scholarly journals Potential Associations Between Microbiome and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huifen Wang ◽  
Haiyu Wang ◽  
Ying Sun ◽  
Zhigang Ren ◽  
Weiwei Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
The World ◽  
Airway Microbiome

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has plunged the world into a major crisis. The disease is characterized by strong infectivity, high morbidity, and high mortality. It is still spreading in some countries. Microbiota and their metabolites affect human physiological health and diseases by participating in host digestion and nutrition, promoting metabolic function, and regulating the immune system. Studies have shown that human microecology is associated with many diseases, including COVID-19. In this research, we first reviewed the microbial characteristics of COVID-19 from the aspects of gut microbiome, lung microbime, and oral microbiome. We found that significant changes take place in both the gut microbiome and airway microbiome in patients with COVID-19 and are characterized by an increase in conditional pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in beneficial bacteria. Then, we summarized the possible microecological mechanisms involved in the progression of COVID-19. Intestinal microecological disorders in individuals may be involved in the occurrence and development of COVID-19 in the host through interaction with ACE2, mitochondria, and the lung-gut axis. In addition, fecal bacteria transplantation (FMT), prebiotics, and probiotics may play a positive role in the treatment of COVID-19 and reduce the fatal consequences of the disease.

scholarly journals PO-259 Effect of 30%，50% and 70% VO2 max treadmill exercises on gut microbiome in hypertensive mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Li ◽  
Wenting Shi ◽  
Pengyi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Vo2 Max

Objective Gut microbiome has a significant impact on human health through the interaction with host and environment, which is closely related to a series of chronic diseases. The diversity of gut microbiome and its metabolic disorder are the risk factor of hypertension. The changes of gut microbiome structure and abundance are closely related to the pathogenesis of hypertension, in which Bifidobacterium and lactic acid bacteria can bind with the hypotensive substances to show the hypotensive therapy. However, the diet and exercise have great impact on the structure and function of gut microbiome, and of which aerobic exercise could increase the ratio of gut beneficial bacteria to harmful bacteria effectively. The effect of treadmill exercise on gut microbiome of hypertensive mice was studied in this paper, which provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of hypertension by gut microbiome. Methods SPF Kunming mice were fed with 8% high salt diet for 6 weeks to make the hypertension model. Compared with the blood pressure of mice before the formal experiment, The standard was that the blood pressure of the experimental mice was increased by SBP >15% or DBP > 5%, which was indicated the model of hypertension was established successfully. The motion slope and velocity of the maximum oxygen uptake of 30%, 50%, and 70% were measured respectively. The mice were divided into 4 groups randomly according to their body weight, 10 mice/group. The 30% VO2 max, 50% VO2 max, and 70% VO2 max were exercised for 6 weeks as well as the control group. The mice were divided into cages and fed in accordance with the national standard rodent diet. The blood pressure of mice was measured weekly by tail pressure method (Tail-cuff).The abundance of Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus and Enterobacter in the gut microbiome of mice feces were tested by 16S sequencing every two weeks. The ratio of Firmicute / Bacteroides (F/B ratio) was also measured by sequencing as a parameter to reflect the disorder of gut microbiome. The ratio of Firmicutes / Bacteroides is almost equal 1, and the present study found that the F/B increased significantly in the hypertensive group. Real-time PCR was used to detect the changes of plasma inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-ɑ. The previous study had shown that the intestinal disorders can lead to an increase in pathogenic bacteria, further leading to the inflammation. Finally, the experimental data were analyzed by independent sample t-test. Results (1) After six weeks of exercise intervention, the blood pressure (132.87mm Hg±5.23mm Hg) of the exercise group was significantly lower than the control group (99.57mm Hg±7.47mm Hg), especially in the 50%VO2 max mice. (2) Compared with the rest group, the abundance of gut microbiome in the exercise group was increased, among which the number of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides were increased significantly, of which 50% of VO2 max group increased most significantly, and the number of Enterobacter was less than the control group (p<0.05). (3) Compared with the control group, the ratio of F/B in the exercise groups were lower than the control group, but the 50% VO2 max group was decreased most obviously (p < 0.05). (4) Compared with the control group, the plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-ɑ in exercise groups were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions  (1) The aerobic exercise could change the abundance and structure of gut microbiome in hypertensive mice, increase the beneficial bacteria Bifidobacteria and lactobacillus in the intestinal tract of mice, and reduce the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroides, improving the gut microbiome disorder. (2) The aerobic exercise could alleviate the inflammatory reaction of the body by regulating the structure of gut microbiome of hypertensive mice, improving the blood pressure of mice; (3) 50%VO2 max was the most significant exercise intensity to improve the abundance and structure of gut microbiome in hypertensive mice.  

