scholarly journals Corrosion Study on Wellbore Materials for the CO2 Injection Process

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Le Quynh Hoa ◽  
Ralph Bäßler ◽  
Dirk Bettge ◽  
Enrico Buggisch ◽  
Bernadette Nicole Schiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Uniform Corrosion ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Carbonation Process ◽  
Injection Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Low Alloyed Steel

For reliability and safety issues of injection wells, corrosion resistance of materials used needs to be determined. Herein, representative low-cost materials, including carbon steel X70/1.8977 and low alloyed steel 1.7225, were embedded in mortar to mimic the realistic casing-mortar interface. Two types of cement were investigated: (1) Dyckerhoff Variodur commercial Portland cement, representing a highly acidic resistant cement and (2) Wollastonite, which can react with CO2 and become stable under a CO2 stream due to the carbonation process. Exposure tests were performed under 10 MPa and at 333 K in artificial aquifer fluid for up to 20 weeks, revealing crevice corrosion and uniform corrosion instead of expected pitting corrosion. To clarify the role of cement, simulated pore water was made by dispersing cement powder in aquifer fluid and used as a solution to expose steels. Surface analysis, accompanied by element mapping on exposed specimens and their cross-sections, was carried out to trace the chloride intrusion and corrosion process that followed.

Measurement of the Temperature Dependence of Silicon Recombination Lifetimes

1998 ◽  
Vol 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Johnston ◽  
R. K. Ahrenkiel
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Contactless Measurement ◽  
Polycrystalline Materials ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Recombination Lifetime ◽  
Lifetime Analysis ◽  
Materials Used

AbstractLifetime spectroscopy is a valuable tool in a number of silicon-based technologies. Currently, lifetime measurement is the most sensitive diagnostic for identification of lowlevel metal impurities in silicon by using the ratio of high-injection to low-injection lifetime. When a single impurity dominates recombination, the lifetime as a function of injection level provides a measure of the defect concentration. Another measurement parameter, that has not been commonly used, is the lifetime as a function of temperature. Temperaturedependent lifetime analysis leads to a better understanding of trapping-delayed recombination rates, trapping and recombination center energy levels and activation energies, temperaturedependent capture cross sections, and surface or grain boundary recombination or trapping effects. A contactless measurement technique has been developed that provides the sample's recombination lifetime over a temperature range from 80 K to 300 K. A sample is coupled to the measurement circuitry that is placed into a Dewar where it is cooled by liquid nitrogen. Lifetimes are then measured as the sample is allowed to warm to room temperature. Data will be shown on these variable-temperature lifetime measurements, which have been made on silicon wafer material ranging from high-quality float-zone-grown wafers to low-cost polycrystalline materials used in photovoltaics.

scholarly journals Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Polymeric Membranes for Water Purification—A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2091
Author(s):  
Angela Spoială ◽  
Cornelia-Ioana Ilie ◽  
Denisa Ficai ◽  
Anton Ficai ◽  
Ecaterina Andronescu
Keyword(s):  
Water Purification ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Polymeric Membranes ◽  
Wastewater Purification ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Used

During the past few years, researchers have focused their attention on developing innovative nanocomposite polymeric membranes with applications in water purification. Natural and synthetic polymers were considered, and it was proven that chitosan-based materials presented important features. This review presents an overview regarding diverse materials used in developing innovative chitosan-based nanocomposite polymeric membranes for water purification. The first part of the review presents a detailed introduction about chitosan, highlighting the fact that is a biocompatible, biodegradable, low-cost, nontoxic biopolymer, having unique structure and interesting properties, and also antibacterial and antioxidant activities, reasons for using it in water treatment applications. To use chitosan-based materials for developing nanocomposite polymeric membranes for wastewater purification applications must enhance their performance by using different materials. In the second part of the review, the performance’s features will be presented as a consequence of adding different nanoparticles, also showing the effect that those nanoparticles could bring on other polymeric membranes. Among these features, pollutant’s retention and enhancing thermo-mechanical properties will be mentioned. The focus of the third section of the review will illustrate chitosan-based nanocomposite as polymeric membranes for water purification. Over the last few years, researchers have demonstrated that adsorbent nanocomposite polymeric membranes are powerful, important, and potential instruments in separation or removal of pollutants, such as heavy metals, dyes, and other toxic compounds presented in water systems. Lastly, we conclude this review with a summary of the most important applications of chitosan-based nanocomposite polymeric membranes and their perspectives in water purification.

