Stressor-Dependant Changes in Immune Parameters in the Terrestrial Isopod Crustacean, Porcellio scaber: A Focus on Nanomaterials

We compared the changes of selected immune parameters of Porcellio scaber to different stressors. The animals were either fed for two weeks with Au nanoparticles (NPs), CeO2 NPs, or Au ions or body-injected with Au NPs, CeO2 NPs, or lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Contrary to expectations, the feeding experiment showed that both NPs caused a significant increase in the total haemocyte count (THC). In contrast, the ion-positive control resulted in a significantly decreased THC. Additionally, changes in phenoloxidase (PO)-like activity, haemocyte viability, and nitric oxide (NO) levels seemed to depend on the stressor. Injection experiments also showed stressor-dependant changes in measured parameters, such as CeO2 NPs and lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS), caused more significant responses than Au NPs. These results show that feeding and injection of NPs caused an immune response and that the response differed significantly, depending on the exposure route. We did not expect the response to ingested NPs, due to the low exposure concentrations (100 μg/g dry weight food) and a firm gut epithelia, along with a lack of phagocytosis in the digestive system, which would theoretically prevent NPs from crossing the biological barrier. It remains a challenge for future research to reveal what the physiological and ecological significance is for the organism to sense and respond, via the immune system, to ingested foreign material.

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Foliar applications of bio-fabricated selenium nanoparticles to improve the growth of wheat plants under drought stress

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2020-0067 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 706-714

Author(s):

Muhammad Ikram ◽

Naveed Iqbal Raja ◽

Bilal Javed ◽

Zia-ur-Rehman Mashwani ◽

Mubashir Hussain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Positive Control ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Selenium Nanoparticles ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Shoot Dry Weight

AbstractThe present study was aimed to biosynthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and assess their foliar applications to improve the growth of wheat plants under controlled irrigation and drought stress. Bud aqueous extract of Allium sativum L. was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent of SeNPs followed by their optical and morphological characterization by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Various concentrations of SeNPs (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L) were applied exogenously to drought-tolerant (V1) and drought-susceptible (V2) wheat varieties at the trifoliate stage. Under the positive control conditions, plants were irrigated with 450 mL of water/pot (100% field capacity); and under water-deficit environment, plants were irrigated with 160 mL of water/pot (35% field capacity). Remarkable increase in plant height, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, leaf area, leaf number, and leaf length has been observed when 30 mg/L concentration of SeNPs was used. However, the plant morphological parameters decreased gradually at higher concentrations (40 mg/L) in both selected wheat varieties. Therefore, 30 mg/L concentration of SeNPs was found most preferable to enhance the growth of selected wheat varieties under normal and water-deficient conditions.

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The efficacy of different seed priming agents for promoting sorghum germination under salt stress

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0245505 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0245505

Author(s):

Xiaofei Chen ◽

Ruidong Zhang ◽

Yifan Xing ◽

Bing Jiang ◽

Bang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Seed Germination ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Principal Component ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Seed Priming ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Future Research ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Positive Effects

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seed germination is sensitive to salinity, and seed priming is an effective method for alleviating the negative effects of salt stress on seed germination. However, few studies have compared the effects of different priming agents on sorghum germination under salt stress. In this study, we quantified the effects of priming with distilled water (HP), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on sorghum seed germination under 150 mM NaCl stress. The germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vigor index, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight were significantly reduced by salt stress. Different priming treatments alleviated the germination inhibition caused by salt stress to varying degrees, and 50 mM CaCl2 was the most effective treatment. In addition, the mitigation effect of priming was stronger on root traits than on shoot traits. Mitigation efficacy was closely related to both the type of agent and the concentration of the solution. Principal component analysis showed that all concentrations of CaCl2 had higher scores and were clearly distinguished from other treatments based on their positive effects on all germination traits. The effects of the other agents varied with concentration. The priming treatments were divided into three categories based on their priming efficacy, and the 50, 100, and 150 mM CaCl2 treatments were placed in the first category. The 150 mM KCl, 10% PEG, HP, 150 mM NaCl, 30% PEG, and 50 mM KCl treatments were placed in the second category, and the 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl, 20% PEG, and 50 mM NaCl treatments were least effective and were placed in the third category. Choosing appropriate priming agents and methods for future research and applications can ensure that crop seeds germinate healthily under saline conditions.

