Measuring the tensile strength of caked sugar produced from humidity cycling

2003 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Leaper ◽  
R J Berry ◽  
M S A Bradley ◽  
I Bridle ◽  
A R Reed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Temperature Cycling ◽  
A Value ◽  
Tensile Tester ◽  
Cent Relative Humidity ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gas Bearing

The aim of this study was to develop moisture migration modelling in stored sugar due to the temperature cycling of the storage environment. This was done by forming cake of sugar in a gas-bearing tensile tester. The sugar and tester were enclosed in a controlled humidity system and the relative humidity was cycled between four hours at 70 per cent relative humidity and four hours at 20 per cent relative humidity. Liquid bridges formed between the sugar particles at high relative humidity, with the bridges hardening subsequently when the humidity was reduced. It was found that the relationship between the tensile strength and number of cycles could be approximated by the relationship σT = K √ N and the agglomerate tensile strength was in the order of 150Pa after 32 cycles. This suggests a soft cake rather than hard cakes with a tensile strength of twice this order of magnitude, which are formed, for example, in salt. A value of 1300kPa was obtained for the parameter representing the average strength of the bridge material in a simplified model of monosized spheres linked by pendular bridges in a system of uniform packing.

In Situ Formation of Poly(ethylene naphthalate) Microfibres in Polyethylene and Polypropylene during Extrusion

2007 ◽  
Vol 334-335 ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ka Lok Leung ◽  
Allan J. Easteal ◽  
Debes Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Polyolefin Blends ◽  
Extrusion Die ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fibre Morphology

Tensile properties and morphology of poly(ethylene naphthalate)/polyolefin blends and the relationship with the extrusion die size were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs of the blends reveal that the fibre morphology is developed during extrusion through the die. Skin-core morphology has been observed. As die diameter decreases, a droplet-to-fibre transition in morphology increases tensile strength and stiffness. After microfibrillization, up to 100% increase in the tensile stiffness was observed and the tensile strength could increase by one order of magnitude.

EL NINO RELATED CLIMATE AND DENGUE FEVER CASES IN JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
MASROOR ALI KHAN ◽  
KHALID AL GHAMDI ◽  
JAZEM A. MEHYOUB ◽  
RAKHSHAN KHAN
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Mosquito Abundance ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
The Relationship

The focus of this study is to find the relationship between El Nino and dengue fever cases in the study area.Mosquito density was recorded with the help of light traps and through aspirators collection. Climate data were obtained from National Meteorology and Environment centre. (Year wise El Nino and La Nina data are according to NOAA & Golden Gate Weather Services). Statistical methods were used to establish the correlation coefficient between different factors. A high significant relationship was observed between Relative Humidity and Dengue fever cases, but Aedes abundance had no significant relationship with either Relative humidity and Temperature. Our conclusion is that the El Nino does not affect the dengue transmission and Aedes mosquito abundance in this region, which is supported by earlier works.

Pound Wise and Penny Foolish? Weight Loss and The Dynamics of Health Care Spending

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G Koch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Health Care Spending ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Dynamic Measures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Current estimates of obesity costs ignore the impact of future weight loss and gain, and may either over or underestimate economic consequences of weight loss. In light of this, I construct static and dynamic measures of medical costs associated with body mass index (BMI), to be balanced against the cost of one-time interventions. This study finds that ignoring the implications of weight loss and gain over time overstates the medical-cost savings of such interventions by an order of magnitude. When the relationship between spending and age is allowed to vary, weight-loss attempts appear to be cost-effective starting and ending with middle age. Some interventions recently proven to decrease weight may also be cost-effective.

Relation Between Metacognitive Ability with Science Process Skills on Grade 8th Students in MTs Negeri 3 Parigi

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Moch. Munir ◽  
Amiruddin Kade ◽  
Muslimin Muslimin
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Process Skills ◽  
Science Process Skills ◽  
A Value ◽  
Regression Test ◽  
Feasibility Test ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Academic Year

This study aims to determine the relations between metacognitive to science process skills on grade VIII students MTs Negeri 3 Parigi. This research is descriptive, the approach used is a quantitative approach, manifested in the form of numbers analyzed by statistics and the results are described. The population is students of MTs Negeri 3 Parigi Academic Year 2017-2018 with a population of three classes, with a sample of 30 students. The instrument used is a metacognitive questionnaire consisting of 50 questions and an essay about science process skills 6 questions test. The result of the prerequisite test of the research result is all metacognitive indicators of normal and linear distributed and based on the regression feasibility test show that all data is feasible for regression test. The result of the regression test and test of determination to obtain a value which is not significant. Based on the results of the research analysis it can be concluded that the relationship of each metacognitive indicator to science process skills was not significant even there were metacognitive indicators that reverse direction significantly. The magnitude of the relationship of each metacognitive indicator with science process skills maximum 15.3%.  