scholarly journals The gut microbiome and metabolome of Himalayan Griffons (Gyps himalayensis): insights into the adaptation to carrion-feeding habits in avian scavengers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Wang ◽  
Xiaolong Gao ◽  
Sisi Zheng ◽  
Zhuoma Lancuo ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Samples

Abstract Background Himalayan Griffons (Gyps himalayensis), large scavenging raptors widely distributed in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, have evolved a remarkable ability to feed on carcasses without suffering any adverse effects. The gut microbiome plays an important role in animal physiological and pathological processes, and has also been found to play a health protective role in the vulture adaptation to scavenging. However, the microbial taxonomic diversity (including nonculturable and culturable microbes), functions, and metabolites related to Himalayan Griffons have not been fully explored. Methods In the present study, the 28 fecal samples of the Himalayan Griffons and 8 carrion samples were collected and sequenced using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods to analyze the composition and functional structures of the microbiomes. Twelve fecal samples of the Himalayan Griffons were analyzed using untargeted Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC–MS) to identify metabolites. We used different culture conditions to grow Himalayan Griffons gut microbes. Inhibitory effects of gut beneficial bacteria on 5 common pathogenic bacteria were also tested using the Oxford cup method. Results According to the results of the culture-independent method, a high abundance of four major phyla in Himalayan Griffons were identified, including Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. The most abundant genera were Fusobacterium, followed by Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Cetobacterium, Epulopiscium, and Bacteroides. The predicted primary functional categories of the Himalayan Griffons’ gut microbiome were associated with carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, replication and repair, and membrane transport. LC–MS metabolomic analysis showed a total of 154 metabolites in all the fecal samples. Cultivation yielded 184 bacterial isolates with Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae, and Paeniclostridium sordellii as most common isolates. Moreover, 7 potential beneficial gut bacteria isolated showed certain inhibition to 5 common pathogenic bacteria. Conclusions Our findings broaden and deepen the understanding of Himalayan Griffons’ gut microbiome, and highlighted the importance of gut microbiome-mediated adaptation to scavenging habits. In particular, our results highlighted the protective role of gut beneficial bacteria in the Himalayan Griffons against pathogenic bacteria that appear in rotten food resources.

Periodontopathogens: a new view. Systematic review. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
E. S. Slazhneva ◽  
E. A. Tikhomirova ◽  
V. G. Atrushkevich
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Past

Relevance. The modern view of periodontitis as a dysbiotic disease that occurs as a result of changes in the microbial composition of the subgingival region is considered in a systematic review.Purpose. To study a new paradigm of development of generalized periodontitis.Materials and methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTS) were selected for the study, including cluster RCTS, controlled (non-randomized) microbiological and clinical studies of the oral microbiome in adult patients with generalized periodontitis over the past 10 years.Results. The transition from a symbiotic microflora to a dysbiotic pathogenic community triggers the host's inflammatory response, which contributes to the development of periodontal diseases. Modern ideas about periodontal pathogenic bacteria dictate new requirements for the treatment of periodontal diseases. The second part of the review examines the microbial profiles of periodontal disease in various nosological forms, the mechanisms of the immune response and approaches to the treatment of periodontal disease from the perspective of biofilm infection.Conclusions. As follows from modern literature periodontitis is to a certain extent caused by the transition from a harmonious symbiotic bacterial community to a dysbiotic one. Recent scientific studies have shown that not single microorganism is not able to cause disease but the microbial community as a whole leads to the development of pathology.

