scholarly journals The Relatedness of Community Perception with The Actions in Forest Pest Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Noor Farikhah Haneda ◽  
Yulius Hero ◽  
Derry Ferdani Rustanzi
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Community Perception ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Chemical Management ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Average Plant ◽  
Relationship Of

Pest attack on the forest can have an impact on the productivity and quality of existing stands (such as reducing average plant growth, decreasing seed germination power, and appearance of forest aesthetics). This study aims to identify the types of pest management and analyze the relationship between perception and community actions in the community forest in Karyasari Village, Leuwiliang District, Bogor Regency. Data collection is done by semi-structured interview, observation and recording of secondary data. The type of pest management carried out by the community uses three pest management techniques, including chemical, mechanical and a mixture of chemical and mechanical. Farmers do not use biological techniques. Mechanical pest management is less used in society compared to chemical management. Many farmers use chemical management techniques with pesticides because they kill pests quickly. In addition, some small farmers use a mixture of chemical and mechanical management. There is a relationship of perception with the characteristics of respondents, such as land area, education and role in society. There is a relationship of action with the characteristics of respondents, such as the role in society, land area, education and employment.

DINAMIKA KELOMPOK TANI ANUGERAH MOLLO DI DESA NETPALA KECAMATAN MOLLO UTARA KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH SELATAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Tanggu Dedo Yeremias ◽  
Ernantje Hendrik ◽  
Ignatius Sinu
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Dynamic Level ◽  
South Central ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

ABSTRACT This research has been carried out in the Anugerah Mollo Farmer Group, in Netpala Village, North Mollo District, South Central Timor Regency, starting in March - April 2019. This study aims to determine: (1) The dynamic level of the Anugerah Mollo Farmer Group in Netpala Village, North Mollo District, South Central Timor Regency, (2) Relationship between Socio-economic factors of farmer group members and the level of dynamics of the Anugerah Mollo Farmer Group in Netpala Village, North Mollo District, South Central Timor Regency. Determination of the location of the study carried out intentionally (purposive sampling) The type of data collected is primary data obtained from direct interviews with respondents guided by the questionnaire, while secondary data is obtained from the relevant agencies. To find out the first purpose of the data analyzed using a Likert scale, to find out the second purpose of the data analyzed using the Sperman Rank statistical Nonparametric test. The results of this study indicate that: (1) The level of dynamism of the Anugerah Mollo Farmer Group in Netpala Village, North Mollo District, South Central Timor Regency, is in the very dynamic category of 84%, (2) The relationship of socio-economic factors is only one of the five variables that are significantly related namely land area with a coefficient of rs 0.278 and t = 1.782 count greater than t table 1.699 (p> 0.05), while other social factors such as age, formal education, number of family dependents, and experience of farming show no significant relationship with the level of dynamism of Anugerah Mollo Farmers Group in Netpala Village.

scholarly journals Longitudinal relationship of diabetes and depressive symptoms in older adults from Mexico: a secondary data analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e001789
Author(s):  
Teresa Alvarez-Cisneros ◽  
Paloma Roa-Rojas ◽  
Carmen Garcia-Peña
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Health Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Relationship Of

IntroductionSeveral studies have argued a causal relationship between diabetes and depression, while others have highlighted that their association is a result of common risk factors. Because Mexico is a country with a high prevalence of diabetes, and diabetes and depression are a frequent comorbidity, we chose this country to investigate the longitudinal relationship of these two conditions, focusing on the influence of demographic, health, and socioeconomic factors which could act as common risk factors for both conditions.Research design and methodsUsing the harmonized Mexican Health and Aging Study, a nationally representative sample of adults older than 50 with a response rate of 93%, we analyzed the longitudinal relationship of diabetes and depressive symptoms using ‘between-within’ random-effects models, focusing on the effect of demographic, socioeconomic and health factors.ResultsWhile older adults with diabetes reported a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms in the four waves of the study, there was no causal longitudinal association between them once controlling for demographic, socioeconomic and health factors (between-effect OR=0.88, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.01; within-effect OR=0.87, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.11).ConclusionsThere is no causal longitudinal association between diabetes and depression; the higher prevalence of depression among older adults with diabetes seems a result of socioeconomic and health factors that are not exclusive to respondents with diabetes but are more frequent in this group. Our results highlight the importance of prevention and control of chronic conditions as well as the role of socioeconomic inequalities in mental health.