scholarly journals Investigation of Deformation Inhomogeneity and Low-Cycle Fatigue of a Polycrystalline Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2673
Author(s):  
Mu-Hang Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Hong Shen ◽  
Lei He ◽  
Ke-Shi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Strain Tensor ◽  
Equivalent Strain ◽  
Differential Entropy ◽  
Strain Components ◽  
Deformation Inhomogeneity ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
The Relationship

Considering the relationship between inhomogeneous plastic deformation and fatigue damage, deformation inhomogeneity evolution and fatigue failure of superalloy GH4169 under temperature 500 °C and macro tension compression cyclic loading are studied, by using crystal plasticity calculation associated with polycrystalline representative Voronoi volume element (RVE). Different statistical standard deviation and differential entropy of meso strain are used to measure the inhomogeneity of deformation, and the relationship between the inhomogeneity and strain cycle is explored by cyclic numerical simulation. It is found from the research that the standard deviations of each component of the strain tensor at the cyclic peak increase monotonically with the cyclic loading, and they are similar to each other. The differential entropy of each component of the strain tensor also increases with the number of cycles, and the law is similar. On this basis, the critical values determined by statistical standard deviations of the strain components and the equivalent strain, and that by differential entropy of strain components, are, respectively, used as fatigue criteria, then predict the fatigue–life curves of the material. The predictions are verified with reference to the measured results, and their deviations are proved to be in a reasonable range.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Variation of the Burned Area and Its Relationship with Climatic Factors in Central Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Yongfang Xu ◽  
Zhaohui Lin ◽  
Chenglai Wu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Circulation Index ◽  
Precipitation Anomalies ◽  
The Relationship

Central Asia is prone to wildfires, but the relationship between wildfires and climatic factors in this area is still not clear. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation in wildfire activities across Central Asia during 1997–2016 in terms of the burned area (BA) was investigated with Global Fire Emission Database version 4s (GFED4s). The relationship between BA and climatic factors in the region was also analyzed. The results reveal that more than 90% of the BA across Central Asia is located in Kazakhstan. The peak BA occurs from June to September, and remarkable interannual variation in wildfire activities occurs in western central Kazakhstan (WCKZ). At the interannual scale, the BA is negatively correlated with precipitation (correlation coefficient r = −0.66), soil moisture (r = −0.68), and relative humidity (r = −0.65), while it is positively correlated with the frequency of hot days (r = 0.37) during the burning season (from June to September). Composite analysis suggests that the years in which the BA is higher are generally associated with positive geopotential height anomalies at 500 hPa over the WCKZ region, which lead to the strengthening of the downdraft at 500 hPa and the weakening of westerlies at 850 hPa over the region. The weakened westerlies suppress the transport of water vapor from the Atlantic Ocean to the WCKZ region, resulting in decreased precipitation, soil moisture, and relative humidity in the lower atmosphere over the WCKZ region; these conditions promote an increase in BA throughout the region. Moreover, the westerly circulation index is positively correlated (r = 0.53) with precipitation anomalies and negatively correlated (r = −0.37) with BA anomalies in the WCKZ region during the burning season, which further underscores that wildfires associated with atmospheric circulation systems are becoming an increasingly important component of the relationship between climate and wildfire.

scholarly journals Assigning a Value to Volunteering in Requests for Proposals

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110095
Author(s):  
Jakub Dostál
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
A Value ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volunteer Time

The economic value of volunteering is an increasingly important part of volunteering management. It has become part of public policies. Some requests for proposals (RFP) enable nonprofits to include the value of volunteer time in compulsory co-financing. These RFP include the European Economic Area (EEA) Grants and Norway Grants. This article addresses the relationship in the value of volunteering, also called in-kind volunteering contributions. The research includes two case studies of finances from EEA and Norway Grants in the Czech Republic: the Czech NGO Programme, responsible for allocating grants between 2009 and 2014, and the Active Citizens Fund, responsible for allocating grants between 2014 and 2021. They share elements through the EEA and Norway Grants rules. However, they use different types of specialist replacement wages. The article summarizes the arguments for including in-kind volunteering contributions. It presents the possible values of these contributions in the selected cases, including the relationship between the type of volunteering and the number of hours necessary to achieve these values. The article defines the theoretical basis for calculating the value of in-kind volunteer contributions and illustrates this with real examples of allocations from EEA and Norway Grants.