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Increasing the Growth and Quality of Red Chili with Growth Hormone from Endophytic Bacteria

Jurnal AgroBiogen ◽

10.21082/jbio.v15n2.2019.p75-82 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Rafika Yuniawati ◽

Siti Fatimah ◽

Reni Indrayanti ◽

Ifa Manzila ◽

Tri Puji Priyatno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Growth Period ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Positive Control ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Growth Hormones ◽

Synthetic Hormones ◽

Potential Test

<p>Red chili is a very important horticultural commodity in Indonesia having low productivity and quality. Cultivation method needs to be improved including the use of exogenous growth hormones. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the optimum concentration of IAA and GA growing hormones from isolate B6.2 in stimulating plant growth and improving the quality of large red chili fruit; (2) molecular identity of the B6.2 bacterial isolate. The growth hormone content of B6.2 isolates using HPLC obtained 0.49 ppm IAA and 64.53 ppm GA. The growth hormone potential test on the growth and quality of chili was carried out with a concentration of 1, 3, 5 ml/l, while water and synthetic hormones was used as negative and positive control, respectively. The experimental design used was a Complete Random Design with the foliar spray application to the plant canopy three times during the growth period. The results showed the best concentration in increasing plant height, fruit weight, shooth wet, and dry weight compared to controls at the age of 76 days after planting (dap) was a concentration of 5 ml/l, with the values of 71.7±0.9 cm , 94.7±0.3 g, 11.5±0.43 g, and 1.4±0.09 g, respectively. The molecular identification showed that B6.2 isolate was classified as Bacillus vallismortis with 100% homology. The growth hormone from isolate B6.2 has the potential to increase growth and production of red chili plants.</p>

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Effective Management of Cucumber Powdery Mildew with Essential Oils

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11111177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1177

Author(s):

Yasser S. Mostafa ◽

Mohamed Hashem ◽

Ali M. Alshehri ◽

Saad Alamri ◽

Ebrahem M. Eid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Powdery Mildew ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Its Region ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Positive Control ◽

Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽

Membrane Injury ◽

Cucumber Powdery Mildew

This research evaluated the efficacy of essential oils in the management of cucumber powdery mildew. Essential oils of lemongrass, lemon, thyme, peppermint, abundance blend, purification blend, and thieves blend were tested in vitro and under greenhouse conditions in two separate experiments. The effects of essential oils were tested against powdery mildew disease at concentrations of 1.0–2.5 mL/L, and the consequent impact of the oils on plant growth was evaluated. Powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera xanthii, was identified using sequencing of the ITS region. The essential oils significantly reduced disease incidence up to 77.3% compared with the positive control (p < 0.5). Moreover, the essential oils increased the plant length (up to 187 cm), leaf area (up to 27.5 cm2), fresh weight (up to 123 g), dry weight (up to 22.5 g), number of flowers (16.3), and metabolite content compared with the positive control (p < 0.5). Cell membrane injury decreased significantly in the oil-treated pants (p < 0.5), indicating the protective effect of essential oils. This study recommends the application of essential oils in an appropriate dose (2.5 mL/L) to protect cucumber plants against powdery mildew. Overdose of the oils (more than 2.5 mL/L) should be avoided due to adverse effects.

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Response of broiler chicks to L-Glutamine feeding in the immediate pre- and post-hatch periods

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v50i6.3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (6) ◽

Author(s):

S. Karamik ◽

C. Kop-Bozbay

Keyword(s):

Digestive System ◽

Muscle Development ◽

System Development ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Villus Height ◽

In Ovo ◽

Small Intestinal

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo and post-hatching supplementation with L-Glutamine (Gln) on hatching characteristics, performance, small intestinal morphology, and muscle development of broilers. At day 18 of incubation, 960 fertilized eggs were allocated to four treatments with six replicates. Eggs were i) not injected (negative control) (NC), ii) subject to the standard incubation procedure (PG), iii) injected with 1 ml sterile solution with 0.9% salt (positive control) (PC), and iv) injected with 1% Gln solution (IG). On hatching, the SC chicks were fed with 1% Gln for seven days. The remaining chicks were fed a commercial starter feed. After hatching, there were six replicates of 28 birds in each treatment. Hatchability and yolk sac weight were lower and yolk-free chick weight (YFCW), whole gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and breast muscle weights were higher at hatching for chicks from the IG treatment. At 42 days old, feed conversation ratio (FCR) was lower in birds that had Gln added to their diet than for the other treatments. The FCR was also lower in IG birds than birds in the NC group. The GIT weight, villus height, villus width and crypt depth of the birds receiving dietary supplementation of Gln were greater than those of birds in PC and IG. Thus, in ovo injection of Gln improved hatching characteristics except for hatchability. Further, in ovo and dietary Gln administration reduced FCR by stimulating digestive system development.

