THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL FACTORS FOR CROPS IN AGRICULTURE

This article presents the high yields of crops due to the improvement of the factors and propertiesof soil that are necessary for plants. This is due to the fact that the application of organic fertilizers, ie composts, at 20 t/ha, the agrophysical and agrochemical properties of the soil are optimal, water, air, heat and nutrient regimesof the soil are improved at the level of plant demand. In this process, the growth, development and high yields of crops are ensured. KEYWORDS: Agriculture, soil productivity, agrophysical properties, agrochemical properties, fertilizers, nutrients, moisture, soil fertility.

RURAL TOURISM – EMPOWERING LOCAL PEOPLE AND FOSTERING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

With its rich cultural heritage, historical monuments, and natural resources, India is a world-renowned tourist destination. India’s tourism industry has emerged as a major economic driver, generating significant foreign exchange earnings. Tourism is a major global industry, contributing 11% of global GDP. Rural tourism in India has enormous potential due to India’s vast rural diversity. Rural tourism in India is envisioned to create jobs and a vibrant local economy by reviving old art and crafts and preserving rural India culture. A counter-urbanization syndrome has developed as a result of the stress of city living. This has sparked a surge of interest in rural areas. Other causes, such as increased wellness awareness, greater interest in heritage and culture, enhanced accessibility, and environmental sensitivity, are all contributing to the trend toward rural tourism. Following COVID-19, tourist recovery usually begins at a local level. Before there is a strong demand for foreign travel, tourists opt to stay closer to home for a weekend escape or travel locally. Road trips may become more popular. Drive-ins are more likely to be chosen by families and children, especially on weekends and during short vacations. This paper attempts explore the process of Rural Tourism from the point of view of empowering local people and fostering community development. KEYWORDS : Rural Tourism, community development, sustainability, empowerment.

COMPUTATIONAL IDENTIFICATION OF PROMOTER REGIONS IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES

Promoters are modular DNA structures that contain complex regulatory elements required for the initiation of gene transcription. Therefore, the use of machine learning methods to identify promoters is very important for improving genome annotation and understanding transcriptional regulation. In recent years, many methods for predicting eukaryotic and prokaryotic promoters have been proposed. However, the performance of these methods is still far from satisfactory. In this article, we have developed a hybrid method (called IPMD) that combines a position correlation score function and diversity increment with modified Mahalanobis Discriminant to predict eukaryotic and prokaryotic promoters. The precise calculation and identification of promoters remains a challenge because these key DNA regulatory regions have variable structures composed of functional motifs that can provide gene-specific transcription initiation. The promoter is a regulatory DNA region, which is very important for gene transcription regulation. It is located near the transcription start site (TSS) upstream of the corresponding gene. In the post-genomics era, the availability of data makes it possible to build computational models to detect promoters robustly, because these models are expected to be helpful to academia and drug discovery. Until recently, the developed model only focused on distinguishing sequences into promoters and non-promoters. However, by considering the classification of weak and strong promoters, promoter predictors can be further improved. INDEX TERMS—: deep learning, DNA sequence analysis, Promoter prediction, Promoters, Promoter elements

ASSESSMENT OF BARE NECESSITIES INDEX AND SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD SECURITY INDEX OF SATARA DISTRICT MAHARASHTRA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The present paper examined the estimation and relationship between the Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) and Bare Necessities Index (BNI) of rural area in Satara district. It covered four selected tehsils to analyze the relationship between the Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) and the Bare Necessities Index (BNI). The exercise of estimation of SLSI based on three main dimensions i.e., social equity, economic efficiency, and ecological security along with its three sub-indicators of each dimension. Likewise. the estimation of BNI of Satara district is based on five main dimensions i.e., access to clean water, sanitation, housing, micro-environment, and other facilities also their 15 sub-indicators. This study observed that Mahabaleshwar tehsil has the lowest BNI and SLSI ranking whereas Koregoan tehsil was highest in BNI and second highest in SLSI. Phaltan tahsil has the highest SLSI whereas second highest in BNI as compared to selected tehsils in Satara district. The Bare Necessities Index (BNI) of Satara district was 0.531 whereas Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) 0.566 during study period. Hence overall position of Satara district BNI and SLSI comes under medium category. KEYWORDS: Sustainable Livelihood Security Index, Bare Necessities Index

POSSIBILITIES OF ACCELERATED SOWING OF AUTUMN CEREALS

We examined the possibilities of accelerating sowing and its effect on accuracy with the help of 5 farmers in Hungary. Because there are a lot of work in the autumn period the speeding up of sowing is an important issue for optimal performance. Our objectives were in this experiment to show if there are any negative effects of speeding up the sowing of autumn cereals. In summary, it can be said that in the case of narrow row seed drills of different constructions and technologies, adequate quality can be achieved at increased speeds also in terms of sowing uniformity and sowing depth. Therefore, where it is necessary and the area and soil condition are suitable for it, it is worth speeding up the work in order to achieve the optimal sowing time.

Performance of Quails with Aloe vera Extract and Acid cheese whey Supplementation

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Aloe vera extract and Acid cheese whey on the growth and productivity of quails. A total of 300 quails distributed to 5 treatments with four replications using Complete Randomized Design (CRD). This was a four-month study starting from growing to laying period of quails. Treatment Levels were; T1= 0mL AVE and ACW, T2=15mL AVE, T3=25mL AVE, T4=15mL ACW, and T5=25mL ACW per gallon of water. Results revealed no significant differences on final weight, gain weight, feed consumption, and water consumption except on feed conversion ratio which is significantly different among treatments. Numerically, birds with AVE and ACW supplementation showed higher performance on the parameters studied. Results suggests that Aloe vera extract and Acid Cheese Whey can be used to increase growth and egg production performance in quails. KEY WORDS: T. gigantea leaf meal, Aloe extract, acid cheese whey, quail, egg qualities

GROWTH RATES OF DIFFERENT WINE BRANDS OF NISARGA WINERY- A CASE STUDY

The government of Karnataka has announced wine policy, as result of which many wine yards were established. Nisarga winery in Vijaypur district was one such unit. The specific objectives of the study are to estimate the growth rates in production and sale of different wines and to study per liter production cost of different wines. The primary data for the year 2017-18 was collected from the general manager of the unit. The growth rate analysis, descriptive statistics were used for the study. The Compound annual growth rate of production of Nisarga winery was 1.94 which was non-significant whereas its 1.86 for sale which was significant @ 1 per cent.