ANALISIS PENYELESAIAN KREDIT MACET AKIBAT DEBITUR WANPRESTASI DALAM PERJANJIAN PEMBIAYAAN KONSUMEN DI KANTOR PT ARTHABUANA MARGAUSAHA FINANCE CABANG SURAKARTA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rio Ervandra Putra ◽  
Ambar Budhisulistyawati
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Consumer Finance ◽  
Bad Faith ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Finance Company ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Internal Barriers

<h1><em>Abstract</em><em></em></h1><p><em>In this articel is to discuss the bad debts in the consumer finance companies and efforts to resolve what is used and the obstacles experienced. This articel is included into law research or empirical sociological descriptive, with a qualitative approach. The data collected by the author using a structured interview techniques, literature on primary and secondary data, and content analysis of secondary data sources. The cause of the debtor in default, which is a factor in bad faith since going to do the financing agreement, can not resolve the principal and interest installments corresponding time period specified in the agreement, as well as the funds are planned to pay principal and interest debt used for other purposes. Loan resolution most ideal according to PT Arthabuana Margausaha Finance branch Surakarta can through two efforts, the efforts of non-litigation and litigation. Barriers experienced while performing loan resolution efforts due to the debtor defaults include the presence of internal resistance and external barriers.For external barriers party finance company requesting internal and external parties to resolve these obstacles. For internal barriers the companies subject to reprimand and sanctions applicable consumer finance company.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em> : consumer finance companies , non performing loan , tort</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Dalam artikel ini membahas kredit macet di perusahaan pembiayaan konsumen dan upaya penyelesaian yang digunakan serta hambatan yang dialami. Artikel ini termasuk kedalam jenis penelitian hukum sosiologis atau empiris yang bersifat deskriptif, dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Data tersebut dikumpulkan penulis dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara terstruktur, studi literatur pada data primer dan sekunder, dan analisis isi untuk sumber data sekunder.Penyebab debitur melakukan wanprestasi, yaitu faktor itikad tidak baik sejak akan melakukan perjanjian pembiayaan, tidak dapat menyelesaikan angsuran pokok hutang dan bunga sesuai jangka waktu yang telah ditetapkan dalam perjanjian, serta dana yang direncanakan untuk membayar angsuran pokok hutang dan bunga digunakan untuk keperluan lainnya. Penyelesaiankredit macet paling ideal menurut PT Arthabuana Margausaha Finance cabang Surakarta dapat melalui dua upaya, yaitu upaya non litigasi dan litigasi. Hambatan yang dialami saat melakukan upaya penyelesaian kredit macet akibat debitur wanprestasi meliputi adanya hambatan internal dan eksternal. Untuk hambatan eksternal pihak perusahaan pembiayaan meminta pihak internal dan eksternal untuk menyelesaikan hambatan tersebut. Untuk hambatan internal pihak bagian perusahaan dikenakan teguran dan sanksi yang berlaku dari perusahaan pembiayaan konsumen.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong> : perusahaan pembiayaan konsumen, kredit macet, wanprestasi</p>

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI OUTPUT PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN DI INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Rafi Hidayat ◽  
Sri Ulfa Sentosa
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Insignificant Effect ◽  
Result Show ◽  
The Government

This study aims to systematize and explain the effect of land area, fertilizer use and labor on agriculture output of food crops in Indonesia. This type of research is quantitative research, the data used is secondary data which is analyzed using panel regression analysis. The estimation result show that land area has a negative and insignificant effect on agricultural output of food crops in Indonesia, the amount of fertilizer use has a positive and significant effect on agricultural output of food crops in Indonesia and labor has a negative and insignificant effect on agricultural output of food crops in Indonesia. Therefore this study proposes the government to be able to run a program that can increase land production power and labor production power in order to increase agricultural output of food crops.

scholarly journals Influence of farmers' knowledge of climate change on production of citrus and tomato in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Adebisi-Adelani ◽  
M. Akeredolu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Growing Period

