scholarly journals Haematological Parameters and Histomorphological Effect of Varied Parts of Citrullus Lanatus Juice Fed to Adult Female Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1955-1961
Author(s):  
OA Iwalaye ◽  
VO Ekundina ◽  
A Oni
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Histopathological Effects

Plants basically will continue to be the starting materials in making modern drugs. As a result of this, many believe in using herbal products than convectional drugs because of their easy accessibility, low side effects and affordability. Citrulluslanatus (popularly known as watermelon) is a citrus fruit known to contain among others, citrulline and lycopene with hepatoprotective actions on organs such as liver and kidney because of it bioactive and antioxidant properties. This study investigates the haemathological parameters and histopathological effects of crude C. lanatus juice on the liver and kidney of mice. Twenty five female mice weighing between 72 - 99g were randomly divided into five groups (A - E) of five mice each. Group A, were given water (control); group B, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh juice; group C, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh and seed juice, group D, were given 2ml of watermelon flesh and rind juice; and group E were given 2ml ofwatermelon flesh, seed and rind juice once daily for four weeks. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and dissected. Blood sample were taken through cardiac puncture, liver and kidney tissue were excised also to determine the haematological and histopathological effects using routine diagnostic techniques. Highest blood and differential counts except WBC were obtained in groups exposed to crude C. lanatus juice when compared with the control.The liver of animals in all groups appears normal with no remarkable differences from the control. Also, no remarkable differences were recorded in the kidney of animals in all groups except group E which showed interstitial edema with some renal tubules within the cortex undergoing degeneration. From this study and at the dose and duration of study, every part of C. lanatushad no negative impact on the histopathology of the liver and kidney and also had the potential to boost the immune system. Keywords: Citrullus lanatus, haematology, histopathology, kidney, liver, mice

Comparison of ameliorative effects of Taraxacum syriacum and N-acetylcysteine against acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress in rat liver and kidney

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Eshrati ◽  
Mahvash Jafari ◽  
Saeed Gudarzi ◽  
Afshen Nazari ◽  
Esmaeil Samizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Serum Biochemical

Abstract Taraxacum syriacum (TS) with natural antioxidant and pharmacological activities may be considered for treatment of oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen (APAP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of the ethanol extract of TS root against hepatorenal toxicity induced by APAP in comparison to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a standard drug. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Control group; APAP (1 g/kg) group; APAP–NAC (160 mg/kg) group and APAP-TS100 and APAP-TS200 groups: APAP plus 100 and 200 mg/kg of TS extract, respectively. After 7 days treatment, serum and liver and kidney tissues were prepared and evaluated. TS extract ameliorated the increased lipid peroxidation level and decreased antioxidant enzymes activities and glutathione level in liver and kidney of APAP-treated rats. Moreover, treatment with the TS extract caused significant reduction in the histopathological damages and high levels of serum biochemical markers of hepatic and renal functions after APAP treatment. This study suggests that the extract of TS roots has dose-dependent ameliorative effect against APAP-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney due to its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. The overall efficacy of the extract at 200 mg/kg dose is comparable with NAC.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effect of Vernonia amygdalina Plant Extract on Heavy Metal-Induced Liver and Kidney Dysfunction in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Precious Barnes ◽  
Joshua Kwame Yeboah ◽  
Wilson Gbedema ◽  
Roland Osei Saahene ◽  
Benjamin Amoani
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Heavy Metal Toxicity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Kidney Dysfunction ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Heavy metal toxicity contributes to liver and kidney dysfunction and damage through oxidative stress mechanisms; however, from previous studies, extracts from the Vernonia amygdalina plant have shown to possess potent antioxidant properties. This study was aimed at uncovering the potential ameliorative effects of ethanolic extract from Vernonia amygdalina plant in heavy metal toxicity-induced liver and kidney dysfunction. For this study, 44 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups. The control group received a basal diet and water only while the treatment groups received varied dosages of the heavy metals. The copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) groups had five subgroups. The Cu only and Cu recovery subgroups were administered with 16 mg/kg Cu intraperitoneally daily for 14 days, whereas the Pb only and Pb recovery subgroups were administered with 13 mg/kg Pb intraperitoneally daily for 14 days. Subsequently, the Pb only and Cu only subgroups were sacrificed. The three Pb and Cu treatment subgroups received oral graded doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg) of the extract for 21 days. The Cu recovery and Pb recovery subgroups were left to recover for 21 days. After histological examinations, the Pb and Cu pretreatment groups showed evidence of focal necrosis accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltrations. The serum levels of liver biomarkers AST, ALT, and GGT, as well as urea and creatinine, were significantly elevated (P=0.01) following copper and lead exposure. Upon posttreatment of the rats with the extract, the physiological levels of the biomarkers were restored and tissue architecture of the organs improved. Thus, the ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina is capable of ameliorating the effects of heavy metal toxicity through potent antioxidative mechanisms.

