Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Ochradenus arabicus and their physiological effect on Maerua oblongifolia raised in vitro

Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are presently the most commonly generated engineered nanomaterials and are found in a wide range of agro-commercial products. The present study was designed to synthesize AgNPs biologically using Ochradenus arabicus leaves and investigate their effect on the morphophysiological properties of Maerua oblongifolia raised in vitro. Physicochemical methods (ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were performed for characterization and for obtaining microphotographs of the AgNPs. Shoots of M. oblongifolia (2–3 cm) grown in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mg L−1) were used. Following 6 weeks of in vitro shoot regeneration, the shoot number, shoot length, leaf number, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, total protein, proline level, and antioxidant enzyme activities of the plants were quantified. We found that 20 mg L−1 AgNPs increased the shoot number, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content of the plants. The maximum total protein was recorded in plants that were administered the lowest dose of AgNPs (10 mg L−1), while high concentrations of AgNPs (40 and 50 mg L−1) increased the levels of proline and the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Our results indicate that green-synthesized AgNPs may be of agricultural and medicinal interest owing to their effects on plants in vitro.

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Shoot Proliferation and Growth of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) in Response to pH and Sugar Concentrations in Vitro

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.461b ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 461B-461

Author(s):

Karim H. Al-Juboory ◽

L.K. Al-Amiry ◽

M.M Kushad

Keyword(s):

Shoot Proliferation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Root Number ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Gardenia Jasminoides ◽

Shoot Number ◽

Effects Of Ph

Stem cuttings of greenhouse-grown gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) were surface-sterilized and planted on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L (BA) and 0.5 mg/L (NAA). This study examines the effects of pH and various sugars on the growth and proliferation of in vitro-cultured gardenia. The highest average shoot number and shoot length were obtained at pH 4.0 to 5.0. In determining the effect of sugars on shoot proliferation, our findings indicated that sucrose and glucose at 30 and 40 g/L, respectively, produced a higher shoot number when compared to fructose and xylose. In addition, sucrose and glucose produced the highest root number, root length, and rooting percentage, while fructose and xylose had no effect on rooting. Sucrose and fructose produced more calli in comparison to other sugars. Xylose at 40 g/L produced the highest dry weight (18.5%), while xylose at 10 g/L produced the highest fresh weight (94.4%).

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Silver Nanoparticles Effects on In Vitro Germination, Growth, and Biochemical Activity of Tomato, Radish, and Kale Seedlings

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14185340 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (18) ◽

pp. 5340

Author(s):

Alicja Tymoszuk

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

In Vitro Germination ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Biochemical Activity

The interactions between nanoparticles and plant cells are still not sufficiently understood, and studies related to this subject are of scientific and practical importance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most commonly produced and used nanomaterials. This study aimed to investigate the influence of AgNPs applied at the concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg·L−1 during the process of in vitro germination as well as the biometric and biochemical parameters of developed seedlings in three vegetable species: Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Poranek’, Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus ‘Ramona’, and Brassica oleracea var. sabellica ‘Nero di Toscana’. The application of AgNPs did not affect the germination efficiency; however, diverse results were reported for the growth and biochemical activity of the seedlings, depending on the species tested and the AgNPs concentration. Tomato seedlings treated with nanoparticles, particularly at 100 mg·L−1, had shorter shoots with lower fresh and dry weights and produced roots with lower fresh weight. Simultaneously, at the biochemical level, a decrease in the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids and an increase in the anthocyanins content and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity were reported. AgNPs-treated radish plants had shorter shoots of higher fresh and dry weight and longer roots with lower fresh weight. Treatment with 50 mg·L−1 and 100 mg·L−1 resulted in the highest and lowest accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves, respectively; however, seedlings treated with 100 mg·L−1 produced less anthocyanins and polyphenols and exhibited lower GPOX activity. In kale, AgNPs-derived seedlings had a lower content of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins but higher GPOX activity of and were characterized by higher fresh and dry shoot weights and higher heterogeneous biometric parameters of the roots. The results of these experiments may be of great significance for broadening the scope of knowledge on the influence of AgNPs on plant cells and the micropropagation of the vegetable species. Future studies should be aimed at testing lower or even higher concentrations of AgNPs and other NPs and to evaluate the genetic stability of NPs-treated vegetable crops and their yielding efficiency.

