Educational Inequalities, Class Structure and the State: Evidence from a Study of a Village in Punjab

This research project explores the level of education among various economic and social groups by examining the literacy rate, enrollment rate and the attainment of education in Sekha village located in Ludhiana district of Punjab. Wide levels of disparity were seen among groups and classes in accessing education, right from the primary level to the higher level. Differences were evident in the expenditure on education incurred by parents, in the average year of schooling, expected years of schooling and even in the Human Development Index of the area. It has been argued that structural inequalities inherent in a village further perpetuate inequalities in education. More than 70 years after Independence, the village surveyed showed that not only did inequalities remain in a village's class, caste and gender structures but they manifested themselves in education, too. Nation-wide the literacy rate has improved in India, but inequalities spanning generations have remained.

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THE ROLE OF LOCAL CREDIT INSTITUTIONS (LPD) IN DISTRIBUTING AGRICULTURAL CREDIT IN PENATIH VILLAGE, DISTRICT OF EAST DENPASAR, DENPASAR CITY

Agrisocionomics Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian ◽

10.14710/agrisocionomics.v3i2.4861 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 87-97

Author(s):

Ni Putu Era Prasistya Damayanti ◽

I Nyoman Gede Ustriyana ◽

AAA Wulandira Sawitri Djelantik

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Data ◽

Equal Opportunities ◽

Credit Institution ◽

Agricultural Credit ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Application Analysis ◽

And Gender ◽

The Village

Local credit institution (LPD) is financial enterprise that owned by the village to carry out business activities in that village and or the villagers. In its development, LPD has a imperative role that is not far from the goal of establishing LPD its sel, viz. Encouraging the development o rural economic throughraising the unds, distribute the loan for the community, create equal opportunities for business activities and employment opportunities for villagers.This study aims to determine characteristics of the agricultural debtor in LPD Desa Adat Penatih, the criteria for amount of agricultural credit distributed in LPD Desa Adat Penatih, the procedure for distributing agricultural credit in LPD Desa Adat Penatih and also the interference in repayment of credit in LPD Desa Adat Penatih. The location of this study were selected purposively. Data used in this study is qualitative data and quantitative data.The result of the study showed that the characteristics of the agricultural debtor in the LPD Desa Adat Penatih are seen from age and gender, the number of family dependents, the level of education, the criteria for amount loan and the business fields. The amount of agricultural credit distributed in LPD Desa Adat Penatih base of the collateral value for collateral provided by debtor. The procedure for distributing agricultural credit in LPD Desa Adat Penatih starts by of the loan application, analysis or assessment of credit, credit decision, disbursement and loan administration. There is no interference to LPD Desa Adat Penatih in repayment of agriculture credit. Both in terms of repayment period and credit collectibility.

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Comics as a Literary-Didactic Method and Their Use for Reducing Gender Differences in Reading Literacy at the Primary Level of Education

Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal ◽

10.26529/cepsj.91 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 125-149

Author(s):

Maja Kerneža ◽

Katja Košir

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Reading Motivation ◽

Reading Literacy ◽

Control Group ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Primary Level ◽

Before And After ◽

And Gender ◽

And Control

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the systematic use of comics as a literary-didactic method to reduce gender differences in reading literacy and reading motivation at the primary level of education. It was assumed that the use of comics would have a positive effect on pupils’ reading literacy and reading motivation, while also reducingthe aforementioned differences between boys and girls. The dimensions of reading literacy and reading motivation were examined in experimental and control groups, before and after the intervention, by means of questionnaires and tests for pupils. The sample consisted of 143 pupils from second to fifth grade from two Slovenian primary schools in a rural environment, of which 73 pupils participated in the experimental group and 70 pupils represented the control group. Effects of the use of comics as a literary-didactic method were not found: using comics as a literary-didactic method did not have a statistically significant effect on pupils’ reading literacy and reading motivation. However, when the four-way structureof the research (taking into account the age and gender of the pupils) was considered, some subgroups showed a statistically significant increase in reading interest and attitude towards reading. No reduction of gender differences in reading literacy and reading motivation was found. Based on the results, guidelines for further research are established and suggestionsare offered for teachers’ work.

