A Review of the Effects of Seismic Surveys on Marine Mammals

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gordon ◽  
Douglas Gillespie ◽  
John Potter ◽  
Alexandros Frantzis ◽  
Mark P. Simmonds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Hearing Threshold ◽  
Seismic Signal ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Air Gun

This review highlights significant gaps in our knowledge of the effects of seismic air gun noise on marine mammals. Although the characteristics of the seismic signal at different ranges and depths and at higher frequencies are poorly understood, and there are often insufficient data to identify the appropriate acoustic propagation models to apply in particular conditions, these uncertainties are modest compared with those associated with biological factors. Potential biological effects of air gun noise include physical/physiological effects, behavioral disruption, and indirect effects associated with altered prey availability. Physical/physiological effects could include hearing threshold shifts and auditory damage as well as non-auditory disruption, and can be directly caused by sound exposure or the result of behavioral changes in response to sounds, e.g. recent observations suggesting that exposure to loud noise may result in decompression sickness. Direct information on the extent to which seismic pulses could damage hearing are difficult to obtain and as a consequence the impacts on hearing remain poorly known. Behavioral data have been collected for a few species in a limited range of conditions. Responses, including startle and fright, avoidance, and changes in behavior and vocalization patterns, have been observed in baleen whales, odontocetes, and pinnipeds and in some case these have occurred at ranges of tens or hundreds of kilometers. However, behavioral observations are typically variable, some findings are contradictory, and the biological significance of these effects has not been measured. Where feeding, orientation, hazard avoidance, migration or social behavior are altered, it is possible that populations could be adversely affected. There may also be serious long-term consequences due to chronic exposure, and sound could affect marine mammals indirectly by changing the accessibility of their prey species. A precautionary approach to management and regulation must be recommended. While such large degrees of uncertainty remain, this may result in restrictions to operational practices but these could be relaxed if key uncertainties are clarified by appropriate research.

Cardiovascular parameters in a mixed-sex swine study of severe decompression sickness treated with the emulsified perfluorocarbon Oxycyte

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Mahon ◽  
W. A. Cronin ◽  
M. Bodo ◽  
S. Tirumala ◽  
D. P. Regis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Systemic Arterial Pressure ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control ◽  
Observation Period

Intravenous perfluorocarbons (PFC) have reduced the effects of decompression sickness (DCS) and improved mortality rates in animal models. However, concerns for the physiological effects of DCS combined with PFC therapy have not been examined in a balanced mixed-sex population. Thirty-two (16 male, 16 female) instrumented and sedated juvenile Yorkshire swine were exposed to 200 feet of seawater (fsw) for 31 min of hyperbaric air. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), cardiac output (CO), and systemic arterial pressure (SAP) were monitored before (control) and after exposure. Animals were randomized to treatment with Oxycyte (5 ml/kg; Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc., Morrisville, NC) vs. saline (control) with 100% oxygen administered upon DCS onset; animals were observed for 90 min. Parameters recorded and analyzed included PAP, CO, and SAP. In all animals PAP began to rise prior to cutis marmorata (CM) onset, the first sign of clinical DCS, generally peaking after CM onset. Female swine, compared with castrated males, had a more rapid onset of CM (7.30 vs. 11.46 min postsurfacing) and earlier onset to maximal PAP (6.41 vs. 9.69 min post-CM onset). Oxycyte therapy was associated with a sustained PAP elevation above controls in both sexes (33.41 vs. 25.78 mmHg). Significant pattern differences in PAP, CO, and SAP were noted between sexes and between therapeutic groups. There were no statistically significant differences in survival or paralysis between the PFC and control groups during the 48-h observation period. In conclusion, Oxycyte therapy for DCS is associated with a prolonged PAP increase in swine. These species and sex differences warrant further exploration.

scholarly journals Biological and physiological effects of Coriandrum sativum on House fly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Coriandrum Sativum ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Morphological Aberration ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
Fruit Powder