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In vitro screening of rice genotypes using polyethylene glycol under drought stress

Progressive Agriculture ◽

10.3329/pa.v27i2.29321 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 128-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J Akte ◽

S Yasmin ◽

MJH Bhuiyan ◽

F Khatun ◽

J Roy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Drought Stress ◽

Water Content ◽

Relative Water Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Proline Accumulation ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Relative Water

Five rice varieties viz. Binadhan-4, Binadhan-5, Binadhan-6, Binadhan-10 and Iratom-24 were evaluated in vitro under different water stress conditions. Several parameters such as germination percentage, shoot length, root length, shoot-root ratio, fresh weight, dry weight, turgid weight, relative water content and proline accumulation were studied. Drought condition was created by MS medium supplemented with five treatments of PEG, with a control such as 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% of PEG. The highest germination (100%) was found in the variety Binadhan-10 under low water stress conditions induced by 1% PEG. Similarly, the highest percentage of germination was found in all varieties under control condition (0% PEG). The lowest percentage of germination was obtained in the variety Iratom-24. But under severe stress (4% PEG), the highest percentage of germination was found only in the variety Binadhan-10. Moreover, the variety Binadhan-10 was found to be the best at 4% PEG for shoot length, root length, shoot-root ratio, relative water content and also the best at 1% PEG for fresh weight, dry weight, turgid weight. Water stress decreased relative water content and increased proline accumulation in rice. The highest relative water content was recorded in the variety Binadhan-10 and the lowest value recorded in the variety Binadhan-5. The highest proline content was obtained from the binadhan-6 at the highest treatment (4% PEG). Binadhan-10 showed the best performance almost in all the parameters under drought stress because of its own nature of tolerancy.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 128-135, 2016

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Pengaruh Ekstrak Air Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus) Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kandungan Klorofil Padi Gogo Varietas Inpago 8

Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan ◽

10.25181/jppt.v18i3.1508 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 207

Author(s):

Mia A. Agustin ◽

Zulkifli Zulkifli ◽

Tundjung T. Handayani ◽

Martha L. Lande

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Rice Variety ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Levene Test

The purpose of this research is to know whether the aqueous extract of purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus) have an effect on the growth and chlorophyll content of upland riceseedling of Inpago 8 varieties. This research was conducted at Botanical Laboratory ofBiology Department Faculty of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences University ofLampung from September to October 2017. The experiments were carried out in a completerandomized design with the main factors being aqueous extract of purple nutsedge with 5 level : 0% v / v (control), 5% v / v, 10% v / v, 15% v / v, and 20%v/v. Parameters measuredwere shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, relative water content, and total chlorophyllcontent of rice seedling. Homogeneity of variance was determined by the Levene test at 5%significant level. Analysis of variance and Tukey HSD test is done at 5% significant level.The results showed that the concentration of extract correlated quadratic with shoot lengthwhere the maximum shoot length was 3.9 cm at 10% extract concentration. Fresh weight andrelative water content maximum were 73.21 mg and 76% respectively at concentrations of14% and 10%. The minimum total chlorophyll content was 0.47 mg / g tissue at aconcentration of 11%. There was no significant effect on the dry weight of the seedling.From the results of the study, it was concluded that the extract of purple nutsedge at aconcentration below 14% was a growth stimulator, but it was an inhibitor of chlorophyllbiosynthesis.Keyword: Chlorophyll, Growth, Upland rice variety Inpago 8, Purple nutsedge

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Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Genotypes undre Salt Stress

Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture ◽

10.3329/aba.v24i2.55782 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 33-46

Author(s):

MS Rahman ◽

MA Malek ◽

RM Emon ◽

A Hannan ◽

GHM Sagor

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Group Method ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Glycine Max L