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Pengaruh Induksi Resistensi oleh Khamir Candida tropicalis terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cabai Terinfeksi Colletotrichum acutatum

Agrikultura ◽

10.24198/agrikultura.v30i1.22699 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Sri Hartati ◽

Linda Tarina ◽

Endah Yulia ◽

Luciana Djaya

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Induced Resistance ◽

Candida Tropicalis ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Leaf Number ◽

Colletotrichum Acutatum

ABSTRACTEffect of induced resistance by Candida tropicalis on the growth of chili plants infected by Colletotrichum acutatumColletotrichum acutatum is a major pathogen of chili that causes a big yield loss. Candida tropicalis has been reported as a biocontrol agent antagonistic to C. acutatum. The research was objected tofind out the effect of induced resistance by C. tropicalis on the growth of chili plants infected by C. acutatum. The application of the yeast was carried out by seed dipping and seedling spraying methods. As treatments, C. acutatum, the pathogen was inoculated at different time, i.e. A = inoculation at 3 days after the induction (dai) by C. tropicalis, B = inoculation at 7 dai, C = inoculation at 10 dai, D = positive control on inoculation at 3 dai, E = positive control on inoculation at 7 dai, F = positive control on inoculation at 10 dai, G = negative control with no induction nor inoculation. The results showed that the induction by C. tropicalis was able to increase the plant height, leaf number, and dry weight. The highest increase of plant height of 30.72% was caused by induction of C. tropicalis inoculated at 7 dai. Induction of C. tropicalis inoculated at 3 dai increased the leaf number by 49.47%, and the plant dry weight by 50%. C. tropicalis has a potency to be developed as plant growth inducer.Keywords: Antagonist, Inoculation, Fungi, YeastABSTRAKJamur Colletotrichum acutatum merupakan patogen penyebab kehilangan hasil panen yang cukup besar pada tanaman cabai. Salah satu mikrob antagonis jamur ini yang telah dilaporkan adalah khamir Candida tropicalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh induksi resistensioleh C. tropicalis terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman cabai terinfeksi C. acutatum. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan teknik perendaman benih dan penyiraman bibit tanaman cabaimenggunakan suspensi C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi patogen C. acutatum yang berbeda. Perlakuan tersebut adalah A = Inokulasi C. acutatum 3 hari setelah perlakuan induksi C. tropicalis (hsp), B = Inokulasi C. acutatum 7 hsp, C = Inokulasi C. acutatum 10 hsp, D = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 3 hsp, E = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 7 hsp, F = Kontrol (+) dengan inokulasi C. acutatum 10 hsp, G = Kontrol (-) tanpa induksi dan inokulasi. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa perlakuan induksi resistensi oleh khamir C. tropicalis mampu meningkatkan tinggi, jumlah daun, dan bobot kering tanaman cabai. Kemampuan meningkatkan tinggi tanamancabai tertinggi terjadi pada perlakuan C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi 7 hsp yaitu sebesar 30,72%. Perlakuan khamir C. tropicalis dengan inokulasi patogen 3 hsp mampu meningkatkan jumlah daun tanaman cabai sebesar 49,47%. Perlakuan C. tropicalis dengan waktu inokulasi 3 hsp mampu meningkatkan bobot kering tanaman sebesar 50%. Khamir C. tropicalis berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai agens pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman.Kata Kunci: Antagonis, Inokulasi, Jamur, Patogen

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Comparative Transcriptome and Metabolic Profiling Analysis of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) under Salinity Stress

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo9100225 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 225 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Weibo Ma ◽

Jae Kwang Kim ◽

Caihua Jia ◽

Feifan Yin ◽

Hyo Jin Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nucleotide Metabolism ◽

Future Research ◽

Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽

Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽

Metabolic Profiling Analysis ◽

Transcriptome Expression ◽

Β Carotene

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) is a nutritional crop, which has high flavonoid content. However, buckwheat is a salt sensitive glycophyte cereal crop and the growth and grain yield of buckwheat are significantly affected by soil salinity. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of salt treated-buckwheat to understand the effects of salinity on buckwheat. A total of 50,681,938 clean reads were acquired from all samples. We acquired 94,950 unigenes with a mean length of 1133 bp and N50 length of 1900 bp assembly. Of these, 63,305 unigenes (66.7%) were matched in public databases. Comparison of the transcriptome expression patterns between control and salt treated groups showed that 4098 unigenes were up-regulated and 3292 unigenes were down-regulated significantly. Further, we found that genes involved with amino acid, lipid and nucleotide metabolism were most responsive to salt stress. Additionally, many genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis changed significantly following treatment. Those affected included phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. Chromatographic analysis was used to examine the differences in concentration of flavonoids, carotenoids, amino acids and organic acids in the samples following treatment. There was a significant increase in rutin (12.115 mg/g dry weight), following salt stress; whereas, six carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, 13Z-β-carotene, α-carotene, E-β-carotene and 9Z-β-carotene) did not significantly respond to salt stress. Ultimately, our data acts as a valuable resource for future research on buckwheat and can be used as the basis for future analysis focused on gene-to-metabolite networks in buckwheat.