Immunomodulatory Effect of “Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy” to Cure or Prevent Hospital Acquired (Nosocomial) Infections due to Clostridium difficile (C. diff), other Pathogenic Bacteria, and Autoimmune Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3937-3949
Author(s):  
Malireddy S Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
The World ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hospital Acquired

The worldwide popularity of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy to treat or prevent the hospital acquired infections (nosocomial infections) arose a great interest in the medical community around the world (Reddy and Reddy, 2016; 2017). The following questions were raised on this subject: Does Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics directly inhibit the pathogenic bacteria (C. diff) in the gastrointestinal tract or indirectly through modulation of the host immune system or both? To be more specific, what is the exact and/or hypothetical mechanism at molecular level behind the breakthrough discovery of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy?  To answer these questions, the specific immunomodulation regulatory functions of the individual Probiotic strains (on host) have beenresearched, investigated andoutlined in this article.  A detailed explanation(s) and hypotheses have been proposed outlining the possible cumulativedirect bacteriological and indirect immunomodulatory effects (at the molecular level) of the Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics used in Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy to successfully treat C. diff infection.  A detailed scientific and research attempts were made to correlate the Probiotic induced immune activities in relation to the reduction of the symptoms associated with the hospital acquired Clostridium difficile infection during and after the Multiple Mixed Strain Probioitc Therapy.  Results of the clinical trials, microbiological tests on feces, and the clinical blood tests significantly revealed that the reasons for the success of Dr. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy are multifold. Presumably, it is predominantly due to the immunomodulatory effect they have exerted on the host immune system along with the direct inhibition of C. diff bacteria by multiple Probiotics, due to the production of bacteriocins, lactic acid and nutritional competency.In addition, the size of the individual cells of the Probiotic strains in the Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotics and their significant effect on immunomodulation has been thoroughly discussed. Results clearly proved that if Probiotics are absent in the GI tract during C. diff infection, the chances of patient survival is zero.  This is because of the excess immune stimulation and incurable damage to the epithelial cell barrier of the gastrointestinal tract caused by C. diff bacteria.  The results also revealed, without any doubt, as of to-datethe latest discovery of Dr. M.S. Reddy’s Multiple Mixed Strain Probiotic Therapy is the best way to cure the deadly hospital acquired infections affecting millions of people around the world, with high degree of mortality.  This has been attested by several practicng medical professionals and scientists around the world (Reddy and Reddy, 2017).

Prospective Application of Aptamer-based Assays and Therapeutics in Bloodstream Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 831-840
Author(s):  
Weibin Li
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Peptide Sequence ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Prospective Application ◽  
Small Molecule Therapeutics

Sepsis is still a severe health problem worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. Blood bacterial culture remains the gold standard for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in bloodstream infections, but it is time-consuming, and both the sophisticated equipment and well-trained personnel are required. Immunoassays and genetic diagnosis are expensive and limited to specificity and sensitivity. Aptamers are single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) oligonucleotide or peptide sequence generated in vitro based on the binding affinity of aptamer-target by a process known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). By taking several advantages over monoclonal antibodies and other conventional small-molecule therapeutics, such as high specificity and affinity, negligible batch-to-batch variation, flexible modification and production, thermal stability, low immunogenicity and lack of toxicity, aptamers are presently becoming promising novel diagnostic and therapeutic agents. This review describes the prospective application of aptamerbased laboratory diagnostic assays and therapeutics for pathogenic bacteria and toxins in bloodstream infections.