THE EFFECT OF GINGER RHIZOMES (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) TOWARDS THE NUMBER OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES OF FEMALE MICE (Mus musculus) EXPOSED TO MONOSODIUM GLUTAMAT (MSG)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Meilina Ratna Dianti
Keyword(s):  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Post Test ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

<p><em>Monosodium Glutamat activates an axis ablation in arcuate nucleus hypothalamus which happens to possibly initiate malfunctions in Hipothalamic Pituitary Adrenal axis. Yet, it is known that hypothalamus produces Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone which is able to stimulate the secretion of Gonadotropin Follicle Stimulating Hormon and Luteinizing Hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. These two hormones, however, are essentials for the development of gonad and during the cycles of oogenesis. Hence, any malfunctions resided in the human’s hypothalamus can possibly put endocrine gland into troubles, such as reproduction hormones which affect the workings of gonad. Therefore, the extract of Temulawak is promoted to be the attempt to resolve the issue for its antioxidant properties. Temulawak extract contains antioxidant, properties for as much as 87.01 ppm, according to Rosidi research’s result, analyzing the Temulawak’s potentials. The amount of antioxidant found Temulawak extract is categorized as active and applicable as natural antioxidant source. However, this research adopts true experimental post-test only control group design. It includes 5 (five) groups of female mice as which are K1 (CMC), K2 (CMC+MSG), P1 (MSG+0.4 mg Temulawak extract), P2 (MSG+0.8 MG Temulawak extract), P3 (MSG+1.2 mg Temulawak extract). In addition, the mice’s ovaries are removed to be subsequently tested using Hematoxillin-Eosin and the ovaries’ follicles quantity is observed and counted. The data is analyzed using One Way ANOVA. The research finally comes with a result showing that there are not any significant differences discovered from the ovaries’ follicles quantity from the five tested groups (p&gt;0.05). Therefore, it is implied that Temulawak extract does not provide any influential results to the house mice’s ovaries’ follicles quantity which has been exposed to MSG</em>.</p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.), Ovarian follicles quantity </em>

Accumulation of cadmium with time in Romney sheep grazing ryegrass-white clover pasture: effect of cadmium from pasture and soil intake

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 877 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lee ◽  
JR Rounce ◽  
AD Mackay ◽  
ND Grace
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Adaptive Effect ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Kidney Liver

Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in various tissues of Romney sheep and rates of accumulation, as affected by Cd concentrations in pasture and soil, DM intake, and animal age, were determined in a 25-month study. After weaning, 6 groups of 10 wether lambs were grazed on a low Cd (0.l8 � 0.08 8g Cd/g DM) or high Cd (0.52 � 0.17 8g Cd/g DM) pasture in 3 replicates. The rate of accumulation of Cd (8g /day) into the liver and kidney was greatest in sheep aged about 6 months (for the low and high Cd pastures: kidney 0.27 and 0.56; liver 0.35 and 1 I), after which it declined with age (kidney 0.02 and 0.03: liver <0901 and 0.05; at 28 months of age). Total content of Cd in the organs continued to increase. In 6-month-old animals, 0.25% of total Cd ingested was retained by the kidney and liver, but this proportion decreased to about 0.05% of Cd intake with 28-month-old animals. Net retention of Cd in the fleece-free body as a percentage of daily Cd intake for both the control and treatment animals was estimated between 0- 35 and 0 5%. Except for muscle tissue from sheep in the treatment group, for which the mean Cd concentration was lower than that of the control group (2.0 � 0.24 and 3 9 � 0.63 r)g Cd/g fresh tissue, respectively), Cd concentrations in kidney, liver, thymus, muscle, and lung tissue increased over the first 3 months for both groups of animals. After 2 years, animals on the treatment pastures had approximately 3-fold greater Cd concentrations in liver, kidney, and duodenal tissue tissue than those grazing the control pastures (liver, 361 � 58 v. 97 � 11; kidney, l485 � 200 v. 352f48; duodenal tissue, 32f 4 v. 18f 2.5 t)g Cd/g FW, respectively). At higher Cd intakes, the adaptive effect of increased metallothionein synthesis enabled the animal to be more efficient in binding Cd, which restricted accumulation of Cd in muscle. The regression ([Cd] kidney = -205 + 0. 981Cdintake + 0 - 726Time; r = 0.82, P < 0.001) gave the best fit for the observed Cd concentration in the kidney tissue. Daily Cd intake was also a better predictor of the Cd concentration in liver tissue than the concentration of Cd in pasture by itself ([Cd]liver, = 24.7 + 0.353Cdintake; r = 0.81, P < 0.001). Accurate predictions of the potential for Cd accumulation in young grazing animals will enable more effective management strategies to be implemented to reduce Cd accumulation and therefore minimise the potential impact relating to both environment and market.

scholarly journals The Effect of Broccoli Extract in Arsenic-Induced Experimental Poisoning on the Hematological, Biochemical, and Electrophoretic Parameters of the Liver and Kidney of Rats

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mahdieh Raeeszadeh ◽  
Pouria Karimi ◽  
Nadia Khademi ◽  
Pejman Mortazavi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Kidney Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Liver And Kidney Damage

Heavy metals such as arsenic contribute to environmental pollution that can lead to systemic effects in various body organs. Some medicinal plants such as broccoli have been shown to reduce the harmful effects of these heavy metals. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of broccoli extract on liver and kidney toxicity, considering hematological and biochemical changes. The experimental study was performed in 28 days on 32 male Wistar rats classified into four groups: the control group (C), a group receiving 5 mg/kg oral arsenic (AS), a group receiving 300 mg/kg broccoli (B), and a group receiving arsenic and broccoli combination (AS + B). Finally, blood samples were taken to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney, as well as serum proteins’ concentration. Liver and kidney tissue were fixed and stained by H&E and used for histopathological diagnosis. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) in the AS group compared to other groups. However, in the B group, a significant increase in RBC and WBC was observed compared to the AS and C groups ( P  < 0.05). Moreover, RBC and WBC levels increased significantly in the AS + B group compared to the AS group ( P  = 0.046). However, in the AS group, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine levels increased, while total protein, albumin, and globulin decreased. This can be a result of liver and kidney damage, which was observed in the AS group. Furthermore, the increase in the concentration of albumin and globulin in the AS + B group was higher than that in the AS group. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and necrosis of the liver and kidney tissue in the pathological evaluation of the AS group were significantly higher than other groups. There was an increase in superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC); however, a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was seen in the AS + B group compared to the AS group. It seems that broccoli is highly effective at reducing liver and kidney damage and improving the hematological and biochemical factors in arsenic poisoning conditions.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of Pectin in the reduction of histological changes caused by exposure to monosodium glutamate in female mice: مدى فعالية البكتين في الحد من التغيرات النسيجية التي يسببها تناول جلوتامات أحادي الصوديوم على إناث الفئران