Characteristic properties of AlTiN and TiN coated HSS materials

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mumin Sahin ◽  
Cenk Misirli ◽  
Dervis Özkan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Content Type ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Future Work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine mechanical and metallurgical properties of AlTiN- and TiN-coates high-speed steel (HSS) materials in detail. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, HSS steel parts have been processed through machining and have been coated with AlTiN and TiN on physical vapour deposition workbench at approximately 6,500°C for 4 hours. Tensile strength, fatigue strength, hardness tests for AlTiN- and TiN-coated HSS samples have been performed; moreover, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis and microstructure analysis have been made by scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results have been compared with uncoated HSS components. Findings – It was found that tensile strength of TiAlN- and TiN-coated HSS parts is higher than that of uncoated HSS parts. Highest tensile strength has been obtained from TiN-coated HSS parts. Number of cycles for failure of TiAlN- and TiN-coated HSS parts is higher than that for HSS parts. Particularly TiN-coated HSS parts have the most valuable fatigue results. However, surface roughness of fatigue samples may cause notch effect. For this reason, surface roughness of coated HSS parts is compared with that of uncoated ones. While the average surface roughness (Ra) of the uncoated samples was in the range of 0.40 μm, that of the AlTiN- and TiN-coated samples was in the range of 0.60 and 0.80 μm, respectively. Research limitations/implications – It would be interesting to search different coatings for cutting tools. It could be the good idea for future work to concentrate on wear properties of tool materials. Practical implications – The detailed mechanical and metallurgical results can be used to assess the AlTiN and TiN coating applications in HSS materials. Originality/value – This paper provides information on mechanical and metallurgical behaviour of AlTiN- and TiN-coated HSS materials and offers practical help for researchers and scientists working in the coating area.

Medullary lateral tegmental field: control of respiratory rate and vagal lung inflation afferent influences on sympathetic nerve discharge

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (5) ◽  
pp. R1396-R1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun W. Phillips ◽  
Gerard L. Gebber ◽  
Susan M. Barman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Chemical Inactivation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nerve Discharge

We used spectral analysis and event-triggered averaging to determine the effects of chemical inactivation of the medullary lateral tegmental field (LTF) on 1) the relationship of intratracheal pressure (ITP, an index of vagal lung inflation afferent activity) to sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) and phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and 2) central respiratory rate in paralyzed, artificially ventilated dial-urethane-anesthetized cats. ITP-SND coherence value at the frequency of artificial ventilation was significantly ( P < 0.05; n = 18) reduced from 0.73 ± 0.04 (mean ± SE) to 0.24 ± 0.04 after bilateral microinjection of muscimol into the LTF. Central respiratory rate was unexpectedly increased in 12 of these experiments (0.28 ± 0.03 vs. 0.95 ± 0.25 Hz). The ITP-PNA coherence value was variably affected by chemical inactivation of the LTF. It was unchanged when central respiratory rate was also not altered, decreased when respiratory rate was increased above the rate of artificial ventilation, and increased when respiratory rate was raised from a value below the rate of artificial ventilation to the same frequency as the ventilator. Chemical inactivation of the LTF increased central respiratory rate in four of six vagotomized cats but did not significantly affect the PNA-SND coherence value. These data demonstrate that the LTF 1) plays a critical role in mediating the effects of vagal lung inflation afferents on SND but not PNA, 2) helps maintain central respiratory rate in the physiological range, but 3) is not involved in the coupling of central respiratory and sympathetic circuits.

Size Effect on Mechanical Properties of LVL

2014 ◽  
Vol 887-888 ◽  
pp. 824-829
Author(s):  
Qing Fang Lv ◽  
Ji Hong Qin ◽  
Ran Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Compression Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The Relationship

Laminated veneer lumber is taken as an object of study, and use LVL specimens of different sizes for compression test and tensile test. The goal of the experiment is to investigate the size effect on compressive strength and tensile strength as well as the influence of the secondary glued laminated face, which appears in the secondary molding processes. The results show that both compressive strength and tensile strength have the size effect apparently and the existence of the secondary glued laminated face lower the compressive strength of LVL specimens. Afterwards, the relationship between compressive strength and volume along with tensile strength and area are obtained by the test results.

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