scholarly journals STUDY OF RESULTS BETWEEN INITIAL AND FINAL SPECIFIC TESTS IN WOMEN WITH NORMAL PREGNANCY

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Ir. Nesheva
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Circulation Parameters ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Program Content

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to achieve a control model of basic functional indicators established by comparative analysis between the results of initial and final anthropometric and functional tests in women with normal pregnancy. METHODS: The research was done among 112 individuals, all Bulgarians, in the period 2015-2018, ages 21 to 31 years old. In order to fulfil the aim of the research we used: functional tests for assessing the effects of our original program build for the specific needs of pregnant women. The program content was branded under our family name: “Gym program for pregnant women Nesheva” and was validated in our doctoral thesis and then published in a book (under patent). RESULTS: During our original gymnastics program was registered data by specific tests and the analysis has shown that the average values (Mean ± SD) of the measured parameters, in the three periods of time (during the pregnancy) are statistically different (p <0.05), which is a natural process resulting from the changes taking place in the body of the woman with the progression of pregnancy. These values are interpreted as optimal prenatal weight gain, but probably gymnastics for pregnant women also favour the maintenance of normal values. Studied indicators are presented with the results of the Mean ± SD of the blood circulation parameters and the vital capacity of the pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: The results in our study are in support to establishing a system for collecting and processing information on the clinical status, general and functional characteristics of pregnant women is a reliable basis for validating standards for regulated inclusion in physical activity programs in normal pregnancy. Indicators of blood circulation and vital capacity in relative resting conditions of pregnant women when enrolled in the gymnastics program are within the limit of normal.

scholarly journals Concept and connotation of oxidative stress in preeclampsia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 276-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy ◽  
Ali I. Al-Gareeb ◽  
Thabat J. Al-Maiahy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Related Disorder

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia (PE) is a systemic pregnancy-related disorder characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and edema. Free radicals seem to play an important role in the induction of endothelial dysfunction in PE. AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO−), paraoxonase (PON-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lipid profile in preeclamptic patients compared to the women with normal pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 68 pregnant women were recruited. They were divided into two groups - Group A, 40 women were a newly diagnosed with PE and Group B, 28 women with normal pregnancy. Anthropometric measurements including body mass index and blood pressure in accordance with biochemical measurements including NO, ONOO−, PON-1, MDA, and lipid profile were done for preeclamptic pregnant women compared to the controls. RESULTS: Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia illustrated insignificant differences in the age (31.22±2.87) compared to the age of control P > 0.05. There were significant changes in the body mass index (BMI) , type of delivery and smoking status of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia compared to the control P < 0.05. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were high in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia compared to the control P < 0.01. PON-1 and NO serum levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) while ONOO− and MDA serum levels were significantly increased in PE compared to the women with normal pregnancy. Conclusions: This study concluded that PE is associated with the augmentation of oxidative stress and reduction of endogenous antioxidant capacity regarding PON-1.

scholarly journals The Effect of Diet Control on the Leptin Levels in Diabetic Pregnant Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muna KA ◽  
Mokhtar A ◽  
Saad MA ◽  
Ahmed AA ◽  
Akbar JB
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Complication ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Standard Normal ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
In Pregnancy

Introduction: Leptin is an adipokine that has strong correlation with the body mass index (BMI). Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common medical complication associated with pregnancy. Leptin may lose its correlation with the body mass index (BMI) during diabetes due to hormonal rearrangement. Diet control is the first line management in GDM. Leptin reported to increase in pregnancy and further increases in diabetic patients during GDM screening. There is paucity in the reports concerning Leptin levels in GDM patients on diet control. The present study was aimed to evaluate the changes in maternal leptin in pregnancy complicated by GDM on diet control compared to the normal pregnancy in the 3rd trimesters by comparing the means and to find the correlation of Leptin with the body mass index in both groups. Methods: The study included 2 groups: normal pregnancy (n = 40) and pregnancy with GDM under diet control (n = 60) both groups are at 38-40 weeks of gestation. Leptin concentration in serum was measured in both groups and statistically tested using student t test. The BMI were measured and correlated with the Leptin level in test groups. Results: the results indicated that Leptin will nearly triple in the third trimester (38±30 ng/ml) of pregnancy compared to the standard normal non-pregnant. Leptin level was significantly lower in diabetic women on diet control (28±16 ng/ ml) when compared with the non-diabetics (38±30 ng/ml). The hormone has no correlation with the age of the patients but have a positive correlation with the body mass index before and during pregnancy in both groups. Conclusion: Leptin is increasing in pregnancy as part of the physiological changes. Dieting can decrease Leptin level in diabetics’ pregnant women. Diet can restore the hormonal dysregulation of Leptin. Assessment of Leptin level might be used as an indicator for good diet control during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Renal Function Parameters During Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Widad A. Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Maternal Complications ◽  
History Of