This Study is conducted to evaluate effects of (leaves, fruits) powder and (oil, alcohol) extract of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) plant on some biological and physiological aspects of House fly, Musca domestica at laboratory conditions. Result show that these preparations caused biological effects represented in high dead percentage in second instar, fed on different concentrations of food treated with them reached to 27.6, 55.3 at concentration 20% of leaf and fruit powder respectively and 67.3, 77.2% at 10% of oil and alcohol extract of fruit, respectively. Furthermore, study also show reduction in pupation and adults emergence percentage. However, leafs powder had slighter effect than powder and extract of fruit of tested plant. The study show physiological effects in treated larvae such as molting failure at subsequent molt to larvae , pupa or to adult, also morphological aberration represented in small size, dark pigment, reduce age and folding of the adult wings. In almost cases, the higher concentration the more morphogenetic aberration. This study leads us to conclude that coriander had chemical compounds which played a negative role in some biological and physiological aspects of house fly.

scholarly journals Dietary microRNA—A Novel Functional Component of Food

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
Yulong Yin ◽  
Chen-Yu Zhang ◽  
Yong-Liang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Component ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Regulate Gene

ABSTRACT MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs that play essential roles in various biological processes by silencing genes. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that microRNAs in food can be absorbed into the circulatory system and organs of humans and other animals, where they regulate gene expression and biological processes. These food-derived dietary microRNAs may serve as a novel functional component of food, a role that has been neglected to date. However, a significant amount of evidence challenges this new concept. The absorption, stability, and physiological effects of dietary microRNA in recipients, especially in mammals, are currently under heavy debate. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the unique characteristics of dietary microRNAs and concerns about both the mechanistic and methodological basis for studying the biological significance of dietary microRNAs. Such efforts will benefit continuing investigations and offer new perspectives for the interpretation of the roles of dietary microRNA with respect to the health and disease of humans and animals.

scholarly journals RNA N6-Methyladenosine Modifications and the Immune Response

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Nan Wang ◽  
Chen-Yang Yu ◽  
Hong-Zhong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most important modification of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in higher eukaryotes. Modulation of m6A modifications relies on methyltransferases and demethylases. The discovery of binding proteins confirms that the m6A modification has a wide range of biological effects and significance at the molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. In recent years, techniques for investigating m6A modifications of RNA have developed rapidly. This article reviews the biological significance of RNA m6A modifications in the innate immune response, adaptive immune response, and viral infection.

REGULATION AND INHIBITION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID ω-HYDROXYLASES AND 20-HETE FORMATION

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna L. Kroetz ◽  
Fengyun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Substrate Selectivity ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cytochrome P450 4A

Cytochrome P450–catalyzed metabolism of arachidonic acid is an important pathway for the formation of paracrine and autocrine mediators of numerous biological effects. The ω-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid generates significant levels of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in numerous tissues, particularly the vasculature and kidney tubules. Members of the cytochrome P450 4A and 4F families are the major ω-hydroxylases, and the substrate selectivity and regulation of these enzymes has been the subject of numerous studies. Altered expression and function of arachidonic acid ω-hydroxylases in models of hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and pregnancy suggest that 20-HETE may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Our understanding of the biological significance of 20-HETE has been greatly aided by the development and characterization of selective and potent inhibitors of the arachidonic acid ω-hydroxylases. This review discusses the substrate selectivity and expression of arachidonic acid ω-hydroxylases, regulation of these enzymes during disease, and the application of enzyme inhibitors to study 20-HETE function.

scholarly journals Deadly diving? Physiological and behavioural management of decompression stress in diving mammals

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1731) ◽  
pp. 1041-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Hooker ◽  
A. Fahlman ◽  
M. J. Moore ◽  
N. Aguilar de Soto ◽  
Y. Bernaldo de Quirós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Gas Bubbles ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Measured Time