ABSTRACT Production is the basis of value-chain which is a key factor in Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) in Nigeria. Thus, for successful production of horticultural crops the importance of climate cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, in this era of climate change there is the need to study farmers' knowledge of climate change and their production level. The study was carried out in Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to arrive at a study population of 441 tomato and citrus farmers. Data were collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), structured interview schedule and secondary data (FAOSTAT). It was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage and pie charts) and inferential statistics (Pearson Product Moment Correlation). There existed no significant relationship between knowledge level of respondents and change in production of both crops. The reason for this could be that no matter what the level of knowledge one may have on the subject of climate change it does not have anything to do with production, adaptation strategies is the key. Citrus and tomato farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change includes among others crop management, use of varieties resistant to pests and diseases, altering the timing or location of cropping activities, different planting dates and shortened length of growing period. In conclusion climate change has affected the production of horticultural crops therefore for ATA to have a good footing there is the need to focus on the adaptation strategies that can combat the effect of climatic changes. Key words: Horticultural crops, Horticultural farmers, Climate, Production, Knowledge,

scholarly journals O SIGNIFICADO DO LUGAR E A VISIBILIDADE DOS DILEMAS SOCIOAMBIENTAIS VIVENCIADOS PELOS MORADORES DO BAIRRO JARDIM OLIVEIRA, CÁCERES, MATO GROSSO

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Almerinda Auxiliadora De Souza ◽  
Flávio Bezerra Barros
Keyword(s):  
Structured Interview ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The People ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Photographic Records

THE MEANING OF THE PLACE AND THE VISIBILITY OF THE SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMAS LIVED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE JARDIM OLIVEIRA DISTRICT, CÁCERES, STATE OF MATO GROSSOEL SIGNIFICADO DEL LUGAR Y LA VISIBILIDAD DE LOS DILEMAS SOCIOAMBIENTALES VIVENCIADOS POR LOS MORADORES DEL BAIRRO JARDÍN OLIVEIRA, CÁCERES, MATO GROSSORESUMOEste estudo foi realizado no bairro Jardim Oliveira, situado na cidade de Cáceres/MT, à margem esquerda do rio Paraguai. O objetivo consistiu em entender a relação dos moradores com o lugar. A pesquisa foi de natureza exploratória e descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa. Para o levantamento de dados nos pautamos em observação, entrevista semiestruturada e registros fotográficos. Os resultados revelaram que o Jardim Oliveira é percebido pela experiência dos moradores, que mesmo com as limitações, conhecem, dão sentidos e significados ao lugar. Verificou-se a topofilia associada ao sentimento pelo lugar, o que poderia ser contraditório, visto que os mesmos interlocutores relataram que já vivenciaram e/ou presenciaram casos de violência no bairro. O rio Paraguai aparece como centralidade nas relações dos moradores com o lugar. É visível a ausência de infraestrutura básica no bairro, o que interfere de forma direta na vida dos moradores, levando-os a vivenciarem os dilemas socioambientais.Palavras-chave: Questões Socioambientais; Lugar; Rio Paraguai; Mato Grosso.ABSTRACTThis study was carried out in the Jardim Oliveira district, located in the municipality of Cáceres, State of Mato Grosso, on the left bank of the Paraguai River. The objective was to understand the relationship of the residents with the place. The research was exploratory and descriptive, with a qualitative approach. For the survey of data we are in observation, semi-structured interview and photographic records. The results revealed that Jardim Oliveira is perceived by the residents experience, that even with the limitations, they know, give meanings and meanings to the place. Topophilia was associated with feeling for the place, which could be contradictory, since the same interlocutors reported that they had experienced and / or witnessed cases of violence in the neighborhood. The Paraguai River appears as centrality in the relations of the residents with the place. The lack of basic infrastructure in the neighborhood is visible, which directly interferes with the lives of the residents, leading them to experience the socio-environmental dilemmas.Keywords: Socio-environmental Themes; Place; Paraguai River; State of Mato Grosso.RESUMENEste estudio fue realizado en el barrio Jardim Oliveira, situado en la ciudad de Cáceres / MT, a la margen izquierda del río Paraguay. El objetivo consistió en entender la relación de los habitantes con el lugar. La investigación fue de naturaleza exploratoria y descriptiva, con abordaje cualitativo. Para el levantamiento de datos nos fijamos en observación, entrevista semiestructurada y registros fotográficos. Los resultados revelaron que el Jardín Oliveira es percibido por la experiencia de los habitantes, que incluso con las limitaciones, conocen, dan sentidos y significados al lugar. Se verificó la topofilia asociada al sentimiento por el lugar, lo que podría ser contradictorio, ya que los mismos interlocutores relataron que ya vivenciaron y / o presenciaron casos de violencia en el barrio. El río Paraguay aparece como centralidad en las relaciones de los habitantes con el lugar. Es visible la ausencia de infraestructura básica en el barrio, lo que interfiere de forma directa en la vida de los habitantes, llevándolos a vivir los dilemas socioambientales.Palabras clave: Cuestiones Socioambientales; Lugar; Río Paraguay; Mato Grosso.