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ibrahim Al Othman, Faten khalif Alanazi, Ghada Jaber S
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a food additive. Excessive consumption of monosodium glutamate has also been shown to affect the liver and kidneys, causing damage to these tissues because of oxidative stress leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of the study described in this paper was to find out how the liver and kidney toxicity caused by monosodium glutamate can be mitigated using pectin. To this end, 30 albino mice females were divided into four groups. The animals were distributed in special cages. 12-15 weeks with an average body weight of 60 grams. The animals were divided into four groups: the experimental control group (1) comprising 5 female mice were given normal drinking water and the treated group (2) comprising 10 female mice were given monosodium glutamate at a dose of 3 g/kg body weight in drinking water. For three weeks, the treatment group (3) comprising 10 female mice was given pectin at a dose of 300 mg/70 kg body weight in drinking water immediately after the monosodium glutamate dose for three weeks and the pectin group (4) comprising 5 female mice were given Pectin at a dose of 300 mg/70 kg body weight in drinking water for three weeks. The mice were then anesthetized, dissected, and liver and kidney samples were taken from female mice and kept in a 10% neutral formalin solution to make tissue segments. The results showed many histological changes in the liver, such as congestion of the central vein, widening of the sinuses, and the appearance of signs of the death of most hepatocytes, infiltration of the central vein and an invasion of inflammatory cells around the central vein with the emergence of several gaps within the cells. Many of them cavity with the death of most of the tubule cells, the closure of some of them and the expansion and infiltration in others and bleeding inside the tissue. Pectin therapy has led to the disappearance of most of these changes and the emergence of a clear improvement in hepatic and renal tissue.

scholarly journals Amelorative effect of olive oil against hepatorenal toxicity of cefotaxime in albino rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Ashraf A. A. Elkomy ◽  
Mossad G. E Elsayed ◽  
Faten I. El sayed ◽  
Ahmed A. Abd el atey
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Antioxidant Effect ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Total Protein Level ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Due to great hazard effects of antibiotic the following study aimed to investigate the adverse effect of cefotaxime in biochemical, oxidative status and histological examination of Liver and kidney tissue as well as the protective effect of olive oil. Twenty four male Wister albino rats were randomly divided into main four groups including: - G (1): Served as control group and it includes six rats, they were administrated 0.5ml of saline orally for 14 consecutive days. G (2): it includes six rats, they were administered 5ml/kg olive oil orally for 14 consecutive days. G (3): it includes six rats, they were administrated 90mg/kg body weight/twice daily of cefotaxime intramuscular for 14 consecutive days. G (4): it includes six rats, they were administered 5ml/kg olive oil orally concurrently with 90mg/kg body weight/twice daily of cefotaxime. Results revealed that cefotaxime induced significant increases in liver and kidney function parameters including AST, ALT, ALP. creatinine, and urea as well as decrease in albumin and total protein level. Moreover, marked an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreases in glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels. that indicate oxidative stress levels expression in the hepatic and renal tissues following cefotaxime administration. On the beneficial side oral administration of olive oil at the dose 5ml/kg for 14 days significantly mitigate theses toxic effects. So it is concluded that olive oil has great hepatorenal antioxidant effect. 

scholarly journals Intestinal tract and parenteral multi-organ sequential pathological injury caused by necrotizing enterocolitis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu Sheng Wang ◽  
Meng Lu Yu ◽  
Wei Zhong Li ◽  
Kai Hong ◽  
Chen Bin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cold Stimulation ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Organ Repair ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: To explore the relationship between the pathological changes of the colon, terminal ileum, lung, liver and kidney, and the changes of Bax, PCNA and PAF in a rat model of NEC. Methods: 140 neonatal SD rats were randomly divided into NEC group and control group (70 in each group). NEC group was given hypoxia, cold stimulation and artificial feeding twice a day for 3 consecutive days. The control group was only fed normally. After modeling, From the 1st day to the 7th day, 10 rats were sampled in each group for pathological examination of colon, terminal ileum, lung, liver and kidney tissue. The levels of Bax, PCNA and PAF were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Results: Compared with the normal group, in the NEC group, on the 1st day, the colon, terminal ileum, lung, liver and kidney showed inflammatory damage. On the 5th day, the inflammatory injury was reduced. The inflammation disappeared on the 7th day. There were differences in the time of apoptosis in the intestine. In the intestine, the proliferation of PCNA was weak at first and then strong. Bax in liver and kidney showed marked apoptosis and apoptosis time increased in the lung. The expression of PCNA increased in lung, liver and kidney, and the expression of PAF increased in lung and liver. Conclusions: NEC can lead to secondary injury of different degrees in colon, terminal ileum, lung, liver and kidney, and the degree and time of injury and repair were different. In general, organ repair played a leading role on the 4th day after modeling.

