Chemical Composition of Gmelina arborea: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 269-277
Author(s):  
Yogita Chowdhary
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Dark Green

Gmelina arborea is a fast-growing tree, which grows on different localities and prefers moist fertile valleys with 750–4500 mm rainfall. It does not thrive on ill-drained soils and remains stunted on dry, sandy or poor soils; drought also reduces it to a shrubby form. The tree attains moderate to large heights of up to 30 m, with a girth of 1.2 to 4 m. It has a chlorophyll layer just under the outer bark, which is pale yellow on the outside and white inside.Gmelina arborea wood is pale yellow to cream-coloured or pinkish-buff when fresh, turning yellowish brown on exposure and is soft to moderately hard, light to moderately heavy, lustrous when fresh, usually straight to irregular or rarely wavy grained and medium course textured. Flowering takes place during February to April when the tree is more or less leafless whereas fruiting starts from May onwards up to June. The fruit is up to 2.5 cm long, smooth, dark green, turning yellow when ripe and has a fruity smell. The fruit is edible and has a bitter-sweet taste.4 This tree is commonly planted as a garden and an avenue tree; growing in villages along agricultural land and on village community lands and wastelands. It is light demander, tolerant of excessive drought, but moderately frost hardy. It has good capacity to recover from frost injury. Gamhar trees coppices very well with vigorous growth. Saplings and young plants need protection from deer and cattle. Gmelina arborea grows naturally throughout India, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and in southern provinces of China

scholarly journals Investigation on the potential of poplar bark from short-rotation coppices as bio-based fungicidal additives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Bremer ◽  
Javane Oktaee ◽  
Daniela Einer ◽  
Steffen Fischer ◽  
André Wagenführ
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Poplar Clones ◽  
Phenolic Substances ◽  
Excellent Source

AbstractBark on trees protects the plant against environmentally adverse conditions as well as fungi and insect attacks. There are different chemical substances, mostly in the outer bark of trees, which can stop fungi from developing. Bark as a by-product of wood plantations is available in high quantity and can serve as an excellent source for the production of eco-fungicides. In the presented article, bark of various poplar clones from two short-rotation coppices (SRC) in Poland and Germany was examined to determine the chemical composition, the possible extraction of potential fungicides (terpenes, aromatic and phenolic substances), and influence of their extracts on slowing the growth of mold fungi. It was proved that the content of the fungicidal substances depends strongly on the clone type. Two methods of extraction—Soxhlet and batch—were compared to obtain fungicidal extracts. Fungicidal substances were found in extracts gained with both approaches. Triterpenes, fatty acids, aldehydes, and alcohols were primarily the active fungicides in the Soxhlet extracts, whereas phenolic substances act as fungicides in the batch extracts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Antioxidative Mechanisms In Vitro and Triterpenes Composition of Extracts from Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Black Birch (Betula obscura Kotula) Barks by FT-IR and HPLC-PDA

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4633
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Ostapiuk ◽  
Łukasz Kurach ◽  
Maciej Strzemski ◽  
Jacek Kurzepa ◽  
Anna Hordyjewska
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Active Substances

Silver birch, Betula pendula Roth, is one of the most common trees in Europe. Due to its content of many biologically active substances, it has long been used in medicine and cosmetics, unlike the rare black birch, Betula obscura Kotula. The aim of the study was therefore to compare the antioxidant properties of extracts from the inner and outer bark layers of both birch trees towards the L929 line treated with acetaldehyde. Based on the lactate dehydrogenase test and the MTT test, 10 and 25% concentrations of extracts were selected for the antioxidant evaluation. All extracts at tested concentrations reduced the production of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical, and 25% extract decreased malonic aldehyde formation in acetaldehyde-treated cells. The chemical composition of bark extracts was accessed by IR and HPLC-PDA methods and surprisingly, revealed a high content of betulin and lupeol in the inner bark extract of B. obscura. Furthermore, IR analysis revealed differences in the chemical composition of the outer bark between black and silver birch extracts, indicating that black birch may be a valuable source of numerous biologically active substances. Further experiments are required to evaluate their potential against neuroinflammation, cancer, viral infections, as well as their usefulness in cosmetology.

scholarly journals STRATEGI ADAPTASI PETANI PELADANG DAYAK MERATUS DI DESA LOKLAHUNG KECAMATAN LOKSADO KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI SELATAN

Jurnal Socius ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Rismiyati
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
Data Model ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Village Community ◽  
New Business ◽  
Important Position