scholarly journals A Study on the Relationship of Profile Characteristics with Group Performance of Tribal Farmer Interest Groups (FIGs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (March) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mathuabirami V ◽  
◽  
Kalaivani S ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Group Communication ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Group Leadership ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Profile Characteristics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The present study aimed to analyze the relationship of profile characteristics with group performance of tribal FIGs. The survey was purposively conducted in Erode district as it contains more number of tribal Farmer Interest Groups (FIGs). A total of five Tribal FIGs were randomly selected from 16 Tribal FIGs belonging to Dhimbam Dhaniya Farmer Producer Company Limited (DDFPCL) and the total sample size was 100. A well-structured interview schedule was prepared and employed to collect the data from the respondents. The findings showed that majority of the respondents were young aged with high school education, female marginal farmers receiving low level of annual income with medium level of farming experience. They had also received medium level of support from institution. The findings of the study also revealed that majority of the members of tribal FIGs had 76.00, 75.00, 73.00, 67.00 and 55.00 percentages of self-confidence, economic motivation, group leadership, group communication and information seeking behaviour respectively.To improve the performance of tribal FIGs, measures should be taken to increase the level of group communication, group leadership and group cohesiveness. This can be increased through organizing regular meetings for members, proper selection of leaders and making the members to understand the importance of group action

scholarly journals Hubungan ASI Eksklusif dengan Kejadian Underweight di Jawa Timur Tahun 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Mahmudah Wati Sugito ◽  
Agus Sri Wardoyo ◽  
Trias Mahmudiono
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Relationship Of

Background: Underweight is a public health problem caused by many factors. The prevalence of underweight in East Java in 2016 was 17.3%, wich was higher than the program’s targetted (12.9%). Breast milk is the best food to support the growth and development of the baby. Coverage of Exclusive Breast Milk in East Java in 2015 decreased (68.8%), compared to 2014 (72.89%). Early supplementary feeding in infants under 6 months may affect nutritional status. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of Exclusive Breast milk with the incidence of underweight in infants aged 0-23 months in East Java Province in 2016. Method: This study is a secondary data analysis of Nutrition Status Monitoring in East Java Province. The study population was all babies in East Java. Total sample is 4738. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Logistic Regression, with 95% CI (α = 0.05). Results: The results showed there was a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding only from birth until before the last 24 hours in infants aged 0-23 months with the incidence of underweight, with (p=0.000010;OR=1.654;95%CI=1.319–2.052), there was a significant  relationship of first to provide a food other than breast milk in infants aged 0-23 months  with the occurrence of underweight, (p = 0.000;OR=0.272; 95%CI=0.217–0.341).Conclusion: In conclusion, breastfeeding only in infants from birth until before the last 24 hours and first provide food other than breast milk in infants aged 0-23 months associated with underweight. Because breast milk is sufficient nutritional needs of infants aged 0-6 months.ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Masalah gizi kurang merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang disebabkan oleh banyak faktor. Prevalensi underweight di Jawa Timur tahun 2016 sebesar 17,3%, lebih tinggi dari target program Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur sebesar 12,9%. ASI merupakan makanan terbaik untuk mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi. Cakupan ASI Eksklusif di Jawa Timur tahun 2015 menurun (68,8%), dibandingkan tahun 2014 (72,89%). Pemberian makanan pendamping ASI dini pada bayi di bawah 6 bulan dapat mempengaruhi status gizi. Tajuan: Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis hubungan ASI Ekslusif dengan kejadian underweight pada bayi usia 0-23 bulan di Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2016.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan analisis data sekunder survei Pemantauan Status Gizi Provinsi Jawa Timur. Populasi penelitian adalah semua bayi berusia 0-59 bulan yang ada di Jawa Timur. Total sampel sebanyak 4738 bayi.  Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Chi-square dan Regresi Logistik.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara pemberian ASI saja sejak lahir sampai sebelum 24 jam terakhir pada bayi usia 0-23 bulan dengan kejadian underweight (p=0,000010;OR=1,654;95%CI=1,319–2,052), ada hubungan pertama kali memberikan makanan selain ASI pada bayi usia 0-23 bulan dengan kejadian underweight,  (p = 0,000;OR=0,272; 95%CI=0,217–0,341).Kesimpulan: Simpulan yaitu pemberian ASI saja pada bayi sejak lahir sampai sebelum 24 jam terakhir dan pertama kali memberikan makanan selain ASI pada bayi usia 0-23 bulan berhubungan dengan kejadian underweight. Pemberian ASI saja sudah mencukupi kebutuhan nutrisi bayi usia 0-6 bulan.