Decompression sickness (DCS; ‘the bends’) is a disease associated with gas uptake at pressure. The basic pathology and cause are relatively well known to human divers. Breath-hold diving marine mammals were thought to be relatively immune to DCS owing to multiple anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations that reduce nitrogen gas (N 2 ) loading during dives. However, recent observations have shown that gas bubbles may form and tissue injury may occur in marine mammals under certain circumstances. Gas kinetic models based on measured time-depth profiles further suggest the potential occurrence of high blood and tissue N 2 tensions. We review evidence for gas-bubble incidence in marine mammal tissues and discuss the theory behind gas loading and bubble formation. We suggest that diving mammals vary their physiological responses according to multiple stressors, and that the perspective on marine mammal diving physiology should change from simply minimizing N 2 loading to management of the N 2 load . This suggests several avenues for further study, ranging from the effects of gas bubbles at molecular, cellular and organ function levels, to comparative studies relating the presence/absence of gas bubbles to diving behaviour. Technological advances in imaging and remote instrumentation are likely to advance this field in coming years.

scholarly journals USE OF QUANTITATIVE DATA OF 3D SEISMIC EXPLORATION FOR DETECTION OF TRAPS OF HYDROCARBONS WITH IN THE NORTH SIDE OF THE DNIEPER-DONETSK DEPRESSION

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
S. Vyzhva ◽  
I. Solovyov ◽  
I. Mihalevich ◽  
V. Kruhlyk ◽  
G. Lisny
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Impedance ◽  
Seismic Signal ◽  
Seismic Attributes ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Seismic Attribute ◽  
The North ◽  
Hydrocarbon Traps ◽  
Northern Side

Based on the results of numerous seismic surveys conducted on the areas and deposits of the northern side of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression, an appropriate strategy for detecting hydrocarbon traps in this region has been determined. This takes into account modern requirements for exploration and prospecting of gas and oil deposits. They consist in determining the probable zones of accumulation of hydrocarbons based on the analysis of the structural-tectonic model. At the same time, the use of direct hydrocarbon indicators to predict structural, lithological or combined traps is also a necessary element in solving this problem. It has been shown that an effective approach to detecting hydrocarbon traps in this region is attribute analysis using seismic attributes such as seismic signal envelope, acoustic impedance or relative acoustic impedance. In most practically important cases, the analysis of the distribution of values of these attributes was sufficient to solve geological problems. At the same time, an example of extracting additional useful information on the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon traps from volumetric seismic images obtained from seismograms of common sources with a limited range of seismic angle inclinations is given. To analyze the distributions of seismic attribute values it is recommended to use geobody technology as the most effective one when using volumetric seismic data. Depending on the combination of seismic attributes involved in the analysis, the distributions of different properties of rocks are determined, in particular the zone of increased porosity or the presence of hydrocarbons. Analysis with the simultaneous use of several seismic attributes allows to directly identify hydrocarbon-rich geological bodies with high porosity and the like. The paper presents examples of detection of hydrocarbon traps in the areas and deposits of the northern side of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression, which are confirmed by drilled wells. An example of providing recommendations for wells drilling using the distributions of values of different seismic attributes is given. Generalizations are made on the distribution of promising areas for the presence of hydrocarbons on the northern side of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression and the ratio of this distribution with the identified structural elements of the geological environment.

scholarly journals Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of Ononis Hairy Root Cultures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nóra Gampe ◽  
Zoltán Szakács ◽  
András Darcsi ◽  
Imre Boldizsár ◽  
Éva Szőke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Root ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Qualitative Description ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Hairy Root Cultures ◽  
Root Cultures ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
First Time