Three advanced lines (SB02, SB05, SB07) along with one tolerant (Lokon) and one susceptible check (Asswt) of soybean (Glycine max L.) were assessed for salt tolerance in terms of morpho-physiological traits and molecular markers (SSR). The experiment was conducted at seedling stage with four salinity treatments namely 0, 8, 12 and 16 dSm-1 following Completely Randomized design. All the genotypes displayed considerable reduction in their morphological traits, least affecting the tolerant one. None of the genotypes were survived at 12 and 16 dSm-1 stress condition. Among the lines tested, SB-02 and SB-05 were identified as salt tolerant at 8 dSm-1 based on salinity susceptibility index (SSI) scoring. These genotypes suffered less in reduction of leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) and increase of Na+/K+ than the susceptible genotypes. For all the traits viz. shoot length, root length, total length, shoot fresh weiht, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, total fresh weight, total dry weight, percent live leaves, chlorophyll content and Na+/K+ ratio, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than that of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). All the traits studied showed medium to high heritability ranging between 43.81% (SPAD) to 96.65% (shoot length). The genotypes were grouped into two clusters considering both Euclidian distance and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean analysis. Lokon, SB-02 and SB-05 are on the same cluster as tolerant, and SB-7 and Asset on the other as susceptible to salt stress. The molecular pattern using by SSR marker displayed an average number of 3.33 alleles per locus with PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) values ranged from 0.2688 (sat_655 and satt728) to 0.7680 (sat_210). The highest gene diversity was observed in sat_210 and satt237 and the lowest in sat_655 and satt728 with a mean diversity of 0.5733. The genotypes Lokon, SB-02 and SB-05 could be suggested as a potential germplasm source of QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) analysis for the development of salt tolerant soybean variety. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2020) 24(2): 33-46

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Effects of nano silver on the growth of banana (Musa spp.) cultured in vitro

Journal of Vietnamese Environment ◽

10.13141/jve.vol10.no2.pp92-98 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 92-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dang Giap Do ◽

Thi Kim Thuy Dang ◽

Thi Huyen Trang Nguyen ◽

Thi Duoc Nguyen ◽

Trong Tuan Tran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Total Chlorophyll ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Nano Silver ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Total Chlorophyll Content ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

The One

Nano silver has positive effects on the growth and development of in vitro plants. In this study, shoots of in vitro banana with 1 cm in length were cut off the tip which was cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 30 g.L-1 sucrose, 15% coconut water (v/v), 5 mg. L-1 6-Benzyladenine (BA), 8 g.L-1 agar and nano silver (1, 3, 5, 7 ppm). After twenty days cultured, shoots in the medium supplemented with 1 ppm nano silver have grown well with 8.4 times multiplication and total chlorophyll content (2.05 mg.g-1), three-fold higher than in the control experiment. All new shoot samples were cultivated in a new medium with same component and supplemented with 1 mg. L-1 active charcoal to study root formation. The results showed that the best medium for root development was the one with 3 ppm nano silver. In this treatment, the height of shoots, number of leaves, number of roots, root length, fresh weight, dry weight and total chlorophyll content were 2.90 cm, 4.40 leaves per explant, 7.10 roots per explant, 7.7 cm per explant, 1.47 g per explant, 0.136 g and 3.17 mg.g-1, respectively. In vitro healthy seedlings with equal size were grown in nurseries. Different concentrations of nano silver (5, 10, 15 ppm) were sprayed on once a week. After 30 days, the highest quality result was observed at concentration 5 ppm with shoot of 4.86 cm in length, 5.20 leaves per shoot, 4.60 roots per explant, root of 4.87 cm in length and 3.07 g per explant in fresh weight. Nano bạc có tác động tích cực lên quá trình sinh trưởng và phát triển của một số loài thực vật nuôi cấy in vitro. Trong nghiên cứu này, chồi non in vitro có chiều cao 1 cm đã cắt bỏ đỉnh được nuôi cấy trên môi trường MS có bổ sung 30 g/L đường, 15% nước dừa (v/v), 5 mg/L BA, 8 g/L agar và nano bạc ở nồng độ 1, 3, 5, 7 ppm. Sau 20 ngày nuôi cấy, mẫu cấy phát triển tốt trên môi trường bổ sung nano bạc nồng độ 1 ppm với hệ số nhân chồi 8,4 lần, hàm lượng chlorophyll tổng số đạt 2,05 mg/g, cao gấp ba lần so với mẫu đối chứng. Mẫu cấy được chuyền sang môi trường mới có thành phần tương tự và bổ sung thêm 1 mg/L than hoạt tính để khảo sát sự tạo rễ. Kết quả cho thấy mẫu cấy trên môi trường có nồng độ nano bạc 3 ppm phát triển tốt nhất với chiều cao cây 2,90 cm/mẫu; số lá 4,40/ mẫu; số rễ 7,10/ mẫu; chiều dài rễ 7,7 cm/mẫu; khối lượng tươi 1,47 g/mẫu, khối lượng khô 0,136 g/mẫu và hàm lượng chlorophyll tổng đạt 3,17 mg/g. Những cây con in vitro phát triển tốt được trồng ngoài vườn ươm. Các dung dịch nano bạc có nồng độ 5, 10, 15 ppm được dùng để phun lên cây 1 lần/ tuần. Sau 30 ngày, kết quả cao nhất ghi nhận ở dung dịch có nồng độ 5 ppm với chiều cao chồi đạt 4,86 cm, 5,20 lá/chồi, 4,60 rễ/mẫu, chiều dài rễ đạt 4,87 cm và khối lượng tươi đạt 3,07 g/mẫu.