scholarly journals The Relationship of age, attitude, knowladge, cost to cataract surgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Aminatul Fitria
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Attitudes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Cataract is the leading cause of 51% blindness case in the world. Cataract can only be cured trough surgery, but most people with cataract in Indonesia is not in undergoing surgery due to several factors. The increasing number of cataract victim whose not undergoing any treatment to cure them will resulting in increasing number of blindness case, so blindness cause by cataracts can be a public health problem. This research was conducted to determine the relationship of age, attitudes, knowledge and the cost of the action to perform cataract surgery. This research was an observational analytic study with cross sectional design. The samples were cataract patients in Undaan Eye Hospital Surabaya who were randomly selected using a simple random sampling based on medical records of 60 people. Data collection was done by taking secondary data and interviews to patients. Those variables was analyzed with chi square or Fisher’s exact with significancy level at 95%. The result showed that there were correlation between knowledge (p = 0.017), operating costs (p = 0.001) and attitude (0.000) while age was not related (p = 1.000), the actions to perform cataract surgery. The conclusion from this research was the attitude, knowledge and operating costs related to the actions to perform cataract surgery, while age was not related to the actions to perform cataract surgery. It is recommended to give through leaflets or other media in the lobby for improving patient education, counseling to the patient family, the doctor’s advice to convince patient for surgery.Keywords: practice, surgery, cataract, attitudes, costs

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of Performance Efficiency of U-fone Compare with Mobilink

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 2225-2240
Author(s):  
Mohammad Salih Memon
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Customer Relationship ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Network Coverage ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
The People ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

The current research investigates the performance efficiency of U-fone compare with Mobilink. Data were both primary as well as secondary data. Secondary data related to industry was collected from web sites, pilot study, survey, newspaper, PTA Annual report, magazines and reports for generating awareness on the topic and for satisfying objectives of the study. To collect primary data a field survey was conducted with the help of structured interview schedule. Various demographic variables were considered and the questionnaire was tested. The respondents being the adopters of mobile phones are selected for conducting survey, the sample I choose to conduct the survey is based on 50, out of 50 I got the response from 40 on which statistical data analysis is based in this report. It was revealed that Mobilink Network Coverage whereas people are not satisfied with Ufone Network CoveragePeople use Mobilink are not satisfied with the call rates set by Mobilink, whereas the people using Ufone are much satisfied with the call rates set by Ufone.Mostly people use Ufone because of packages.  The ratio of Mobilink users who attracts towards other network by watching ads is higher than Ufone users.Ufone attracts people more by advertisement of different packages as compare to  Mobilink.The ratio of satisfied customers is higher in Mobilink.Ufone introduce more innovative services like Call block, Utunes, HisaabSms and etc.Most of the people viewed that CRM (Customer Relationship Management) of Ufone is not effective as Mobilink.

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