scholarly journals Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for Priority Pollutants

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2406
Author(s):  
Mashaalah Zarejousheghani ◽  
Parvaneh Rahimi ◽  
Helko Borsdorf ◽  
Stefan Zimmermann ◽  
Yvonne Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Priority Pollutants ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Wide Range

Globally, there is growing concern about the health risks of water and air pollution. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a list of priority pollutants containing 129 different chemical compounds. All of these chemicals are of significant interest due to their serious health and safety issues. Permanent exposure to some concentrations of these chemicals can cause severe and irrecoverable health effects, which can be easily prevented by their early identification. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer great potential for selective adsorption of chemicals from water and air samples. These selective artificial bio(mimetic) receptors are promising candidates for modification of sensors, especially disposable sensors, due to their low-cost, long-term stability, ease of engineering, simplicity of production and their applicability for a wide range of targets. Herein, innovative strategies used to develop MIP-based sensors for EPA priority pollutants will be reviewed.

Online Modeling of CO2 Storage Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Douglas Erickson ◽  
Greg Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Injection ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Injection Process ◽  
Corrosion Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper discusses the development and deployment of a specialized online and offline integrated model to simulate the CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) Injection process. There is a very high level of CO2 in an LNG development and the CO2 must be removed in order to prepare the gas to be processed into LNG. To mitigate the global warming effects of this CO2, a large portion of the CO2 Rich Stream (98% purity) is injected back into a depleted oil field. To reduce costs, carbon steel flowlines are used but this introduces a risk of internal corrosion. The presence of free water increases the internal corrosion risk, and for this reason, a predictive model discussed in this paper is designed to help operations prevent free water dropout in the network in real time. A flow management tool (FMT) is used to monitor the current state of the system and helps look at the impact of future events (startup, shutdowns etc.). The tool models the flow of the CO2 rich stream from the outlet of the compressor trains, through the network pipeline and manifolds and then into the injection wells. System behavior during steady state and transient operation is captured and analyzed to check water content and the balance of trace chemicals along with temperature and pressure throughout the network helping operators estimate corrosion rates and monitor the overall integrity of the system. The system has been running online for 24/7 for 2 years. The model has been able to match events like startup/shutdown, cooldowns and blowdowns. During these events the prediction of temperature/pressure at several locations in the field matches measured data. The model is then able to forecasts events into the future to help operations plan how they will operate the field. The tool uses a specialized thermodynamic model to predict the dropout of water in the near critical region of CO2 mixtures which includes various impurities. The model is designed to model startup and shutdown as the CO2 mixture moves across the phase boundary from liquid to gas or gas to liquid during these operations.

Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Gaseous Carbon Dioxide Injecting Into Aqueous Water in Bottle Filler System

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. H. Zheng ◽  
R. S. Amano
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Carbonation Process ◽  
Filling System ◽  
Gas System ◽  
Gaseous Carbon Dioxide

Abstract An efficient enhancement of the carbonation rate in the bottle filling stage can substantially increase the production in beverage industries. The bottle filling system currently used in most of the manufacturers can still be improved for a better performance of carbonation by designing the injection tube system. This paper reports on an experimental and numerical mass transfer modeling that can simulate the dissolution process of gaseous carbon dioxide into aqueous water in the bottle filler system. In order to establish the operating characteristics of the bottle filler system, an ordinary tap water and pure carbon dioxide were used as the liquid-gas system. The two-phase numerical modeling was developed that can serve as a framework for the continuous improvement of the design of the carbonation process in the bottle filler system. For an optimal design of CO2 injection tube and flow conditions, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach is one of the most power tools. However, since only limited experimental data are available in the open literature to verify the computational results, an experiment study was performed to obtain measurements of CO2 level, temperature, and pressure during the carbonation process in the bottle filled with liquid. Both experimental and numerical studies of various flow condition and different sizes of injection tube are presented in this paper.