Hairy root cultures are genetically and biochemically stable, and they regularly possess the same or better biosynthetic capabilities for specialized (secondary) metabolite production compared to the intact plant. Ononis species are well-known herbal remedies in ethnopharmacology and rich sources of isoflavonoids. Besides isoflavones, less prevalent isoflavones and pterocarpans with valuable biological effects can be found in Ononis species as well. As these plants are only collected but not cultivated, biotechnological methods could play a role in the larger-scale extraction of Ononis isoflavonoids. Regarding this information, we aimed to establish Ononis spinosa and Ononis arvensis hairy root cultures (HRCs) and analyze the isoflavonoid profile of hairy root cultures qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to define their capacity to produce biologically valuable isoflavonoids. During the qualitative description, beside isoflavonoids, two new phenolic lactones, namely, bulatlactone 2″-O-β-D-glucoside and ononilactone, were isolated, and their structures were characterized for the first time. Altogether, 29 compounds were identified by the means of UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS. Based on UHPLC-UV-DAD measurements, the isoflavonoid spectrum of the Ononis HRCs differed markedly from wild-grown samples, as they produce a limited range of the scaffolds. The most abundant compounds in the HRCs were medicarpin glucoside and sativanone glucoside. The overall isoflavonoid production of the cultures was comparable to wild-grown O. arvensis and approximately twice as high as in wild-grown O. spinosa samples. As the overall content of wild-grown samples include more isoflavonoid derivatives, the HRCs contain structurally less divergent isoflavonoids but in higher quantity.

scholarly journals Inhibition of RFX6 Suppresses the Invasive Ability of Tumor Cells Through the Notch Pathway and Affects Tumor Immunity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu Song ◽  
Mulati Kuerban ◽  
Lu Zhao ◽  
Xiaolin Peng ◽  
Youqin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Notch Pathway ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BackgroundThe DNA-binding protein RFX6 was overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma, and its expression level was correlated with the prognosis and immune cell infiltration in liver hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanism of the abnormal expression and the biological effects of RFX6 in liver cancer remains unknown.MethodsTo understand the specific expression mechanism of RFX6 in liver cancer, we performed bioinformatic prediction, CHIP-qPCR assay, co-IP, and dual-luciferase assay to assess the regulating mechanism of RFX6. In the meantime, a series of biological experiments in vivo and in vitro were conducted to analyze the biological significance of RFX6 in hepatocellular carcinoma.ResultsWe demonstrated that knockdown of RFX6 in liver cancer cells significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, inhibition of RFX6 could affect the immune response of T cells. Among a number of interacting proteins, we revealed that RFX6 directly binds to DTX2, a regulator of the Notch signaling pathway by targeting NOTCH1, and helps in its transcription stability. Furthermore, we discovered that miRNA-542-3p, the expression of which was decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma, was directly involved in the negative regulation of the expression of RFX6.ConclusionIn summary, we discovered that the miRNA-542-3p–RFX6–DTX2–NOTCH1 regulatory pathway played significant roles in the tumor progression of liver hepatocellular carcinoma.

scholarly journals Marine Fishes Expert Network: findings and recommendations from the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program’s State of the Arctic Marine Biodiversity Report

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J Hedges ◽  
Shannon MacPhee ◽  
Hreiðar Þór Valtýsson ◽  
Edda Johannesen ◽  
Catherine W Mecklenburg
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Status And Trends ◽  
The Status ◽  
Expert Network

Pelagic and benthic fish species are important in Arctic marine ecosystems because they transfer energy to predators such as seabirds, marine mammals, as well as people. The CBMP Marine Fishes Expert Network aggregated and reviewed data on the population status and trends of three marine fish Focal Ecosystem Components (FECs) across eight Arctic Marine Areas. Fishes are affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, sea ice availability and salinity, and are constrained by prey availability and predator pressure, which can be influenced by climate change. The three marine fish FECs discussed here are indicative of different changes that are occurring in the Arctic and demonstrate the varied responses observed among species. The presentation will summarize current level of monitoring across the Arctic, the status and trends of FECs, drivers of observed trends, and knowledge and monitoring gaps.

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