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EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON ROOTING OF CUTTINGS IN PLUM CV. KALA AMRITSARI

Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language ◽

10.21922/srjhsel.v5i25.10946 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (25) ◽

Author(s):

Shagufi Narula

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Root Number ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

Survival Percentage ◽

Significant Survival ◽

Shoot Number ◽

Rooting Of Cuttings

1200 cuttings made from the trees of Plum cv. Kala Amritsari were planted in 60 beds of size 1×1m., with 20 cuttings on each bed. Uniform sized 40 cuttings per replication were treated with ten treatments of IBA and PHB growth regulators by slow dip (24 hours) and quick dip (2 minutes) method before planting along with control. Results showed that IBA@2000ppm quick dip was found to be significant in improving the shoot and root characters in cuttings with maximum shoot length (16.87cm), average shoot girth (0.46cm), shoot number (4.22), fresh weight of shoots (6.82), dry weight of shoots (1.43g), leaf number (154.28), average leaf area (305.79 cm2), root number (44.90), average root length (10.88cm), length of longest root (13.5cm), fresh weight of roots (1.52g), dry weight of roots (1.09). While the cuttings treated with slow dip of IBA 150 ppm exhibited significant survival percentage (81.00%), percentage of rooted cuttings (74.33%) and sprouting percent (75.17%).

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The effect of silver nanoparticles on the limitation of ethylene gas and hydrolytic enzymatic activity in micropropagation of rose (Rosa hybrida L. 'Baby love')

Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.15625/1811-4989/17/3/13847 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 505-517

Author(s):

Ha Thi My Ngan ◽

Hoang Thanh Tung ◽

Ngo Dai Nghiep ◽

Bui Van Le ◽

Duong Tan Nhut

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Rosa Hybrida ◽

The Other ◽

Mass Ratio ◽

Fresh Weight

Micropropagation of rose (Rosa hybrida L. ‘Baby Love’) often encounter some abnormal phenomena such as yellow and abscission leaf, hyperhydricity, etc. These phenomena effect on the quality of shoots cultured in vitro as well as the survival rate of plantlets after transferred to greenhouse. This is due to the accumulation of ethylene in culture vessel, which leads to an increase in enzyme activity of cellulase and pectinase resulted in disrupting the cell wall binding and inducing organ abscission. In this study, the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to overcome these abnormal phenomena as well as its effect on the growth and development of shoots and plantlets in rose cultured in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that after 6 weeks of shoot culture, the medium supplemented with 2 ppm AgNPs was the most suitable for in vitro shoot multiplication with the highest number of shoots/explant (6.67 shoots), shoot height (3.06 cm), fresh weight (451.00 mg), dry weight (58.33 mg), SPAD (32.28) and dry mass ratio(12.33%). Adding 3 ppm AgNPs into in vitro rooting medium may improve the growth and develop involve in plant height (3.06 cm), number of leaves (6.33), leaf length (1.50 cm), leaf width (1.50 cm), fresh weight (137.67 mg), dry weight (13.00 mg), number of roots (4.33), SPAD (39.37), dry mass ratio (9.40%) of rose plantlet after 4 weeks of culture. After treatment with AgNPs, the abnormal phenomena including ethylene gas accumulation (0.30 ppm), cellulase enzyme activity (0.14 UI/mL) and pectinase enzyme activity (0.40 UI/mL) was reduced compare with the other treatments and the control. In addition, the high survival rate (93.33%) of plantlets was also observed after 4 weeks transferred to greenhouse. On the other hand, the treatment with 5 ppm AgNPs also induced early rose in vitro flowering; however, when using AgNPs at high concentrations (7 ppm) inhibited growth, development, toxicity and even death of explants.

