scholarly journals Supernatural Explanations Across the Globe Are More Common for Natural Than Social Phenomena

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Conrad Jackson ◽  
Danica Wilbanks ◽  
Brock Bastian ◽  
Joseph Watts ◽  
Nicholas DiMaggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Theories Of Religion ◽  
Human Tendency ◽  
Supernatural Explanations

Supernatural beliefs are common in every human society, and people frequently invoke the supernatural to explain natural (e.g., storms, disease outbreaks) and social (e.g., murder, warfare) events. However, evolutionary and psychological theories of religion raise competing hypotheses about whether supernatural explanations should more commonly focus on natural or social phenomena. Here we test these hypotheses with a global analysis of supernatural explanations in 109 geographically and culturally diverse societies. We find that supernatural explanations are more prevalent for natural phenomena than for social phenomena, an effect that generalizes across regions and subsistence styles and cannot be reduced to the frequency of natural vs. social phenomena or common cultural ancestry. We also find that supernatural explanations of social phenomena only occur in societies that also have supernatural explanations of natural phenomena. This evidence is consistent with theories that ground the origin of supernatural belief in a human tendency to perceive intent and agency in nature.

scholarly journals The Effect of Social Distancing and Personal Protective Equipment on the Outbreak of SARS-COVID-2: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohrab Effati ◽  
Eman Tavakoli
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Biological Phenomena

Abstract Biological phenomena such as disease outbreaks can be modeled as a subset of natural phenomena. Coronaviruses, first identified in the 1960s, are contagious diseases being constantly in the area of research and modeling in human society. The latest version of this group, SARS-COVID-2, has caused the Coronavirus disease one of the greatest pandemics in recent years. Due to the nature of this disease, being aware of the ways of transmission and how to prevent it, including social distancing and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to improve the general condition of society is of particular importance. In this study, dynamic systems (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected, Asymptomatic, and Recovered individuals as SEIAR), control systems, and Agent-based modeling (ABM) were used to forecast the behavior of the SARS-COVID-2 virus in the community. The numerical results display the undeniable impact of adhering to hygiene protocols. A significant decline in the number of people with the Coronavirus disease, after applying the control measures, indicates their remarkable impact on reducing the disease peak. Moreover, the result of the Agent-based simulation, which is in four ideal cases, show a significant reduction in the number of death as well.

scholarly journals La «humanicidad» como categoría lingüística y campo semántico-funcional

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 421-440
Author(s):  
Enrique Javier Vercher García
Keyword(s):  
Reference Points ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
External Reality ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Human Community ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Way

El presente artículo plantea la existencia y analiza la categoría de humanicidad, entendida como el modo en que las lenguas naturales clasifican y expresan la realidad externa en dos grandes ámbitos: el ámbito humano (aquel que el hablante entiende como perteneciente a la sociedad humana, a la esfera de la vida, costumbres, rituales, civilización y cultura específicamente propios del ser humano) y el ámbito natural (la esfera de todo aquello ajeno a la comunidad humana, de lo que está fuera del área de influencia de la civilización humana, es decir, los fenómenos naturales, flora y fauna en su estado salvaje no “domesticado” o no “civilizado”). El campo-semántico funcional de la humanicidadsería el conjunto de recursos de los diferentes niveles lingüísticos (fonético-fonológico, morfológico, sintáctico y léxico) de una lengua dada para configurar los referentes de la realidad y clasificarlos en función de su categoría de humanicidad(ámbito humano vs. ámbito natural). La humanicidad, por tanto, no debe ser confundida con fenómenos bien conocidos como los de animacidad lingüísticao la distinción morfosintáctica entre humano/no humano. This article proposes the existence and analyses the category of humanicity, understood as the way in which natural languages classify and express external reality in two large fields: the human sphere (which the speaker understands as belonging to human society, the area of life, customs, rituals, civilization and culture specific to human beings) and the natural sphere (the sphere of everything outwith the human community, outwith the area of influence of human civilization; that is, natural phenomena, flora and fauna in their wild, “undomesticated” or “uncivilised” state). The functional-semantic field of humanicitywould be the set of resources of the different linguistic levels (phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical) of a given language for configuring the reference points of reality and classifying them based on their category of humanicity(human sphere vs natural sphere). Humanicity, must therefore not be confused with well-known phenomena such as linguistic animacyor the morphosyntactic distinction between human/non-human.