Increasing number of people causing agricultural land increasingly narrow and there are some that are not fertile agricultural land, depletion of nutrients in the soil and there is some land in the Malaris village could not be planted because infertile. Things like this cause Malaris Village community has two strategies, namely (1) adaptation strategies in the areas of estate and (2) adaptation strategies in circular mobility. The purpose of adaptation strategies they do is attempt to struggle to survive and raise living standards.This study uses qualitative research using ethnographic methods. Data collection techniques using observation, interview and documentation. Analysis of data using qualitative data model of Miles and Huberman. The study was conducted in the Loklahung village Loksado district Hulu sungai Selatan. The Loklahung village has four halls (village/cluster houses) are: Malaris, Loa Panggang, Manakili and Manutui. More studies are centered on the Malaris village.The results can be concluded that the adaptation strategies plantations, rubber people occupy an important position in the economy of swidden farmers business: that meet the needs of market goods, while shifting meet the basic needs of its life. Adaptation strategies in circular mobility they do because of the amount to the ever increasing population, land increasingly narrow and there is some land in the Malaris  village could not be planted because infertile.Suggestions from this study are (1) need to enrich and increase the repertoire of knowledge to the development of theories of sociology and anthropology and a source of learning for teaching social studies at the school, and (2) need for a variety of knowledge and skills in the development of new business opportunities.Kata Kunci:  Strategi Adaptasi, Perkebunan, Mobilitas Sirkuler

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN PUPUK ORGANIK DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG TELUR UNTUK LAHAN PERTANIAN MELALUI PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Sarah Dampang ◽  
Vita Efelina ◽  
Riza Ibnu Adam ◽  
Reni Rahmadewi ◽  
Endah Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Community Knowledge ◽  
Village Community ◽  
The Village ◽  
Eggshell Waste ◽  
Land Community

ABSTRAKPenanggulangan limbah yang dimanfaatkan dari segi pengetahuan masyarakat dapat dikatakan masih minim, terutama masyarakat desa. Seperti yang diketahui, ketika limbah yang dinyatakan sudah tidak terpakai namun ketika di daur ulang dapat mengurangi jumlah sampah secara signifikan. Desa Kutamekar yang terletak di Kecamatan Ciampel - Kabupaten Karawang terbilang cukup banyak menjadi produsen dan konsumen telur. Sehingga hal ini cepat lambat akan menumpuknya limbah cangkang telur di lingkungan sekitar permukiman. Maka melalui Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini, bertujuan untuk melakukan sosialisasi, edukasi dan implementasi dalam pemanfaatan pupuk organik dari limbah cangkang telur untuk lahan pertanian. Materi Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat berupa membandingkan hasil dari CaCO3 dari Cangkang Telur dan CaCO3 Komersil, didapatkan hasilnya yang tidak terlalu jauh. Namun berdasarkan hasil uji laboratorium yang dilakukan terdapat banyak di Cangkang Telur. Maka sebagai bentuk implementasi pemberian pupuk dilakukan terhadap tanaman pakcoy. Dari hal ini dilakukan pengamatan setiap minggu sekali yang dilakukan di hari minggu selama 1 bulan. Sebagai kesimpulan dilakukan penyebaran kuesioner terhadap masyarakat guna mengetahaui seberapa jauh materi yang telah dilaksanakan. Kata kunci: cangkang telur; pupuk organik; CaCO3. ABSTRACTWaste management that is utilized in terms of community knowledge can be said to be still minimal, especially the village community. As is known, when the waste is declared unused but when recycled can reduce the amount of waste significantly. Kutamekar Village located in Ciampel District - Karawang Regency is quite a lot to be a producer and consumer of eggs. So this will quickly accumulate eggshell waste in the environment around the settlement. So through this Community Service, it aims to socialize, educate and implement in the utilization of organic fertilizers from eggshell waste for agricultural land. Community Service Material in the form of comparing the results of CaCO3 from EggShells and Commercial CaCO3, obtained results that are not too far away. But based on the results of laboratory tests conducted there are many in the eggshell. So as a form of implementation of fertilizer delivery is carried out on pakcoy plants. From this is done observations every week that is done on sundays for 1 months. In conclusion, the dissemination of questionnaires to the community to determine how far the material has been implemented. Keywords: eggshell; organic fertilizers; CaCO3. 

Perlyna as a new strawberry (Fragaria ananassa L.) cultivar for the berries con-sumption as fresh and for freezing

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
V.V. Pavliuk ◽  
◽  
N.S. Kovalchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
State Register ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Strain Testing ◽  
The One ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
State Registration

