Electroacupuncture altered expression of microRNAs in Stat5 knockout obese mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 096452842110563
Author(s):  
Hao Hong ◽  
Hou-Xi Xu ◽  
Jian-Zhong Meng ◽  
Bing-Mei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
White Fat

Background: Increasing evidence shows that miRNAs contribute to the establishment and development of obesity by affecting many biological and pathological processes, such as adipocyte differentiation, hepatic lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and neurological regulation of obesity. As a clinical intervention approach, acupuncture has been shown to be effective in the treatment of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Our previous whole genome study in central nervous system (CNS)-specific Stat5 knockout (KNO) obese mice found that electroacupuncture (EA) could reduce body weight and promote white browning. Objective: To clarify the effect of EA on miRNAs and understand how it regulates gene expression. Methods: Twelve-week-old male Stat5NKO mice with body weight 20% greater than that of Stat5fl/fl (control) mice were divided into a Stat5NKO (model) group and EA-treated Stat5NKO + EA group. A cohort of Stat5fl/fl mice of the same age were included as the control group. EA was administered under isoflurane anesthesia at unilateral ST36 and ST44 daily (left and right sides were treated every other day), 6 times per week for a total of 4 weeks. The miRNA profile was generated and miRNA regulatory networks were analyzed in the Stat5 nestin-cre mice before and after EA treatment. Autophagy-related proteins in adipocytes were detected after over-expression of miR27a. Results: EA altered abnormal miRNA expression, including miRNA27a expression, and reduced the autophagy-related proteins ATG5 and ATG12. Conclusion: We found that EA could regulate miRNA27a-mediated autophagy-related proteins and promote white fat browning, which may contribute to weight loss. To our knowledge, this is the first report of miRNAs potentially driving the effect of EA on white fat browning through the autophagy process.

scholarly journals Inhibition study of proinflammatory factor with ethanolic extract of propolis on innate immunity from diabetes mellitus mice model

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Pristiwanto ◽  
Sutiman B. Sumitro ◽  
Muhammad S. Djati ◽  
Aris Soewondo ◽  
Hideo Tsuboi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Innate Immunity Cells ◽  
Proinflammatory Factor ◽  
Ethanolic Extract Of Propolis

Health becomes an important topic today. One current problem was how to treat the effects of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Thus, this study used an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), to test their ability as the supplement in the diabetes treatment to reduce inflammation, through proinflammatory factor response, especially nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The streptozotocin- induced diabetes mellitus (SID) mice model was used, and expression of an proinflammatory factor was analyzed in their innate immunity cells with 3 doses of EEP, i.e. 50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Treatment of EEP in SID with three doses treatment decrease the number of macrophages with NF-κB expression significantly with DM control group. The results of B cells with NF-κB expression showed that EEP treatment in SID could decrease in dose 1 and dose 3, but not in dose 2. Proinflammatory cytokines expression of macrophage, especially Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ, with EEP treatment in SID could decrease in three doses. This study suggests that EEP could reduce inflammation by inhibiting the development of NF-κB in innate immunity cells.

scholarly journals The Protective Effects of Acer okamotoanum and Isoquercitrin on Obesity and Amyloidosis in a Mouse Model

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1353
Author(s):  
Ji Hyun Kim ◽  
Sanghyun Lee ◽  
Eun Ju Cho
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Acer Okamotoanum ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
The Brain

Obesity increases risk of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). A high fat diet (HFD) can lead to amyloidosis and amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, which are hallmarks of AD. In this study, protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of Acer okamotoanum (EAO) and isoquercitrin were evaluated on obesity and amyloidosis in the HFD- and Aβ-induced mouse model. To induce obesity and AD by HFD and Aβ, mice were provided with HFD for 10 weeks and were intracerebroventricularly injected with Aβ25–35. For four weeks, 100 and 10 mg/kg/day of EAO and isoquercitrin, respectively, were administered orally. Administration of EAO and isoquercitrin significantly decreased body weight in HFD and Aβ-injected mice. Additionally, EAO- and isoquercitrin-administered groups attenuated abnormal adipokines release via a decrease in leptin and an increase in adiponectin levels compared with the control group. Furthermore, HFD and Aβ-injected mice had damaged liver tissues, but EAO- and isoquercitrin-administered groups attenuated liver damage. Moreover, administration of EAO and isoquercitrin groups down-regulated amyloidosis-related proteins in the brain such as β-secretase, presenilin (PS)-1 and PS-2 compared with HFD and Aβ-injected mice. This study indicated that EAO and isoquercitrin attenuated HFD and Aβ-induced obesity and amyloidosis, suggesting that they could be effective in preventing and treating both obesity and AD.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CORK FISH (Channa Striatus) AND EGG WHITE SNACK TO IMPROVE BLOOD ALBUMIN LEVEL AND BODY WEIGHT IN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
Tri Marta Fadhilah ◽  
Elfira Maya Sari
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Egg White ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
A Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blood Albumin