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Psychological nature of intelligence officer

Vestnik of Minin University ◽

10.26795/2307-1281-2020-8-2-12 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

P. Yu. Naumov ◽

F. V. Povshednaya

Keyword(s):

Social Groups ◽

Pedagogical Practice ◽

Value System ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Main Research ◽

Social Trends ◽

Deductive Method ◽

Mechanisms Of Formation ◽

The Subject ◽

Method Analysis

Introduction. Based on modern social trends, the demand becomes not only for professionally trained people, but also for the level of their general culture, value system and, ultimately, intelligence. At the same time, there is no place for intellectuals and educating intellectuals in program documents on educational activities, although this task is very logical for the pedagogical practice of a developed society. This work presents the experience of the author's analysis of the psychological nature of the intelligence of an officer. Consistently considering the essence and structure of such a complex phenomenon, the structure and the real functioning of the values that allow characterizing the subject as an intellectual are ascertained.Materials and methods. As the main research methodology, the authors use sociological (I.S. Kon), culturological adapted to solve the problems of this work (M.S. Kagan), historiographic (A.V. Popov), systemic (I.V. Blauberg, V.A. Lektersky, V.N. Sadovsky, S.L. Rubinstein, M.S. Kagan, N.V. Kuzmina) and functional approaches (P.K. Anokhin, M.S. Kagan, N. Wiener). The main research methods were: hypothetical-deductive method; analysis, synthesis, comparison, analogy and abstraction; systemic method and modeling.Results. The result of the study is that the authors identified and justified the structural psychological qualities of intelligence as the subjective characteristics of an officer and examined the basic mechanisms of formation of intellectual values.Discussion and Conclusions. The required criteria for being intelligent as a subject characteristics of an officer is the level of education (self education)of an officer, his manners, the scope of his values , existential assessment –correlating every fact he faces with general life-span problems of objective reality, having respect for values of others and being ready for talk to employees and superiors as well as the representatives of other social groups, other cultures, nationalities, confessions and professions which requires dialog in search of optimal forms and options of interaction. The cornerstone principle for intelligence of the officer are, therefore, his education and upbringing, ideological conviction in his own values and readiness for self-sacrifice for their sake.

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PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT DESA DANASARI KECAMATAN PEMALANG KABUPATEN PEMALANG

Jurnal Ilmu Dakwah ◽

10.21580/jid.v36i1.1624 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 26

Author(s):

Purnama Rozak ◽

Hafiedh Hasan ◽

Sugarno Sugarno ◽

Srifariyati Srifariyati ◽

Afsya Septa Nugraha

Keyword(s):

Community Development ◽

Human Resources ◽

Human Development ◽

Human Development Index ◽

Scale Parameter ◽

Collective Responsibility ◽

Community Empowerment ◽

Per Capita ◽

Primary Focus ◽

The Village

The success of the development of a nation is determined by the Human Development Index (HDI). International scale parameter indicates the level of development of human resources emphasizes on three areas: education, health, and income per capita. The various dimensions of community development was a collective responsibility to make it happen. One way to do is through the proselytizing activities of community empowerment. This is as done in the village of Pemalang district, Danasari that has HDI levels is low compared than other villages. Community development in this village was done by taking three primary focus , they are the field of economics, health, and education and religion.***Keberhasilan pembangunan suatu bangsa ditentukan oleh Human Develop-ment Indeks (HDI). Parameter berskala internsional ini menunjukkan tingkat pengembangan sumber daya manusia yang menitiberatkan pada tiga bidang yaitu pendidikan, kesehatan, dan pendapatan perkapita. Pengembangan masyarakat yang berbagai dimensi tadi merupakan tanggung jawab bersama untuk mewujudkannya. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan adalah melalui kegiatan dakwah pemberdayaan masyarakat. Hal ini sebagaimana dilakukan di Desa Danasari Kabupaten Pemalang yang memiliki tingkat HDI yang rendah dibandingkan desa lainnya. Pemberdayaan masyarakat di desa ini dilakukan dengan mengambil tiga fokus utama yaitu bidang ekonomi, bidang kesehatan, dan pendidikan dan keagamaan. Potensi yang ada perlu diberdayakan secara bersama dengan tujuan pencapaian perbaikan kehidupan masyarakat desa Danasari.