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PSV-14 Effects of Cordyceps mushroom powder on nursery pig performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.347 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 197-198

Author(s):

Jacob A Richert ◽

Jorge Y P Palencia ◽

Clayton S Chastain ◽

Morgan T Thayer ◽

Brian T Richert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Future Research ◽

Full Potential ◽

Nursery Pig ◽

Step Down

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the optimal level of Cordyceps mushroom powder inclusion in diets for nursery pigs. One-hundred sixty crossbred pigs [(Duroc × (York × Landrace)] weaned at 18.8 d of age and weighing an average of 5.94 kg were used in a 35 day, 4 phase growth trial to evaluate Cordyceps mushroom powder as potential alternative to carbadox in nursery pig diets. Pigs were allotted by weight, sex, litter, and assigned to body weight (BW) blocks. Within BW blocks, sex ratios were constant in each pen. Each pen within a BW block was randomly assigned a dietary treatment. Growth performance was analyzed as a RCB design using BW, ADG, ADFI, G:F using GLM procedure of SAS 9.4. There were 5 or 6 pigs/pen and 6 pens/treatment. Five diets were used in the study: a negative diet or a positive control (Carbadox, 55 ppm); 300 or 600 ppm mushroom powder, and a step down treatment (900, 900, 450, 300, 150 ppm mushroom powder during weeks 1 through 5, respectively). At various points of the study, pigs fed the 300 ppm and the step-down mushroom powder treatments tended to have improved (P < 0.10) growth performance compared with those fed the negative control diet. During Phase 4 of the study, pigs fed Carbadox had greater ADG (P < 0.02) and improved feed efficiency (P < 0.09) compared to pigs fed the negative control diet. However, overall data showed that there were no statistical differences among treatments (P > 0.05). In summary, pigs fed 300 ppm mushroom powder or the step-down treatment showed comparable growth performance to pigs fed Carbadox. However, future research is needed under a greater disease challenge to examine mushroom powder’s full potential as an alternative to antibiotics.

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Parapiptadenia rigida MYCORRHIZATION WITH SPORES OF Scleroderma citrinum

CERNE ◽

10.1590/01047760201723022342 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 241-248

Author(s):

Gerusa Pauli Kist Steffen ◽

Ricardo Bemfica Steffen ◽

Rosana Matos de Morais ◽

Cleber Witt Saldanha ◽

Joseila Maldaner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Fungal Spores ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pinus Elliottii ◽

Positive Control ◽

Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽

Pinus Echinata ◽

Scleroderma Citrinum ◽

Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽

Forest Nurseries

ABSTRACT Ectomycorrhizal fungal inoculation in forestry seedlings aids plant establishment and growth in the field. The objectives of this study were: to determine the mycorrhizal capacity of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Scleroderma citrinum in Parapiptadenia rigida (red angico) seedlings and to evaluate the viability of a mycorrhizal inoculation technique for forest seedlings involving the use of spores. Mature spores were inoculated in the substrate (75% soil and 25% carbonized rice husk), totaling 1.5 grams of fungal spores per liter of substrate. P. rigida seeds were sown in substrates inoculated or not inoculated with fungal spores in presence or absence of Pinus echinata and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil: not inoculated (T1), inoculated (T2), inoculated more pine essential oil (T3), inoculated more eucalyptus essential oil (T4). Seedlings of Pinus elliottii were used for a positive control of mycorrhizal inoculation (T5) and not inoculated (T6) with fungal spores. At 90 days after sowing, the base stem diameter, height, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, percentage of root colonization and Dickson Index were determined. The presence of fungal structures in P. rigida and P. elliottii roots inoculated with S. citrinum spores was observed, demonstrating the occurrence of an ectomycorrhizal association. The application of pine and eucalyptus essential oils in the substrate increased the percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization in P. rigida seedlings. The addition of S. citrinum mature spores in the substrate used for seedling production is a viable practice for ectomycorrhizal inoculation and it can be used in forest nurseries in controlled mycorrhization programs.

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