THE ROLE OF YOUTH PARTICIPATION ON GOOD GOVERNANCE AT TWO SELECTED YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS IN MOGADISHU, SOMALIA

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of youth participation on good governance of two selected youth organizations in Mogadishu, Somalia.The objectives of the study are to determine the role of youth participation in good governance, to find out capacity building as catalyst for good governance and how the youth organization can spur youth leadership in the country To achieve the objectives of this study, data will be collected from 82employees of youth organizations. A sample size of 68 respondents was selected using Slog van’s formula. The study will use primary data. Data collection methods use included use of questionnaires. The selection sample technique will be purposive or judgmental approach. Data will analyze using SPSS version 16 for productions of tables, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. E.g. means, standard deviation, frequencies. Inferential statistics such as Regression Analysis were used for further analysis. Findings: The study has three objectives which are: To determine the effect of capacity building in good governance at two selected organizations, in Mogadishu, Somalia. To find out the effect of political participation in good governance t at two selected organizations, in Mogadishu, Somalia, To establish the effect of youth leadership in good governance at two selected organizations, in Mogadishu, Somalia. After analyzing the data, the study found that there is positive relationship among all variables as following: R is the correlation coefficient which shows the relationship between the study variables. From the findings shown in the table above there was a strongly positive relationship between the study variables as shown by 0.815. Overall, Political participation had the greatest effect on the good governance of youth organizations in Mogadishu, followed by Youth leadership and capacity building. All of the variables were found to be significantly affect good governance of youth organizations because they less than (p<0.05).Recommendation: organizations should implement good strategies for support management system of administrative reform on education management. organization should promote their beneficiaries to better satisfy as to achieve to education management. Promote the concept of young people as assets and work towards the elimination of negative stereotypes of youth. Promote the full and effective participation of young people at local, national, regional and international levels, with particular attention to marginalized youth. Youth participation can also be improved through a number of approaches, such as education and capacity building. KEYWORDS: Youth Parturition, Capacity Building, Political Participation, Youth Leadership & Good governance.

FACTORS INFLUENCING SMALL FARMERS’ PARTICIPATION IN THE EXTENSION OF TEA FARMING: A CASE OF ILAM, NEPAL

Tea is one of Ilam’s most significant sources of foreign exchange as well as a source of employment and income for the farmers. The quality of Ilam tea is actually among the best in the world but the quantity is still a challenge. In order to increase the quantity of the orthodox tea, farmers are encouraged to extend tea farms. The extension of land under tea cultivation in previous years, Importance of being a member of a cooperative, the source of credit, off-farm employment, the harvest quantity influenced extension positively to farmers while education level, the main occupation did not influence the participation of the farmers in the extension of tea farming. Based on the results the study recommends increasing the farmer’s awareness to join the cooperative. It is suggested that the tea factory and infrastructures should be made easily available to minimize costs and increase benefits. The factors influencing small farmers' participation within the extension of tea farming were studied using both primary and secondary source of data through interviews with 196 tea farmers in Jitpur and Mangalbare areas of Ilam district as a case study. The participants were involved in tea cultivation at least for the last five years. In this study, a detailed analysis of the factors have been carried out. KEYWORDS- cooperative, extension, factors, orthodox tea, small farmers

DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT ACCESS AMONG SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMERS IN KINANGOP SUB-COUNTY, KENYA

Dairy farming plays a major role in the Kenyan agricultural sector as it is dominated by smallholder farmers who contribute approximately 80 per cent of the total milk production. In Kinangop Sub County, there are many credit service providers however, not all smallholder dairy farmers have benefited from such services, instead smallholder dairy farmers have continued to experience challenges such as limited access to financial services. This study therefore analyzed the determinants of credit access among smallholder dairy farmers in Kinangop Sub-County using a binary logistic regression model. Following this, the marginal effects of the predictor variables on the likelihood of accessing credit were estimated. A total of 230 respondents were sampled from a population of 35,840 smallholder dairy farmers using both stratified and simple random sampling techniques and both structured and semi structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Descriptive analysis revealed that majority: 59.57% of smallholder dairy farmers were males, 69.57% were married and had a mean age of 39.4 years. The average household size was 4 members per household. Formal schooling was also attained by the respondents, majority having an average of about 8 years of schooling. On average farmers had 2 dairy cattle per household, produced 341litres of milk per month and had 11 years of farming. The binary logistic regression analysis and the marginal effect calculation revealed marital status, years of schooling, savings frequency, dairy farming, primary occupation, financial education, association membership and number of dairy cattle as the significant determinants of credit access. The study therefore concluded that there were significant determinants of credit access in the study area and recommended that formulating policies geared towards enhancing educational attainment of farmers would be vital in enhancing credit accessibility to farmers in the study area. There is also need for the Government and other stakeholders to encourage dairy farmers to join farmer based associations and eliminate stringent collateral barriers and bureaucracies that tend to discourage smallholder dairy farmers from accessing and participating in different credit schemes. KEY WORDS: Credit access, Determinants, smallholder dairy farmers, Kinangop Sub-County.