scholarly journals STUDY OF Coleus amboinicus STEM EXTRACT IN INHIBITING MACROPHAGE CD-68 EXPRESSION IN WISTAR RATS WITH URIC ACID-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rondius Solfaine ◽  
Wida Wahidah Mubarokah ◽  
Lailatul Muniroh
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Cd 68 ◽  
Stem Extract ◽  
Coleus Amboinicus ◽  
Oxonic Acid

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of Coleus amboinicus (CA) stem extracts on uric acid-induced nephropathy by comparingthe levels of Macrophage CD-68 expression and concentration of serum Cystatine C (CYS C ) in Wistar rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats(Rattus norvegicus) with a body weight (bw) of 200-250 g, were allocated into three groups, with eight animals per group. The rats in controlgroup (PO) received 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution orally The rats in group 2 (P1) were orally induced with uric acid (UA) (500mg/kg) and oxonic acid (OA) (750 mg/kg.) and the rats in group 3 (P2) received uric acid (500 mg/kg), oxonic acid (750 mg/kg), and 500 mg/kgof the CA stem extracts for 35 days. Bloods were collected for analysis of serum CYS C expression and concentration of serum creatinine andblood nitrogen urea (BUN). The rats in all groups were sacrificed for kidney tissue extractions for macrophage CD-68 identification andhistopathology analysis. The levels of CYS C concentrations were analyzed by Avidin-Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) Sandwich-ELISA. Theresults showed that Coleus amboinicus stem extract at dose of 500 mg/kg bw can significantly reduce BUN and creatinine levels (P≤0.05), whileCys C levels were not different. In the treatment group (P2) compared with group (P1). CD-68 (ED-1) macrophage activity decreasedsignificantly (P≤0.05) in the treatment group (P2) compared to the control group and (P1). Nephrophaty induction using UA and OA causessevere kidney lesions characterized by degeneration, necrosis and inflammation of the renal tubules and glomerulus in the treatment group.

scholarly journals Ameliorating Effect of Moringa against Liver and Kidney Injury Induced by Monosodium Glutamate

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rehab M. El-Gharabawy ◽  
Amira S. Ahmed ◽  
Thara I. Al-Adhadh
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) produces adverse and damaging effects in different organs like liver and kidneys. Moringa has ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate. Objective: To study the ameliorating effect of moringa against rats liver and kidney injury induced by monosodium glutamate. Design: Prospective study. Setting: College of Pharmacy, Qassim University. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 20 male rats and equally divided into 4 groups. The first group was control group, second group was moringa group, third group was MSG group and forth group was MSG plus moringa group. We determined liver function, albumin, total protein, kidney function, electrolytes and histopathological examination of tissue. Main Outcome Results: Moringa has ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate. Sample Size:  A total of 20 malerats. Results: There was a significant increase in the levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine. Significant decrease in the levels of albumin, total proteins and sodium levels in rats treated with monosodium glutamate. Kidney sections revealed normal structure of glomeruli and renal tubules as control group, liver revealed good improvements and mild cellular infiltrations were observed in rats treated with MSG and moringa group. Conclusion: Moringa causes ameliorating effect on kidney and liver injury induced by monosodium glutamate in rats. Limitation of the Study: Few studies about the protective effect of Moringa against toxic effect of MSG.  So we need to focus on its beneficial effect against toxicity induced by MSG.

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