Nonlinear-Time-Dependent Analysis of Micro Via-In-Pad Substrates for Solder Bumped Flip Chip Applications

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Lau ◽  
S. W. Ricky Lee ◽  
Stephen H. Pan ◽  
Chris Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Flip Chip ◽  
Printed Circuit Board ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Circuit Board ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pcb Assembly ◽  
Creep Analysis ◽  
Chip Scale Package ◽  
Time Dependent Analysis

An elasto-plastic-creep analysis of a low-cost micro via-in-pad (VIP) substrate for supporting a solder bumped flip chip in a chip scale package (CSP) format which is soldered onto a printed circuit board (PCB) is presented in this study. Emphasis is placed on the design, materials, and reliability of the micro VIP substrate and of the micro VIP CSP solder joints on PCB. The solder is assumed to obey Norton’s creep law. Cross-sections of samples are examined for a better understanding of the solder bump, CSP substrate redistribution, micro VIP, and solder joint. Also, the thermal cycling test results of the micro VIP CSP PCB assembly is presented.

Automated Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Left Ventricle From Multiple-Axis Echocardiography

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Navaneetha Krishnan Rajan ◽  
Zeying Song ◽  
Kenneth R. Hoffmann ◽  
Marek Belohlavek ◽  
Eileen M. McMahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Flow Simulations ◽  
Automated Method

Two-dimensional echocardiography (echo) is the method of choice for noninvasive evaluation of the left ventricle (LV) function owing to its low cost, fast acquisition time, and high temporal resolution. However, it only provides the LV boundaries in discrete 2D planes, and the 3D LV geometry needs to be reconstructed from those planes to quantify LV wall motion, acceleration, and strain, or to carry out flow simulations. An automated method is developed for the reconstruction of the 3D LV endocardial surface using echo from a few standard cross sections, in contrast with the previous work that has used a series of 2D scans in a linear or rotational manner for 3D reconstruction. The concept is based on a generalized approach so that the number or type (long-axis (LA) or short-axis (SA)) of sectional data is not constrained. The location of the cross sections is optimized to minimize the difference between the reconstructed and measured cross sections, and the reconstructed LV surface is meshed in a standard format. Temporal smoothing is implemented to smooth the motion of the LV and the flow rate. This software tool can be used with existing clinical 2D echo systems to reconstruct the 3D LV geometry and motion to quantify the regional akinesis/dyskinesis, 3D strain, acceleration, and velocities, or to be used in ventricular flow simulations.

scholarly journals Orthodontic Protocol Using Mini-Implant for Class II Treatment in Patient with Special Needs

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Pedrin Carvalho Ferreira ◽  
Anderson Paulo Barbosa Lima ◽  
Eliana de Cássia Molina de Paula ◽  
Ana Claudia de Castro Ferreira Conti ◽  
Danilo Pinelli Valarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Special Needs ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Congenital Nystagmus ◽  
Severe Scoliosis ◽  
Class Ii Treatment ◽  
Dental Esthetics ◽  
Materials Used

Improving facial and dental appearance and social interaction are the main factors for special needs (SN) patients to seek orthodontic treatment. The cooperation of SN patients and their parents is crucial for treatment success.Objective. To show through a case report the satisfactory results, both functional and esthetic, in patients with intellectual disability, congenital nystagmus, and severe scoliosis.Materials Used. Pendulum device with mini-implants as anchorage unit.Results. Improvement of facial and dental esthetics, correction of Class II malocclusion, and no root resorption shown in the radiographic follow-up.Conclusion. Knowing the limitations of SN patients, having a trained team, motivating and counting on the cooperation of parents and patients, and employing quick and low-cost orthodontic therapy have been shown to be the essential factors for treatment success.

Dielectric Characterisation of Plastics for Microwave Oven Applications

2005 ◽  
Vol 480-481 ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Cadillon Costa ◽  
A. Correia ◽  
A. Viegas ◽  
João Bessa Sousa ◽  
François Henry
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Complex Dielectric Constant ◽  
First Order ◽  
Constant E ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Resonant Method ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The materials used in microwave oven cavities must have specific dielectric properties in order to maintain the efficiency of the food heating. Plastics, by their mechanical and chemical properties and low cost, are one of those potential materials. In this study, we present the results of the measurements of complex dielectric constant, ´´ ´ * e e e í − = , in the microwave frequency region, on different plastics: polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene (PP) and polybutylene terephtalate (PBT), using the cavity resonant method. We measure the shift in the resonant frequency of the cavity, Df, caused by the insertion of the sample, which can be related to the real part of the complex permitivitty, e´, while the change in the inverse of the quality factor of the cavity, D(1/Q), gives the imaginary part, e´´. The relations are simple when we consider only the first order perturbation in the electric field caused by the sample.

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