Strawberry is the most spreaded small fruit crop in many countries. In Ukraine sn 2018 this crop total area was 8.3 thus. ha, among them 7.9 thus. ha fruit-bearing in all the categories of farms. The gross berries output was 62.3 thus. tons, the average yield being 7.7 t/ha. The Dutch bank «Rаdobank» carried out in April of 2016 the researches on the small fruit production in Europe and revealed that strawberry even now is the most popular small fruit crop. The strawberry Ukrainian and foreign cvs and elite forms were studied applying the methods of the primary strain inves-tigation and state strain testing in the small fruit patches planted in2012-2016 under the field conditions of the Northern part of the Ukraine’s Lisosteppe, namely: at the Institute of Horticulture NAAS of Ukraine. The varieties – standards were the Ukrainian Hercules, English Elegance, Dutch Elsanta and Italian Alba. As a result the new middle-ripening Ukraini-an cultivar Perlyna was selected as the best according to its signs. Perlyna was obtained by means of the intervarietal hybridization (cvs Present and Elsanta) sn 2004. The authors are V.V. Pavliuk, K. M. Kopan, V. H. Kopan. The berries ripe 2-3 days later than ’Elsanta’ and 2-3 days earlier than and ’Polka’. The bushes are high and vigour, not branchy, with firm high floriferous shoots and dark-green hardish leaves. Resistance to the leaves diseases is high. The berries are high marketable and large (the mass of average is 15 g, maximum 35 g), prolonged broad-conic, being ripe fully dark-red brilliant. The flesh is dense red aromatic of kind sour-sweet taste, in accordance with the multi-year data it contains 7.5 % of dry substances, 3.5 % of sugars, 0.95-1.0 % of organic acids as well as 0.440 mg of pectine substances and 45 mg of vitamin ’C ’ per 100 g of . Under the sufficient humid content the berries size exceeds that of ’Prysviata ’, ’Zenga Zengana’ and ’Polka ’. The yield is higher (18-20 t/ha) than that of the varieties ’Elsanta ’and ’Present ’ under the one-row planting ( 0.8x0.25 m). The cultivar is winter-hardy and drought- resistant. ’Perlyna’ is entered into the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Dissemination in Ukraine. Certificate 181079 on the State Registration of the Plant Cultivar (December 4, 2018). Patent 190373 on the Plant Cultivar (April 12.2019).

A new Fly of the genus Agromyza from Egypt

1911 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-80
Author(s):  
James E. Collin
Keyword(s):  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Dark Green

Belonging to the reptans group; thorax dark dove-grey with a faint greenish tinge; abdomen dark green, shining; legs entirely black; wings hyaline, iridescent, with pale veins, squama whitish with white fringes, halteres pale yellow with a darkened stem.

A newly isolated fungus participates in the corrosion of concrete sewer pipes

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cho Kyeoung-Suk ◽  
Tadahiro Mori
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Sewer Pipes ◽  
Thiobacillus Thiooxidans ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
The Media ◽  
Dark Green

The final microflora in the corrosion process of concrete sewer pipes was investigated. When the corroded sample was examined using several media, bacterial colonies were found only on acid media (pH 2.5); fungi were detected on neutral solid media (pH 6.5) as well as on acid media (pH 2.5). The acidophilic bacterial colonies were identified as Thiobacillus thiooxidans using a specific identification method for species of acidophilic thiobacilli. The dark green fungi that appeared on the isolation media showed similar morphological characteristics, even though the media used for isolation varied in pH and nutrient. The fungi showed tolerance against acid, although the optimum pH for their growth was neutral. The results showed that the severely corroded sewer pipe was inhabited by two kinds of microorganisms, Thiobacillus thiooxidans and the fungi. An isolated fungus, strain OMSOfl, could oxidize sulfide to thiosulfate. Thiosulfate can be utilized by T. thiooxidans as an energy source, and is converted to corrosive sulfate. Continued vigorous growth of T. thiooxidans presumably depends on a mutualistic relationship with the fungus. It is proposed that a close association between the two microorganisms accelerates the corrosion of concrete sewer pipes.

Changes in Composition of Birch Outer Bark Extractives After Recrystallization with C2-C5 Alkanols

2020 ◽  
Vol 850 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Raimonds Makars ◽  
Aigars Paze ◽  
Janis Rizikovs ◽  
Rudolfs Berzins ◽  
Daniela Godiņa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Solvent Loss ◽  
Solvent Solvent

The effects on birch outer bark (BOB) ethanolic extractives’ chemical composition after recrystallization with C2–C5 alkanols were studied in this paper. Ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 1-pentanol were used as solvents. The solubility of BOB extractives at the solvents boiling point was determined empirically. It was found that, with an increase of the boiling point of the solvents, the solubility of the extractives increased, reaching up to 486 g/L in 1pentanol at 142.2 °C. Recrystallization yields reached up to 67 wt% using 2-butanol and the purity of betulin up to 96 wt% using 2‐propanol as a solvent. Considering the yield of recrystallization, betulin content, boiling point of the solvent, solvent loss, toxicity and eco-friendliness of the solvent, ethanol was chosen to be the most suitable solvent for industrial scale purification of betulin in the BOB extractives. Using only one recrystallization step the content of betulin was increased by 20% — from 75 to 95 wt% and the yield of recrystallization was 32.1 g per liter of solvent.