Determinism, Predictions, and Probabilism

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
Francois Dépelteau
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Biological Determinism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Cause ◽  
Social Causes ◽  
The Universe

This chapter addresses determinism, which has been the predominant mode of perceiving the universe in modern sciences. The basic assumption is that any event is the effect of an external cause. Generally speaking, biological determinism focuses on the biological causes of events, whereas social sciences focus on the social causes. This mode of perceiving the social universe is typically associated with positivism and, more specifically, social naturalism — or the idea that there is no significant difference between social phenomena and natural phenomena. In this logic, it is assumed that social scientists can and should discover ‘social laws’ — or universal relations of causality between a social cause and a social effect. However, determinism in the social sciences has been criticized since its very beginning. In response to these critiques, many social scientists have adopted various forms of ‘soft’ determinism. The chapter then considers social predictions and probabilism.

scholarly journals Implikasi Erupsi Gunung Agung Terhadap Sosial Ekonomi Pelaku Pariwisata di Kelurahan Ubud, Kecamatan Ubud, Kabupaten Gianyar,Bali

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I Kadek Diana Putra ◽  
Luh Putu Kerti Pujani
Keyword(s):  
Social Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Employee Education ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Education Investment ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Employee Welfare ◽  
The Village

Mount Agung eruption has a significant influence on the tourism sector. The tourism sector becomes the main sector of the Ubud community. This study aims to determine the implications of Mount Agung eruption on socio- economic tourism actors in the village of Ubud in the accommodation and restaurant business. This research is important to do because it is useful for tourism actors who are directly involved in the tourism sector so that it can deal with natural phenomena that unpredictable events occur. The research method in this report is using qualitative and quantitative data types. Sources of data used are primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques used are observation, interview, and documentation. Informant determination technique used is purposive sampling. Data analysis used is descriptive qualitative. The first thing to do is to observe for social phenomena and then to categorize the information obtained, then explain the categorization, then explain the categorization relationship and draw the general conclusion. The results of this research indicate that the implications of the Gunung Agung eruption on socio-economic tourism actors in Ubud Village include occupation of accommodations, restaurant visits, shortening employee work hours, employee income, employee welfare, family employee education investment, additional employee work that work in accommodation restaurant business. Keywords: Implication of Eruption, Social Economy, Tourism Actors

Introduction to Special Issue: Matters of classification and representation: Quantifying ethnicity, religion and migration introduction

Ethnicities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Supik ◽  
Riem Spielhaus
Keyword(s):  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Diverse Populations ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Political Field ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Migration

In addition to serving as an introduction to the subject, this paper suggests a conceptual framework for the investigation of issues of classification and quantification related to migration and the ethnically and religiously diverse societies in Europe. Nationality, ethnicity and religion are situational, contextual and dynamic social phenomena which tend to defy rigid classification, making it especially difficult to capture and quantify these entities in order to organize and represent them in an intelligible manner in official statistics (e.g. censuses), institutional governing practices or in academic survey research. By drawing on previous work by demographers and social researchers, we suggest a typological classification of ways in which diverse populations become statistically visible or invisible. We show that the rationale for creating classifications and particular sets of categories changes, depending on the political field in which data are used in the governance of populations and migration. A science studies perspective can make these diverse taxonomies the object of studies to understand how they are embedded within, and how they sustain, power relations. By focusing on practices of classification as instruments of research and governance, this special issue contributes to a reflection on the conditions and effects of quantifying practices in culturally diverse and constantly changing societies, in which the line between government and academia, between power and knowledge, is frequently indistinct.

scholarly journals Culturomics meets random fractal theory: insights into long-range correlations of social and natural phenomena over the past two centuries

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (73) ◽  
pp. 1956-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbo Gao ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
Xiang Mao ◽  
Matjaž Perc
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Long Range Correlations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Random Fractal ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis

Culturomics was recently introduced as the application of high-throughput data collection and analysis to the study of human culture. Here, we make use of these data by investigating fluctuations in yearly usage frequencies of specific words that describe social and natural phenomena, as derived from books that were published over the course of the past two centuries. We show that the determination of the Hurst parameter by means of fractal analysis provides fundamental insights into the nature of long-range correlations contained in the culturomic trajectories, and by doing so offers new interpretations as to what might be the main driving forces behind the examined phenomena. Quite remarkably, we find that social and natural phenomena are governed by fundamentally different processes. While natural phenomena have properties that are typical for processes with persistent long-range correlations, social phenomena are better described as non-stationary, on–off intermittent or Lévy walk processes.