Background: The tuberculosis morbidity rate in Bekasi area based on data from the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Health has reached 101 people per 100,000 population in 2012. Indonesia’s Ministry of Health showed that tuberculosis patients have less economic status poor nutritional status. Patients with tuberculosis need foods that contain lots of protein and albumin such as cork fish and chicken egg white without yolk to speed up the repair of cells and tissues damaged by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacteria. Objective: The study was conducted to determine the increase in blood albumin levels and body weight in patients with tuberculosis by giving cork fish and egg white snacks. Methods: Analysis of the data used was a paired t-test for increases in blood albumin levels and bodyweight of the treatment group before and after giving snacks and an unpaired t-test for increases in blood albumin levels and bodyweight of tuberculosis patients between the treatment and the control group. Results: The study showed the most characteristics of tuberculosis patients ismale, age range 26-30 years, elementary-junior high school education level, labor work, income <Rp. 1,500,000,00, and the number of dependents of families consist of 4-6 people. Data analysis of blood albumin levels in the control group was significantly different from the treatment group before and after with a value of P = 0.002 which means that there was an increase in blood albumin levels and in the results of weight gain the control group was significantly different from the treatment groups before and after with a value of P = 0.004 means there is a significant increase in body weight for 15 days after being given  snack. Conclusion: There was an increase in blood albumin levels and body weight in patients with tuberculosis after treatment for 15 days.

scholarly journals PEX-168 Improves Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Response and Adipokines in Simple Obese Mice and Explore the Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Zeyuan ◽  
Wu Yuting ◽  
Sun Xiaofang
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract Background: Polyethylene glycxol losenatide（PEX-168）is a new anti-diabetic drug and there are no reports on its weight loss effects，so we designed this trial to investigate the effect of PEX-168 on simple obese mice. Methods: Thirty healthy C57BL/6 male mice were randomly selected and divided into a blank control group (NC, n=6) and an obesity model group (n=24), the high-fat diet-induced simple obesity mice were divided into a model control group (HF) and three different doses of PEX-168 intervention groups of low (LD), medium (MD) and high (HD) (the doses of PEX-168 were 0.03 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg), 6 animals in each group. The intervention groups were injected with different doses of PEX-168 intraperitoneally once a week for 12 weeks, and fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight and food intake were measured from 1 to 12 weeks after the injection, and the activity of mice was observed, and serum insulin (INS), CRP, chemerin and omentin levels were measured after 12 weeks. Results: Compared with the HF group, the low dose of PEX-168 could reduce the body weight of mice in a short period of time (8 weeks), and the mice in the LD and HD groups had a significant decrease in body weight (P < 0.05)；the low dose of PEX-168 could effectively improve the blood glucose and Homa-IR of mice (FBG P < 0.05 INS, IR P < 0.001), but there was no statistical difference between different doses (P > 0.05)；CRP levels in HD and LD groups were significantly improved(P < 0.05)，the levels of serum chemerin and omentin in intervention groups were significantly improved (P < 0.01), but there was no statistical difference between the different doses (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Continuous 12W administration of PEX-168 significantly reduced body weight in simple obese mice, thereby improving inflammatory status, improving insulin resistance, reducing serum chemerin level and increasing serum omentin level, inhibiting the development of diabetes. PEX-168 may regulate the expression of chemerin and omentin mainly through its hypoglycemic effect.