scholarly journals Assessment of drinking water contamination in food stalls of Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Rahman Shaibur ◽  
Mohammed Sadid Hossain ◽  
Shirina Khatun ◽  
F. K. Sayema Tanzia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the quality of drinking water supplied in different types of food stalls in Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh. A total of 35 water samples were collected from different tea stalls, street side fast food stalls, normal restaurants and well-furnished restaurants. The water quality was evaluated by determining the distinct physical, chemical and biological parameters. The results revealed that the water used in the food stalls and restaurants for drinking purpose was in desired quality in terms of turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO42−), phosphate (PO43−), chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations. The values were within the permissible limit proposed by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Health Organization. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) found in several samples were higher than the World Health Organization standard. Iron (Fe) concentrations were higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. Only 46% exceeded the permissible limit of Bangladesh Bureau Statistics. The threatening result was that the samples were contaminated by fecal coliform, indicating that the people of Jashore Municipality may have a greater chance of being affected by pathogenic bacteria. The drinking water provided in the street side fast food stalls was biologically contaminated. The findings demonstrate that the drinking water used in food stalls and restaurants of Jashore Municipality did not meet up the potable drinking water quality standards and therefore was detrimental to public health.

scholarly journals Exploring Mucin as Adjunct to Phage Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Amanda Carroll-Portillo ◽  
Henry C. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Phage Cocktail ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysbiosis

Conventional phage therapy using bacteriophages (phages) for specific targeting of pathogenic bacteria is not always useful as a therapeutic for gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Complex dysbiotic GI disorders such as small intestinal bowel overgrowth (SIBO), ulcerative colitis (UC), or Crohn’s disease (CD) are even more difficult to treat as these conditions have shifts in multiple populations of bacteria within the microbiome. Such community-level structural changes in the gut microbiota may require an alternative to conventional phage therapy such as fecal virome transfer or a phage cocktail capable of targeting multiple bacterial species. Additionally, manipulation of the GI microenvironment may enhance beneficial bacteria–phage interactions during treatment. Mucin, produced along the entire length of the GI tract to protect the underlying mucosa, is a prominent contributor to the GI microenvironment and may facilitate bacteria–phage interactions in multiple ways, potentially serving as an adjunct during phage therapy. In this review, we will describe what is known about the role of mucin within the GI tract and how its facilitation of bacteria–phage interactions should be considered in any effort directed at optimizing effectiveness of a phage therapy for gastrointestinal dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Cross-kingdom inhibition of bacterial virulence and communication by probiotic yeast metabolites

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Orit Malka ◽  
Dorin Kalson ◽  
Karin Yaniv ◽  
Reut Shafir ◽  
Manikandan Rajendran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Probiotic Yeast ◽  
Gut Pathogen ◽  
Cell Cell

Abstract Background Probiotic milk-fermented microorganism mixtures (e.g., yogurt, kefir) are perceived as contributing to human health, and possibly capable of protecting against bacterial infections. Co-existence of probiotic microorganisms are likely maintained via complex biomolecular mechanisms, secreted metabolites mediating cell-cell communication, and other yet-unknown biochemical pathways. In particular, deciphering molecular mechanisms by which probiotic microorganisms inhibit proliferation of pathogenic bacteria would be highly important for understanding both the potential benefits of probiotic foods as well as maintenance of healthy gut microbiome. Results The microbiome of a unique milk-fermented microorganism mixture was determined, revealing a predominance of the fungus Kluyveromyces marxianus. We further identified a new fungus-secreted metabolite—tryptophol acetate—which inhibits bacterial communication and virulence. We discovered that tryptophol acetate blocks quorum sensing (QS) of several Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Vibrio cholerae, a prominent gut pathogen. Notably, this is the first report of tryptophol acetate production by a yeast and role of the molecule as a signaling agent. Furthermore, mechanisms underscoring the anti-QS and anti-virulence activities of tryptophol acetate were elucidated, specifically down- or upregulation of distinct genes associated with V. cholerae QS and virulence pathways. Conclusions This study illuminates a yet-unrecognized mechanism for cross-kingdom inhibition of pathogenic bacteria cell-cell communication in a probiotic microorganism mixture. A newly identified fungus-secreted molecule—tryptophol acetate—was shown to disrupt quorum sensing pathways of the human gut pathogen V. cholerae. Cross-kingdom interference in quorum sensing may play important roles in enabling microorganism co-existence in multi-population environments, such as probiotic foods and the gut microbiome. This discovery may account for anti-virulence properties of the human microbiome and could aid elucidating health benefits of probiotic products against bacterially associated diseases.