Pre-eclampsia is a disease of pregnancy that affects many system in the body, characterized by elevated blood pressure with protein in urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy in pregnant women with no history of hypertension or proteinurea in previous pregnancy. The aim of the current study is to determine the renal function parameters as blood urea and serum creatinine levels in preeclamptic patients and to compare it with the normal pregnant women. This case-control study was conducted among the pregnant women visiting AL-Batool Maternity Teaching Hospital and AL-Khansa Hospital, Mosul, Iraq. Total 150 participants were evaluated out of which 75 were normotensive pregnant women (control group) and 75 were enrolled as preeclamptic group (study group). Serum creatinine and urea levels were measured using standard procedures. Results indicate a significant  rise in the mean  concentration of serum urea (4.72 ± 1.01 mmol/L vs. 2.48 ± 0.62 mmol/L), serum creatinine (88.8 ± 12.49 µmol / L vs. 56.61 ± 8.2 μmol/L), as compared to that of normotensive pregnant women( P < 0.0001). The findings of the present study are consistent with previous studies, suggesting increased level of serum creatinine and urea in preeclamptic group. Proper history tacking, examination and estimation of serum urea and creatinine may be helpful for management of pre–eclampsia in order to prevent fetal and maternal complications.   http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.104

scholarly journals A cross sectional study of liver function tests in normal pregnancy during third trimester: a treasure from the past

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1105
Author(s):  
Nirpaul Singh ◽  
Shagufta Yousuf ◽  
Showkat H. Tali
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Function Tests

Background: During pregnancy, a lot of changes do occur and affect every organ system in the body. Objective of the study was to find out expected variations, if any, in liver function tests (LFT) in normal pregnancy during the third trimester.Methods: A total of 75 women aged between 20 to 35 years were enrolled in the study of which 25 were non-pregnant women (control group) and 50 were pregnant women in their third trimester (study group).Results: In the study group, there were no changes in SGPT, serum albumen and serum globulin values in any of the subjects. However out of 50 subjects, a rise in serum alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated in as many as 44 (88%) subjects. In 10 (20%) subject Serum Bilirubin was high and in 6 (12%) subjects each a rise in SGOT and fall in Serum Proteins could be demonstrated.Conclusions: Except for a significant change in serum phosphatase levels, there is no significant variation in any of the liver function tests in third trimester of pregnancy.

scholarly journals The СYP24A gene expression the placental tissue during pregnancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Ekaterina S Shelepova ◽  
Olga A Freylikhman ◽  
Nikita R Riabokon ◽  
Daria A Zhebrun ◽  
Anna A Kostareva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Main Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leningrad Region