scholarly journals Circulating Extracellular MicroRNAs in Blood and Saliva Are a New Source of Biomarkers in the Assessment of Health Effects of Traditional Korean Diet (P15-003-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Woon Choi ◽  
Myung-Sunny Kim ◽  
Dae Young Kwon ◽  
Hae-Jeung Lee ◽  
Seon-Joo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Effects ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Objectives Over the past decades current Korean diet has been rapidly modified to the Western style, which might be responsible for the increased risk of metabolic diseases in Korea, whereas the traditional Korean diet (K-diet) has been reported as metabolically and epigenetically healthy diet. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that affect posttranscriptional regulation and circulating miRs have been regarded as next generation biomarkers of many health conditions. We therefore determined whether extracellular miRs can be useful biomarkers to determine the health effects of K-diet. Methods Ten obese perimenopausal women were recruited and randomly divided into either K-diet group (n = 5) or control diet (a Westernized Korean diet) group (n = 5). Subjects were housed in a metabolic unit like condition for 2 weeks of dietary intervention. Blood and saliva samples were collected before and after the intervention and circulating miRs were extracted using Qiagen miRNeasy kit. After 84 circulating miRs were detected with miScript miRNA PCR Array, miRs with statistical significance were validated with individual RT-PCRs. Results In the K-diet group significantly down-regulated plasma miRs were hsa-miR126-3p, hsa-miR18a-5p, hsa-miR19b-3p, hsa-miR107, hsa-miR148a-3p, hsa-miR26b-5p, hsa-miR374a-5p and hsa-miR26a-5p, which are known to be associated with type 1 or 2 diabetes or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Among them hsa-miR126-3p (P = 0.0158) and hsa-miR26a-5p (P = 0.0348) were validated by RT-PCR. In the control group plasma hsa-miR25-3p was down-regulated and hsa-miR-148a-3p was up-regulated. Only hsa-miR-25-3p (P = 0.0407), which is known to be associated with cardiovascular disease, was validated. In the K diet group 5 saliva miRs, hsa-miR-92-3p , hsa-miR-17-3p, hsa-miR-25b-3p, hsa-miR-122a-5p and hsa-miR-193a-5p, were significantly down-regulated by the array, while only hsa-miR-92-3p (P = 0.0381) and hsa-miR-122a-5p (P = 0.0242) were validated by RT-PCR. In the control group 3 saliva miRs (hsa-miR-25-3p, hsa-miR-31-5p and hsa-miR-200a-3p) showed significantly altered expression by the array but not by RT-PCR. Conclusions Circulating miRs can be a new source of biomarkers to determine the health effects of K-diet. Funding Sources Korea Food Research Institute.

scholarly journals Influence of Long-Term Fasting on Blood Redox Status in Humans

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Wilhelmi de Toledo ◽  
Franziska Grundler ◽  
Nikolaos Goutzourelas ◽  
Fotios Tekos ◽  
Eleni Vassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Before And After

Fasting is increasingly practiced to improve health and general well-being, as well as for its cytoprotective effects. Changes in blood redox status, linked to the development of a variety of metabolic diseases, have been recently documented during calorie restriction and intermittent fasting, but not with long-term fasting (LF). We investigated some parameters of the blood redox profile in 109 subjects before and after a 10-day fasting period. Fasting resulted in a significant reduction in body weight, improved well-being and had a beneficial modulating effect on blood lipids and glucose regulation. We observed that fasting decreased lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in plasma, concomitant with a uric acid elevation, known to be associated with fasting and did not cause gout attacks. Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase in erythrocytes did not show significant changes. In addition, reduction in body weight, waist circumference, and glucose levels were associated to a reduced lipid peroxidation. Similar results were obtained by grouping subjects on the basis of the changes in their GSH levels, showing that a period of 10 days fasting improves blood redox status regardless of GSH status in the blood.

scholarly journals Penerapan Pijat Bayi Terhadap Peningkatan Berat Badan Bayi Usia 1-3 Bulan : Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1977-1983
Author(s):  
Runi Karin Majid ◽  
Aida Rusmariana
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Massage Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Experimental Group