DEVELOPING ENGLISH READING MATERIALS IN REPORT TEXT FOR STUDENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM AT SMK NEGERI 2 MEDAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Hafni Fatimah ◽  
Meisuri Meisuri ◽  
Safrida Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Engineering Program ◽  
English Reading ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Report Text

The objective of this study was to develop the appropriate English reading materials in report text for students of electrical engineering program at SMK Negeri 2 Medan. This study was conducted by using Research and Development (R&D) design. The data were gathered by distributing questionnaires to 35 students of electrical engineering program and administering interview to the teacher. The result of this study was a set of developed teaching reading materials as supplementary entitled “English for Electrical Engineering Students” which covers of three chapters on the topics of (1) things in electrical about hammer drill, (2) natural phenomena about lightning and aurora, (3) social phenomena about short circuit and electric shock. It is also accompanied by documents such as syllabus, lesson plans, reading materials, worksheets, and assessments. Key words:Research and Development (R&D), Reading Materials, Report Text, Vocational School, Electrical Engineering Program. 

scholarly journals IBN KHALDUN DAN PEMIKIR SOSIAL BUDAYA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
M. Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Religious Values ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Independent Entity ◽  
Good And Evil

<p>The greatness of Ibn Khaldun's name makes the world recognized and reviewed his thoughts. If we revisit the treasury of medieval Islamic intellectual thought and develop a tradition of thought in the world of campus, this tradition and culture is good to do. This paper raises who is really the figure of Ibn Khaldun and how his thoughts are especially on his social cultural thinking. Ibn Khaldun's theory of social phenomena includes the theory of evolution that views social phenomena as the dynamics of society, nations and states that differ across generations. The human society according to Ibn Khaldun is an independent entity. and can be perfectly managed regardless of religious values. He says humans can be good and evil at the same time. Man is evil because of animal nature, and on the contrary, man is good because of his involvement with other human beings. Ibn Khaldun's mind is so visionary that it is relevant to the context of the development of the era as developed by modern philosophers which actually comes from the socio-cultural view of Ibn Khaldun.</p><p> </p><p>Begitu besar nama Ibn Khaldun sehingga dunia mengakui dan mengkaji kembali pemikiran-pemikirannya. Jika kita menguak kembali khazanah pemikiran intelektual Islam abad pertengahan dan mengembangkan tradisi pemikiran di dunia kampus, tradisi dan budaya ini bagus untuk dilakukan. Tulisan ini mengangkat siapakah sesungguhnya sosok Ibn Khaldun itu dan bagaimana pemikirannya khususnya pada pemikiran sosial budayanya. Teori fenomena sosial Ibn Khaldun termasuk teori evolusi yang memandang fenomena sosial sebagai dinamika masyarakat, bangsa dan negara yang berbeda antar generasi. Masyarakat manusia menurut Ibn Khaldun adalah suatu entitas yang independen. dan dapat diurus secara sempurna lepas dari nilai-nilai agama. Menurutnya manusia bisa baik clan jahat pada saat yang sama. Manusia jahat karena adanya sifat dasar kebinatangan, dan sebaliknya, manusia itu baik karena keterlibatannya dengan manusia lain. Pemikiran Ibn Khaldun sangat visioner sehingga relevan dengan konteks perkembangan jaman sebagaimana yang kemudian dikembangkan oleh filsuf modern yang sesungguhnya bermuara dari pandangan sosial budaya Ibnu Khaldun.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Psychological Theories of Religion

1993 ◽  
pp. 173-203
Author(s):  
Peter B. Clarke ◽  
Peter Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Theories Of Religion

scholarly journals LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF THE INTERPRETATION OF AESOP’S FABLES IN CREATIVY UKRAINIAN WRITERS AND TRANSLATORS (ON THE MATERIAL OF TRANSLATIONS BY YURII MUSHAK)

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Nataliia Кorolova ◽  
Bohdana Korobova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Traditional Structure ◽  
Stylistic Elements ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Artistic Skill

Ancient fable is one of the most notable phenomena of European literature. Many monuments of this genre are distinguished by high artistic skill and have not lost their aesthetic value to these days. Short stories with a moral component, the protagonists of which were the representatives of animate or inanimate nature, were known in ancient times. Aesop is considered the founder of fable’s genre, according to the legend he first made them in literary processing. The most commonly among the works of the ancient Greek fabulist there are the themes of hypocrisy and human recklessness, lies and greed, fame and its consequences. The traditional structure of fables usually has two components – a morality and a narrative, and its main elements are an instructive, figurative, concise presentation, the introduction to the plot of various species of animals, plants, natural phenomena, gods, etc., which endowed with traditional allegorical image. The events described in the fables have an instructive content, in which the negative social phenomena and the human traits are ridiculed with help of allegory. Each fable of the legendary master is a separate episode, not related to the rest of the fables. The article defines the concept of a fable, provides a theoretical justification for choosing the object of study, takes into account a state of the linguistic researches of a chosen topic, outlines the artistic features of the genre, determines a compositional, stylistic and speech structure of Aesop’s fables and their translations into Ukrainian. Yuri Mushak’s translations are distinguished by the desire to preserve the artistic features of Aesop’s fables with a detailed transfer of their individual linguistic and stylistic elements. At the same time, the translator manages to bring his translations closer to the living conditions and morals of the Ukrainian people, he widely uses abbreviations or, conversely, additions to the text, replacement, concretization, and so on.

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