Aim. To study the nature of CYP24A1 gene expression in the placental tissue in women with different saturation of the body with vitamin D during normal pregnancy and preeclampsia.Materials and methods. Cohort retrospective and prospective study. There were examined 110 pregnant women in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad region, who took multivitamin complex containing 400 IU of vitamin D from 12 weeks of pregnancy. Time of inclusion is from September to June. All pregnant women were taken blood samples with the following determination of the level of 25-hydroxycalciferol, fragments of placental tissue with the following study of mRNA expression of CYP24A1 gene.Results. There were analyzed two groups of pregnant women. During the analysis of the saturation level of the body with vitamin D there were revealed the following things: the frequency of vitamin D deficiency in the main group was 69.6% in the group of comparison vitamin D deficiency was not found. The frequency of vitamin D insufficiency in the main group was 21.5% in the group of comparison – 18.5%. The frequency of the normal level of vitamin D in the main group was 8.9% in the group of comparison – 81.5%. Differences between the main group and the group of comparison are reliable (p < 0,0001). There revealed a statistically significant increase of the relative expression of mRNA of CYP24A1 gene in the placental tissue in women with preeclampsia (31,8 ± 20,6), in comparison with women with physiological pregnancy (11,2 ± 17,9) (p = 0.03)Conclusion. In women with preeclampsia low level of vitamin D in blood serum (less than 30 ng/ml) is 5 times more common, that is why insufficiency and deficiency of vitamin D in pregnant women can be attributed to risk factors for the development of preeclampsia. Expression of mRNA of CYP24A1 gene in placental tissue in patients with preeclampsia is three times higher in comparison with patients with a normal pregnancy. Thus, the increased expression of CYP24A1 gene in the placental tissue can be considered as one of the risk factors for the development of preeclampsia.

scholarly journals Basic principles of infusion therapy: fundamentals of fluid and electrolyte balance

2020 ◽  
pp. 196-198
Author(s):  
N.V. Maliutina
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infusion Therapy ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Circulation Parameters ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Polyatomic Alcohols

Background. Infusion therapy (IT) is a method of managing the functions of the organism by influencing purposefully the morphological composition and physiological properties of blood through parenteral administration of organic and inorganic solutions. The main feature of IT is that the drug completely enters the bloodstream. Objective. To describe the main characteristics of fluid and electrolyte balance and the IT principles. Materials and methods. Analysis of the literature sources on this topic. Results and discussion. Fluid comprises about 60 % of the human body (in children – 70-80 %, in adults – 60 %, in elderly – 50-55 %). Total fluid includes intracellular and extracellular. The latter, in turn, is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular. Water balance involves the balance of fluid entering the body and the fluid being excreted. The main sources of water are beverages and food, however, about 300 ml per day is formed endogenously during oxidation processes. The main ways of the fluid excretion are its excretion in urine and stool, and perspiration losses. To calculate the physiological need of water for an adult, the body weight should be multiplied by the coefficient of 30 (up to 65 years), 25 (65-75 years) or 20 (more than 75 years). IT should also take into account the pathological losses of water from fever, vomiting, diarrhea, the presence of large wounds or burns, as well as reduction of the need in water in renal or heart failure. Thus, physiological needs, fluid deficiency, fluid volume as a result of pathological loss should be added, and the oral rehydration subtracted from this sum to calculate IT volume. There are 3 degrees of dehydration severity: I degree – deficiency of 1-2 liters, thirst, oliguria; II degree – deficiency of 4-5 liters, thirst, oliguria, dry skin, mucous membranes and tongue, general weakness; III degree – deficiency of 7-8 liters, consciousness disorders, decrease in arterial pressure, shock. The first degree can be overcome by oral rehydration, the second degree – by 50 % of oral rehydration and 50 % of IT, the third degree – by 70-100 % of IT. IT solutions are divided into crystalloids, colloids, polyatomic alcohols and special drugs. Preparations of polyatomic alcohols include, in particular, Reosorbilact, Sorbilact, Xylate (“Yuria-Pharm”). Complications of IT are divided into complications associated with the violation of the technique of entering the bloodstream (injuries of blood vessels and adjacent organs, hematomas, foreign bodies in the vessels and heart, the solution misplacement out of the vascular space); complications associated with the violation of the technique of drug administration (thromboembolism, air and fat embolism); complications associated with the wrong rate of solutions’ administration (heart overload, hypervolemia, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema); complications associated with the characteristics of infusion solutions (partial hemolysis of blood cells, acid-base imbalance, disorders of blood osmolarity, local cooling of the heart); complications associated with the IT method; complications due to individual intolerance; infectious complications in case of violation of asepsis and antiseptics; infectious diseases. Criteria for IT security include the knowledge of the drug composition and understanding of the instructions for its use; multicomponentity; use of the minimum effective doses; monitoring of the excreted urine and other fluids and infused solutions; strict control of fluid balance and blood circulation parameters. Conclusions. 1. IT is an important tool in treatment of many diseases, which performs a wide range of tasks. 2. The IT solution should be chosen depending on the individual needs of the patient. 3. Criteria for IT safety include the knowledge of drug composition and instructions for its use; multicomponentity; use of the minimum effective doses; monitoring of excreted urine and infused solutions; control of fluid balance and blood circulation parameters.

HIPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM PADA IBU HAMIL DI KLINIK BIDAN SUPRIYATI SRIBIT BERBAH SLEMAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Pramukti Dian Setianingrum ◽  
Farah Irmania Tsani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Hyperemesis Gravidarum ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World

Backgroud: The World Health Organization (WHO) explained that the number of Hyperemesis Gravidarum cases reached 12.5% of the total number of pregnancies in the world and the results of the Demographic Survey conducted in 2007, stated that 26% of women with live births experienced complications. The results of the observations conducted at the Midwife Supriyati Clinic found that pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum, with a comparison of 10 pregnant women who examined their contents there were about 4 pregnant women who complained of excessive nausea and vomiting. Objective: to determine the hyperemesis Gravidarum of pregnant mother in clinic. Methods: This study used Qualitative research methods by using a case study approach (Case Study.) Result: The description of excessive nausea of vomiting in women with Hipermemsis Gravidarum is continuous nausea and vomiting more than 10 times in one day, no appetite or vomiting when fed, the body feels weak, blood pressure decreases until the body weight decreases and interferes with daily activities days The factors that influence the occurrence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum are Hormonal, Diet, Unwanted Pregnancy, and psychology, primigravida does not affect the occurrence of Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Conclusion: Mothers who experience Hyperemesis Gravidarum feel nausea vomiting continuously more than 10 times in one day, no appetite or vomiting when fed, the body feels weak, blood pressure decreases until the weight decreases and interferes with daily activities, it is because there are several factors, namely, hormonal actors, diet, unwanted pregnancy, and psychology.

Efektivitas Aroma Terapi Lemon untuk Menangani Emesis Gravidarum

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Vitrianingsih Vitrianingsih ◽  
Sitti Khadijah
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
P Value ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Paired T Test

Studi memperkirakan emesis gravidarum terjadi pada 50-90% kehamilan. Mual muntah pada kehamilan memberikan dampak yang signifikan bagi tubuh dimana ibu menjadi lemah, pucat dan cairan tubuh berkurang sehingga darah menjadi kental (hemokonsentrasi). Keadaan ini dapat memperlambat peredaran darah dan berakibat pada kurangnya suplay oksigen serta makanan ke jaringan sehingga dapat membahayakan kesehatan ibu dan janin. Salah satu terapi yang aman dan dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi keluahan mual muntah pada ibu hamil adalah pemberian aromaterapi lemon. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas aroma terapi lemon untuk menangani emesis gravidarum. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan Quasi experiment  dengan  one group pre-post test design. Populasi penelitian adalah ibu hamil yang mengalami emesis gravidarum di Kecamatan Berbah, Sleman. Jumlah sampel 20 ibu hamil trimester pertama yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran mual muntah dilakukan debelum dan setelah  pemberian aromaterapi lemon menggunakan Indeks Rhodes. Analisa data menggunakan uji Paired t-test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata skor mual muntah sebelum pemberian aromaterapi lemon berdasarkan Indeks Rhodes pada Ibu Hamil dengan emesis gravidarum yaitu 22,1 dan terjadi penurunan skor setelah pemberian aromaterapi lemon menjadi 19,8. Ada pengaruh pemberian aromaterapi lemon dengan pengurangan mual muntah pada ibu hamil (p-value = 0.017). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan pemberian aromaterapi lemon efektif untuk mengurangi emesis gravidarum pada ibu hamil trimester pertama.  Kata kunci: aromaterapi lemon, emesis gravidarum THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON AROMATHERAPY FOR HANDLING EMESIS GRAVIDARUM   ABSTRACT Studies estimate that nausea and vomiting (emesis gravidarum) occur in 50 – 90% of pregnancies. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy have a significant impact on the body in which it makes a mother becomes weak, pale, and decreasing body fluid so that the blood becomes thick (hemoconcentration). This situation can slow down blood circulation and inflict the lack of oxygen and food supplies to the body tissues so that it can endanger the health of the mother and fetus. One of the therapies that is safe and can be conducted to reduce nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is by giving the lemon aromatherapy treatment. The research aims to determine the effectiveness of the aroma of lemon therapy to deal with emesis gravidarum. This study applied quasi-experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was pregnant women who experienced emesis gravidarum. Furthermore, samples were 20 mothers from Berbah, Sleman taken by using a purposive sampling technique. Nausea and vomiting were assessed between before and after giving lemon aromatherapy using the Rhodes Index. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test. The mean score of nausea and vomiting before giving lemon aromatherapy on mother with emesis gravidarum based on the Rhodes Index was 22.1. However, it decreased after given lemon aromatherapy treatment to 19.8. Therefore, there was an effect on giving lemon aromatherapy treatment toward the decrease of nausea and vomiting for pregnant women (p-value = 0.017). Lemon aromatherapy is effective to reduce emesis gravidarum.  Keywords: lemon aromatherapy, emesis gravidarum