AbstractBaby massage is one of the oldest and most popular types of stimulation or touch therapy that is has been practiced for a long time almost all over the world, including in Indonesia for generations. Baby massage has many benefits if done regularly, one of which can increase body weight. The purpose of this study was to know the weight of babies aged 1-3 months before and after being given baby massage. The method was a literature review of three research articles from Google Sholar used keywords including baby massage, weight gain, infants aged 1-3 months and articles published in the last 10 years. The results of the literarture review of three articles in the experimental group, before being given baby massage, was the median value of 4,592 grams and the minimum-maximum value of 3,533-5,933 grams. The control group had a median value of 4,258 grams and a minimum-maximum value of 3,533-5,200 grams. The experimental group after being given baby massage had a median value of 5,717 grams and a minimum-maximum value of 4,433-6,900 grams. While the control group had a median value of 4,767 grams and a minimum-maximum value of 3,967-5,633 grams. The conclusion of the literature review from these three articles is that baby massage has an effect on increasing body weight in infants aged 1-3 months. The results of the three articles that had been reviewed are babies who get massage therapy had a higher weight gain compared to babies who do not get massage therapy. It is suggested for nurses to be able to apply and provide education to parents to do baby massage in order to overcome the problem of baby growth and development especially the problem of baby massage.Keywords: Infants aged 1-3 months, Baby massage, Eigh gain AbstrakPijat bayi merupakan salah satu jenis stimulasi atau terapi sentuhan tertua dan terpopuler yang sudah lama dilakukan hampir di seluruh dunia termasuk di Indonesia secara turun temurun. Pijat bayi yang dilakukan secara rutin akan memberikan banyak manfaat yaitu salah satunya dapat meningkatkan berat badan. Tujuan dari penulisan ini yaitu untuk mengetahui berat badan bayi usia 1-3 bulan sebelum dan sesudah diberikan pijat bayi. Metode penulisan menggunakan literature review dari tiga artikel penelitian yang didapatkan dari google scholar dengan kata kunci pijat bayi, peningkatan berat badan dan bayi usia 1-3 bulan dan minimal terbit 10 tahun terakhir. Hasil dari literature review ketiga artikel ilmiah sebelum diberikan pijat bayi pada kelompok eksperimen memiliki nilai median 4.592 gram dan nilai minimum-maksimum 3.533-5.933 gram. Pada kelompok kontrol memiliki nilai median 4.258 gram dan nilai minimum-maksimum 3.533-5.200 gram. Sesudah diberikan pijat bayi pada kelompok eksperimen memiliki nilai median 5.717 gram dan nilai minimum-maksimum 4.433-6.900 gram. Sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol memiliki nilai median 4.767 gram dan nilai minimum-maksimum 3.967-5.633 gram. Simpulan literatur review dari ketiga artikel ilmiah yaitu pijat bayi sama-sama memiliki pengaruh untuk meningkatkan berat badan pada bayi usia 1-3 bulan. Hasil dari ketiga artikel ilmiah yang telah dilakukan literature review menunjukkan bahwa bayi yang mendapatkan pijat mengalami peningkatan berat badan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan bayi yang tidak mendapatkan terapi pijat. Saran bagi perawat untuk dapat menerapkan dan memberikan edukasi kepada orang tua untuk melakukan pijat bayi guna mengatasi masalah tumbuh kembang pada bayi terutama masalah berat badan bayi.Kata kunci: Bayi Usia 1-3 Bulan; Pijat bayi; Peningkatan Berat Badan

scholarly journals PEX-168 Improves Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Response and Adipokines in Simple Obese Mice: A Mechanistic Exploration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyuan Guo ◽  
Yuting Wu ◽  
Xiaofang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract Background：Polyethylene glycol losenatide (PEX-168) is a new antidiabetic drug; as such, there are not yet any reports on its weight loss effect. Therefore, this trial was designed to investigate the effect of PEX-168 on simple obese mice.Methods：Thirty healthy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly selected and divided into a control group (NC) and an obesity model group. The high-fat diet-induced simple obesity mice were divided into a model control group (HF) and three intervention groups. The intervention groups were injected with different doses of PEX-168 intraperitoneally once a week for 12 weeks (low (LD), medium (MD) and high (HD)). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight and food intake were measured from 1 to 12 weeks after PEX-168 injection. The serum insulin (INS), C-reactive protein (CRP), chemerin and omentin levels were measured after 12 weeks.Results：Compared with the HF group, the low dose of PEX-168 reduced the body weight of the mice in a short period of time (8 weeks), and the mice in the LDand HD groups showed a significant decrease in body weight (P < 0.05). The low dose of PEX-168 could effectively improve the blood glucose and insulin resistance index (Homa-IR) of the mice (FBG P < 0.05 INS, Homa-IR P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between different doses (P > 0.05). CRP levels in the HD and LD groups were significantly improved (P < 0.05). The levels of serum chemerin and omentin in the intervention groups were also significantly improved (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the different doses (P > 0.05).Conclusion：PEX-168 significantly reduced the body weight of simple obese mice and prevented the development of diabetes. PEX-168 may regulate the expression of chemerin and omentin mainly through its hypoglycaemic effect, and the weight-reducing effect of PEX-168 is unlikely to be the reason for the changes in both.