scholarly journals Central post stroke pain: What are the new insights?

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
I Putu Eka Widyadharma ◽  
◽  
Clarissa Tertia ◽  
IA Sri Wijayanti ◽  
Jimmy FA Barus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
General View ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Peripheral Mechanism ◽  
Quality Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Stroke Lesion ◽  
The One

Stroke causes disability with high morbidity and mortality in the world, causes a variety of disabilities and symptoms including disturbances in motor function, sensory, and cognitive. Sensory disability in post stroke patient can be categorized into two group; the one is stimulated by peripheral mechanism which we often called post stroke pain, and another one is stimulated by central mechanism which we called central post stroke pain (CPSP). Pain after stroke is usually underdiagnosed and poorly understood. In 1906, CPSP was called the thalamus pain syndrome by Dejerine and Roussy, but then it is known that CPSP can also developed in extra-thalamic stroke lesion. The prevalence of CPSP is approximately 1-12% in all around the world. CPSP occurs in one-third of overall post-stroke pain cases. In most cases, the onset of CPSP is within 1 month and then the incidence decreases with time. The most common manifestations are allodynia and dysesthesia. The pathophysiology itself remains clearly unknown in detail. Various theories such as central sensitization, disinhibition of medial thalamus, and central imbalance theory thought to be contribute in CPSP pathophysiology. This complexity make CPSP very difficult to manage. Some pharmacotherapies and non-pharmacotherapies have been studied to relieve pain in order to improve the quality life of CPSP sufferers. The aim of this article is to discuss the general view of central post stroke pain to increase the understanding and awareness of health giver in order to give sooner and better management for patient that can affect prognosis of the patient.

scholarly journals A HYPOTHETICAL DESIGN TO INHIBIT COVID 19 DISEASE DISASTER BY DIAGRAMMATIC MODEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-324
Author(s):  
Deepanwita Deka ◽  
◽  
Avra Pratim Chowdhury ◽  
Arabinda Ghosh ◽  
Moni P Bhuyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Disease Clusters ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Hazards ◽  
And Control ◽  
Present World ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
High Range

SARS-CoV-2 is a new entity in the globe studied vigorously in the present world. The estimated populations are around 47 million people who are affected by the virus and around 300,000 (16th May 2020) deaths resulted from the outbreak. The rate might keep on increasing due to the non-availability of a proper vaccine, following proper management with epidemiological studies, and displacement of contact individuals as a source of transmission in particular viral-prone regions. CoVID 19 is on its vigorous spread leading to a global impact on lots of sectors. The outreaching impacts play a role in international politics, scientific developments, and economic crises over the world, and global relations among the countries. This model attempts to determine the possible impacts and outcomes of the Pandemic over the international level and some possible ways to handle it effectively. An unpredictable catastrophe in the present scenario of the world is following a high range of public health hazards. Analytical plotted data assembles for imposing in multidisciplinary segments to cure and control morbidity, a mortality rate of disease clusters, and hotspots zone. The contagious outbreak was reprogrammed as a pandemic from Wuhan in China through the transmissible chain of human contacts. Currently, the infective chain is spreading day by day with high morbidity in the United States, Europe, Scandinavian countries, and India. The transmissible chain of the virus needs to break until any effective medicine or vaccine is launched.

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