed policy. Planning that is realistic, detailed and in accordance with needs. The inhibiting factors are the limitations of research in obtaining other supporting data sources regarding the financing of extracurricular activities such as evidence of financial allocation / expenditure transactions and accountability reports.