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Growth and Antioxidant Responses in Iron-Biofortified Lentil under Cadmium Stress

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9080182 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

Ruchi Bansal ◽

Swati Priya ◽

Harsh Kumar Dikshit ◽

Sherry Rachel Jacob ◽

Mahesh Rao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cadmium Stress ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Limited Information ◽

Cd Stress ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Cd Uptake ◽

Cd Tolerance ◽

Controlled Conditions

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal, toxic to our ecosystem even at low concentrations. Cd stress negatively affects plant growth and development by triggering oxidative stress. Limited information is available on the role of iron (Fe) in ameliorating Cd stress tolerance in legumes. This study assessed the effect of Cd stress in two lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) varieties differing in seed Fe concentration (L4717 (Fe-biofortified) and JL3) under controlled conditions. Six biochemical traits, five growth parameters, and Cd uptake were recorded at the seedling stage (21 days after sowing) in the studied genotypes grown under controlled conditions at two levels (100 μM and 200 μM) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2). The studied traits revealed significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions. Cd-induced oxidative damage led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde in both genotypes. JL3 accumulated 77.1% more H2O2 and 75% more lipid peroxidation products than L4717 at the high Cd level. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased in response to Cd stress, with significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions (p < 0.01). L4717 had remarkably higher catalase (40.5%), peroxidase (43.9%), superoxide dismutase (31.7%), and glutathione reductase (47.3%) activities than JL3 under high Cd conditions. In addition, L4717 sustained better growth in terms of fresh weight and dry weight than JL3 under stress. JL3 exhibited high Cd uptake (14.87 mg g−1 fresh weight) compared to L4717 (7.32 mg g−1 fresh weight). The study concluded that the Fe-biofortified lentil genotype L4717 exhibited Cd tolerance by inciting an efficient antioxidative response to Cd toxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the possibility of seed Fe content as a surrogacy trait for Cd tolerance.

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IDENTIFICATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANT WHEAT GENOTYPES UNDER WATER DEFICIT CONDITIONS

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i2.2016.2830 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 206-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zaid Chachar ◽

N. A. Chachar ◽

Q.I. Chachar ◽

S.M Mujtaba ◽

G.A Chachar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Osmotic Stress ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Wheat Genotypes ◽

Maximum Reduction ◽

Drought Tolerant

Climate change is emerging phenomena and causing frequent drought which lead to scaricity of water, which ultimately nagetively affecting wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) yield all around the world. The aim of this study was to explore the potential deought tolerant wheat genotypes for candidate genes exploration. This study was conducted during the year 2014-2015 at Plant Physiology Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA) Tandojam. The six wheat genotypes (cv. MT-1/13, MT-2/13, MT-3/13, MT-4/13 Chakwal-86 and Khirman) were investigated for their response at germination and seedling stage under different water stress treatments (0, -0.5, -0.75 and -1.0 MPa) in controlled conditions. The results of experiments with reference to genotypes revealed that genotype Chakwal-86 shows maximum seed germination (82.58 %), while the genotype Khirman shows maximum shoot length (7.23 cm), root length (15.1 cm), shoot fresh wt. (5.85 g 10-1shoots), root fresh wt. (3.45 g 10-1roots), shoot dry wt. (1.33 g 10-1shoots), root dry wt. (0.69 g 10-1roots). Among the genotypes tested Khirman and MT-4/13 are the tolerant genotypes had the potential to perform better under drought conditions, whereas MT-4/13 and Chakwal-86 were moderate tolerant under water stress conditions. Moreover, the genotypes i.e. MT-1/13 and MT-2/13 are the sensitive genotypes under drought environment. It is concluded from present in-vitro studies that osmotic stress significantly reduced the seed germination shoot/root length fresh and dry weight in all six wheat genotypes. The maximum reduction was found at higher osmotic stress induced by PEG-6000 (-1.0 MPa) significantly.

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