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Correction to: Examining educational inequalities: insights in the context of improved mathematics performance on national and international assessments at primary level in Ireland

Large-scale Assessments in Education ◽

10.1186/s40536-021-00102-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anastasios Karakolidis ◽

Alice Duggan ◽

Gerry Shiel ◽

Joanne Kiniry

Keyword(s):

Mathematics Performance ◽

Educational Inequalities ◽

Primary Level ◽

International Assessments

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

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Sociolinguistic variation of parameters of oral spontaneous text

10.22250/2410-7190_2021_7_1_169_182 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 169-182

Author(s):

Ekaterina S. Khudyakova ◽

Keyword(s):

Statistical Modeling ◽

Social Factors ◽

Average Length ◽

Education Level ◽

Sociolinguistic Variation ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Variation Of Parameters ◽

The Social ◽

Factor Type ◽

And Gender

The article examines the social factors influence on prosodic manifestation of syntactic and macrosyntactic units. The data collected during suprasegmental analysis of spontaneous speech are used, which are directly related to the syntactic level, namely: the average length of a phrase in words and in syntagmas and the average length of a syntagma in phonetic words, as well as parameters associated with the design of the whole text: the number of composition blocks in the text, their length in phrases, the length of the whole text in phrases and words. The results of statistical modeling of the influence of the factors "age", "type of education", "level of education" and "gender" clearly indicate that the factors "type of education" and "gender" significantly influence the variation of syntactic and macrosyntactic parameters of an oral text. The factor "type of education" significantly affects the number of phrases in the text and the length of the text block in phrases – both parameters are significantly higher for the speakers who specialize in Humanities compared to those who specialize in Sciences. The length of the syntagma depends on the speaker’ gender – syntagmas produced by male speakers are longer.

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PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU DAN PELATIHAN TERHADAP PEMAHAMAHAN SAK ETAP

Jurnal Akuntansi ◽

10.25170/jara.v13i1.486 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 24-40

Author(s):

Khoirur Rohmawati ◽

Indira Januarti

Keyword(s):

Financial Reporting ◽

Educational Background ◽

Accounting Education ◽

Financial Accounting ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Financial Report ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Data Analysis Tool ◽

And Gender ◽

Level Of Understanding

The use of Financial Accounting Standards Entity without Public Accountability (SAK ETAP) has been launched starting in 2011, although there is still relatively little research on the topic of understanding SAK ETAP. Research on the use of previous SAK ETAP is more inclined to case studies in a particular SME. Cooperatives must make a financial report annually as a form of accountability Board to member. The understanding of accounting employees about SAK ETAP is important because accounting employees are responsible for financial reporting. Therefore, this research needs to be done to know how far the understanding of the accounting section of SAK ETAP.This study aims to analyze the factors that effect on the understanding of the economic enterprise accountants of SAK ETAP. These factors include level of education, educational background, SAK ETAP training, and gender. This study used data obtained from the questionnaire where the respondents were a cooperative accounting officer located in the Pati District. Respondents amounted to 80 who became the sample of the study. The sampling method study was used convenience sampling. The data analysis tool used is multiple regression analysis. The results showed that education level, educational background, and training of SAK ETAP influenced the understanding of SAK ETAP. The higher the level of education, the ability to understand the SAK ETAP is also high. Employees who have an accounting education background were easier to understand SAK ETAP than non accounting education. In addition, SAK ETAP training can also improve employees' ability to understand SAK ETAP. However, gender has no influence in determining the level of understanding of SAK ETAP.