Observations on the Migration of Larvae of Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 957-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Smirnoff
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Current Growth ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Large Clusters

In the course of studies on Neodiprion swainei Midd. carried out in 1958 and 1959 in the region of Lake St. John, Que., mass migrations of Neodiprion swainei Midd. were observed. This paper gives a brief description of this phenomenon, which has never been reported heretofore, and discusses some of its implications.On hatching from the eggs which are laid on the needles of the current growth of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., N. swainei larvae crawl to the old foliage where they feed in colonies of 40 to 70 individuals. At times, when larval populations become so great that all the foliage is destroyed, mass migration begins. The larvae gather in large clusters at the top of the tree where they remain for two or three days. At this time some of the larvae moult. The larvae then abandon the tree by crawling down the tnink or by dropping to the ground. They then creep on the ground, up and down stumps, in search of jack-pine trees with foliage. The migrating larvae are pale yellow in colonr, probably as a result of their starved condition, and large nutnbers perish before they can become established on proper food. Those that manage to reach new food supplies quickly recover their original dark-green pigmentation.

scholarly journals First Report of Botryosphaeria iberica Associated with Dieback and Tree Mortality of Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) in Algeria

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 1073-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Azouaoui-Idjer ◽  
G. Della Rocca ◽  
A. Pecchioli ◽  
Z. Bouznad ◽  
R. Danti
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Weakly Virulent ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Canker Development ◽  
Stem Cankers

Stem cankers and branches showing bark discoloration, fissuring, resin exudation leading to dieback, crown wilting, and tree mortality have been observed since late spring 2008 on 40-year-old Cupressus macrocarpa (Hartw.) trees planted in forests mixed with Juniperus oxycedrus L. and Acer monspessulanum L. in Taffet, near Ain Abbessa, in the district of Bougaa, Algeria (36°18′57″N; 05°06′33″E; 1,400 m elevation). In 2010, approximately 60% of the C. macrocarpa trees were diseased. For fungal isolations, cankered branches were surface sterilized with ethanol. After removal of the outer bark, fragments of necrotic inner bark taken from the margin of cankers were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Most of the colonies were identified as Botryosphaeria iberica (Phillips, Luque & Alves) based on comparison of morphological traits and DNA sequences with known isolates of the fungus (1). Pestalotiopsis funerea colonies were also obtained, although with less frequency. B. iberica colonies on PDA were dark green with aerial mycelium and optimum growth at 25°C. Pycnidia were produced after 3 weeks of incubation at 20°C under a 12-h near UV light photoperiod on water agar amended with autoclaved cypress seeds. Conidia were brown, one-septate, oval to oblong, and 24.2 (20.1 to 27.4) × 11.2 μm (8.8 to 14.1) (n= 50). An isolate was deposited at the Centralbureau voor Schimmelculture as CBS 130984. DNA was extracted from freeze-dried mycelium and amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4. The amplified DNA sequence of B. iberica isolate CBS 130984 from Algeria (GenBank Accession No. JN836991) showed 100% homology with sequences of B. iberica isolates obtained from dead and cankered bark of oaks from Spain and Italy (GenBank Accession Nos. AY573216, AY573214, AY573213, AY573210, AY573202, and AY573201). Stem inoculations were performed in the greenhouse on 10 4-year-old, grafted plants of C. macrocarpa growing in 5-liter pots using isolate CBS 130984. A 3-mm plug taken from the margin of a colony grown on PDA for 1 week was inserted in a circular wound of the same size made in the bark with a cork borer where the stem diameter was approximately 1 cm. Inoculations were repeated in June 2010 and June 2011. Five months after inoculations, small rounded to elongated lesions (1.0 to 2.5 cm long), sometimes with resin exuding cracks, were visible on all inoculated stems. Control trees, inoculated with sterile PDA plugs, showed no canker development. B. iberica was successfully reisolated from the necrotic bark surrounding the inoculation sites. No significant differences in canker size were observed between the two replicated experiments. Some Botryosphaeria species that are found on a variety of hosts are also known to cause cankers and dieback of cypress; among these are B. stewensii, B. obtusa, B. dothidea, and B. ribis, often acting as weak pathogens (2,3). Considered weakly virulent in causing dieback of grapevine (4) and, to our knowledge, reported here for the first time on Cupressaceae, B. iberica caused cankers and dieback of C. macrocarpa trees that had probably been weakened by repeated drought events occurring in Algeria during the last 10 years. References: (1) A. Phillips et al. Mycologia 97:513, 2005. (2) E. Punithalingam and J. M. Waller. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria 40, Sheet 394, 1973; (3) E. Punithalingam and P. Holliday. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. 40, Sheet 395, 1973; (4) R. Úrbez-Torres et al. Plant Dis. 93:584, 2009.

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