scholarly journals The Effect of Papaya (Carica papaya) Juice on Body Weights of The Municipal Police Officers in Ternate (Polres Ternate)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nizmawaty Amra ◽  
Juhartini
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Group Intervention ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Municipal Police ◽  
And Control

Background: Overweight and obesity issue occur in Municipal Police Officers in Ternate (Polres Ternate). A pilot study has been done in Polres Ternate and found that there were 70 cases of overweight Police Officers. According to the attending health care profession, the treatment of those overweight cases had been done through exercise but without diet management. This is an experimental study with pre- and post-test in both control and intervention group. Population in this study was 70 Overweight Municipal Police Officers in Ternate (Polres Ternate). The sample size in this study was 30 respondents which were were randomly selected and divided into 15 in each of intervention and control group. Intervention group was given papaya juice while control group was given placebo for 60 days. The results show that there was significant different body weight between before and after intervention in intervention group but there was non-significant different body weight between before and after intervention in control group. There was non-significant different body weight between intervention group and control group after intervention. Body weight loss happened in intervention group which caused by papaya juice administration together with the education and motivation of the respondents. Nevertheless, there was no significant different between intervention group and control group after intervention.

scholarly journals Porang flour with and without soaking of keji beling extract increased ureum level on toxicity test

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Ratna Dwi Astuti ◽  
Agus Prastowo ◽  
Veriani Aprilia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Female Wistar Rats

<p><strong>Background</strong>: The porang tuber (<em>Amorphophallus oncophyllus</em>) is a functional food containing glucomannan that has many advantages in health. However, porang flour can not be consumed, because the high content of calcium oxalate that have the risk on kidney disease. It can be reduced by physical or chemical treatment. Keji beling (<em>Strobilanthes crispa </em>L. Blume<em>)</em> has been proved for its function in dissolving the calcium oxalate, but its uses in decreasing of calcium oxalate has not been studied yet.</p><p><strong>Objectives</strong>: To evaluate the effect of porang flour on ureum levels of wistar rat blood in acute toxicity test.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: The research was experimental with pre and post without control group design. The samples were 20 female Wistar rats, aged 8-10 weeks with body weight of 100-180 grams. Rats were divided into 4 groups of treatment those were native porang with the dose of 2000, 5000 mg/kg of body weight, porang flour with soaking of extract at the dose 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of body weight. Porang was incorporated orally into the mouth of rats after 18 hours of adaptation. At the 24<sup>th</sup> and  72<sup>nd</sup> hours after treatment, the bloods were collected and analyzed for their ureum levels.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The statistical test showed that there was an effect of porang flour with and without soaking of keji beling extract before and after treatment on ureum level at the dose of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight, however there was no significant difference ureum level of the same dose at 24<sup>th</sup> or 72<sup>nd</sup> hours, except on the dose of 2000 mg / kg weight at the 72<sup>nd</sup> hour. Results of observation between the 24<sup>th</sup> hour compared to the 72<sup>nd</sup> hour showed that there was no significant difference of urea value (p&gt; 0.05). Increased levels of ureum was influenced by the calcium oxalate content contained in porang flour. In TPM, ureum level was higher than that in TPK.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong> : The increase in urea levels was still in normal range, therefore porang flour is still safe for consumption.</p><div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>KEYWORDS</strong>: acute toxicity, porang flour, urea, keji beling</p></div>

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