Pathological features of the sequence in pregnant women with delayed fetal growth

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
V.O. Golyanovskiy ◽  
◽  
Ye.O. Didyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Infection And Inflammation

Pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have an increased risk of adverse perinatal and long-term complications compared with the birth of children with normal body weight. Thus, IUGR is one of the main challenges for the global health system, especially in poor and developing countries. Morpho-functional studies of the placentas help in determining the causes of IUGR, and therefore, timely prevent complications in pregnant women with IUGR. The objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate various morphometric and pathomorphological changes in the placenta, including inflammatory, in cases of IUGR, and to establish a correlation of these results with the etiology and complications for the fetus. Materials and methods. In the current study, 54 placentas of the fetuses with IUGR (the main group) were compared with 50 placentas of the fetuses with normal development (control group). The criteria for the inclusion of IUGR were gestational age more than 30 weeks and all fetuses with a weight less than 10th percentile for this period of pregnancy. The placenta material was studied pathomorphologically with laboratory screening for infection and inflammation. Similarly, the results were determined for placentas of the fetuses with normal development compared to placentas with IUGR. Results. The placenta study showed the presence of calcification in the case of IUGR, as well as in the case of prolonged pregnancy. However, calcification of the placenta in the case of IUGR was more progressive compared with placenta in the normal pregnancy. In addition, the presence of intrauterine infection and inflammation was observed, which could also lead to an adverse outcome for the further progression of pregnancy with IUGR. Conclusion. A comparative macro- and microscopic pathomorphological study of the placentas in the two groups has shown a significant increase in the pathological changes in all the anatomical structures of the fetuses with IUGR. Key words: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal weight, pathomorphological changes of the placenta.

EFEKTIVITAS BOOKLET TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP PEMELIHARAAN KESEHATAN GIGI MULUT PADA IBU HAMIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Rahmaini Fitri
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Pregnancy causes physiological changes in the body and as well as in the oral cavity. Dental and oral diseases associated with pregnancy that is, gingivitis, periodontitis and pregnancy granuloma. Mouth dental disease during pregnancy is not only influenced by the pregnancy itself but rather the lack of knowledge about dental and oral health maintenance. Efforts to improve the knowledge of pregnant women about oral health is done by providing information, information necessary for health education media. In this case the media is created and used to improve the knowledge of pregnant women is the booklet. This study aimed to analyze the differences in knowledge and attitudes before and after maintenance booklet oral health in pregnant women. This study is a quasi experiment with one group pre  and post test design. The sample is the first trimester pregnant women who come to the health center in Sentosa Baru Medan as many as 34 people. Analysis of the data  forcompare the average difference in scores of knowledge and attitudes before and after the intervention used the Wilcoxon test. The results showed there is an increased knowledge and attitude maintenance of oral health in pregnant women after being given a booklet with a value of p < 0.001, a percentage increase of 30% knowledge and attitudes percentage of 37%. The conclusions of this study is increased knowledge and attitude maintenance of oral health in pregnant women after being given a booklet.

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