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Gender Discourses as a ‘Technology of Power’ in Nepalese Primary Level Textbooks

Molung Educational Frontier ◽

10.3126/mef.v9i0.33593 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 129-140

Author(s):

Pragya Paneru

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Gender Stereotypes ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Gender Representations ◽

Male And Female ◽

Primary Level ◽

Gender Binary ◽

Nutritional Health ◽

And Gender

The Gender gap is one of the most prominent problems in the context of Nepal. Even if Nepal constitution promotes gender equality and equity, there is still a huge gap between male and female. Women lag in literary percentage, nutritional health conditions, ownership, and employment opportunities. One of the obstacles in the path of gender equality is our systemic education materials especially our textbooks which reinforce the stereotypical concept of male and female through textbook representations. Researchers have shown that gender stereotypes have been seen in the textbooks of highly developed countries like America, Australia, and Hongkong. In this context, all the compulsory textbooks of grade four and five prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre in the context of Nepal were observed. In all the books, stereotypical representations of male and female characters were found. Most of the men and women were presented doing conventional gender roles, and male-centered themes are found in the narratives. This research claims that when conventional attitude regarding gender is transferred to young children, it ultimately reproduces similar gendered personalities and helps to maintain the gender gap. This research uses the concept of ‘technology of power’ by Foucault to interpret gender representations in textbooks. A Ccritical Discourse Analysis has been used to analyze the data from textbooks. The findings suggest that there are biased gender representations suggesting stereotypes and gender binary which could potentially affect the learners both male and female as it fosters false knowledge regarding gender and overburdens the male whereas humiliates the females.

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Feelings of hopelessness in stable HIV-positive patients on antiretrovirals

Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine ◽

10.4102/sajhivmed.v11i1.246 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

M Y H Moosa ◽

F Y Jeenah

Keyword(s):

Employment Status ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽

Study Population ◽

And Gender ◽

Total Scale Score ◽

Status Level

Aim. The coping skills and styles individuals utilise to deal with the stress of HIV infection greatly influence the psychological impact of this illness and potential consequent feelings of hopelessness. The aim of this study was to describe levels of hopelessness in a group of stable, non-depressed HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, and factors associated with hopelessness. Method. Thirty randomly selected non-depressed patients (according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria) were included in this study. Demographic and other data were obtained from all subjects, who also completed the Beck’s Hopelessness Scale (BHS). The 20 true-false items of the BHS (29) measured three major aspects of hopelessness, which was interpreted on the total scale score as follows: ≤3 minimal, and >3 significant. Results. The study population comprised 30 patients with a mean age of 37.9 years (standard error (SE) 1.18) ( range 28 - 51 years). The mean BHS score was 4.03 (SE 0.55), with a range from 0 to 12. There were no statistically significant correlations between BHS scores of the study population and gender, marital status, employment status, level of education, years since the diagnosis of HIV, or number of children (p>0.05). Eighteen subjects (60%) scored 3 or less on the BHS, considered minimal levels of hopelessness. However, 12 (40%) scored more than 3, which is considered significant; of these 23% had scores of 7 or more. There was no statistically significant association between BHS scores and gender, employment status, level of education, number of children or number of years since diagnosis (p>0.05). However, patients who were married or living with partners were statistically more likely to score higher on the hopelessness scale compared with those who were single (p

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Kehidupan Sosial-Ekonomi Masyarakat Transmigrasi di Kelurahan Bangun Jaya Tahun 1986-2012

SINDANG Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Kajian Sejarah ◽

10.31540/sindang.v2i2.574 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 113-123

Author(s):

Belina Pasriana ◽

Isbandiyah I ◽

Sarkowi Sarkowi

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Social Status ◽

Qualitative Method ◽

Fish Farming ◽

Technical Analysis ◽

Economic Life ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Interview Techniques ◽

The Social ◽

The Village

This study aims to determine the development of the social and economic life of transmigrant communities in A Widodo village Tugumulyo District in 1980-2017. The method that researchers use is descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques in research using interview techniques, observation, and documentation. Technical analysis of data with a step triangulation. Based on the results of research and discussion, it is known that the socio-economic life of the A Widodo village in the Tugumulyo District in 1980-2017 has changed from the beginning of the A Widodo feda in 1937 to the present. This changed can be seen from the field of education. Ranging from opening a business, trading, raising livestock, to fish farming and other, other in the fields of education and economic, also seen in the form of social and religious interactin, where individuals interact with each other and help each other help each other, they repect each other’s religions in the village of A Widodo, namely Islam, Protestantism, Catholic Christianity, Hinduism, they do not mock one another or insult religion. Will determine a person’s social status, the higher the level of education the easier it is to find work and the more respected by the surrounding community.

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