scholarly journals Program asuhan gizi olahraga (PAGO) atlet sepatu roda sebagai strategi memperbaiki profil status gizi, biokimia dan kualitas asupan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
Fillah Fithra Dieny ◽  
Firdananda Fikri Jauharany ◽  
Ayu Rahadiyanti ◽  
Deny Yudi Fitranti ◽  
A. Fahmy Arif Tsani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Biochemical Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Inline Skating ◽  
Anthropometric Profile

Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh pemberian intervensi gizi berupa edukasi dan konseling gizi pada atlet sepatu roda remaja terhadap status gizi, status hidrasi, status biokimia, dan asupan gizi. Penelitian one group pre and post test design yang melibatkan 11 atlet di Klub Sepatu Roda Kairos Semarang. Variabel terikat adalah profil antropometri (berat badan, tinggi badan, fat mass, massa otot, body water), status hidrasi, status biokimia (kadar gula darah puasa, asam urat, kolesterol, hemoglobin), dan asupan makan. Uji Wilcoxon digunakan untuk menganalisis perbedaan profi antropometri, status hidrasi, status biokimia, dan asupan makan subjek antara sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada berat badan (p=0,029), fat mass (p=0,003), status hidrasi subjek sebelum latihan (p=0,026), kadar gula darah (p=0,005), kadar hemoglobin (p=0,007), asupan karbohidrat (p=0,029) dan asupan seng (p=0,049) sebelum dan setelah intervensi. Program Asuhan Gizi Olahraga (PAGO) pada atlet sepatu roda terbukti berdampak pada perbaikan beberapa profil antropometri, status biokimia, dan asupan makan. Program for inline skating athletes as strategies to improve the profile of nutritional status, biochemistry and quality of food intakeAbstract: This study aims to determine the effect of nutrition intervention in the form of nutrition education and counseling for adolescent inline skating athletes on nutritional status, hydration status, biochemical status, and nutritional intake. Methods: One group pre and post test design research on 11 athletes at the Kairos Wheeled Shoes Club Semarang. The dependent variables were anthropometric profiles (body weight, height, fat mass, muscle mass, body water), hydration status, biochemical status (fasting blood sugar levels, uric acid, cholesterol, hemoglobin), and food intake. The Wilcoxon test was used to analyze differences in anthropometric profile, hydration status, biochemical status, and food intake of subjects between before and after the intervention, Results: There was a significant difference in body weight (p = 0.029), fat mass (p = 0.003), hydration status subjects before exercise (p = 0.026), blood sugar levels (p = 0.005), hemoglobin levels (p = 0.007), carbohydrate intake (p = 0.029) and zinc intake (p = 0.049) before and after the intervention. Sports Nutrition Care Programme to inline skates athletes is proven to have an impact on anthropometric profile, biochemical status, and intake.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN BERAT BADAN BAYI MELALUI PENERAPAN MODEL FAMILY CENTERED CARE DALAM PENDAMPINGAN ASI

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Erna Susilowati ◽  
Hengky Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Family Centered Care ◽  
Care Model ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Centered Care ◽  
Family Centered ◽  
Model Family

Status gizi seorang anak menggambarkan tingkat kesehatannya, hal tersebut menunjukkan keseimbangan dari kebutuhan dan asupan zat – zat gizi. Mulai usia 6 bulan bayi umumnya tidak lagi mendapatkan cukup energy dan zat gizi dari ASI saja dalam proses pertumbuhannya. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui perubahan berat badan sebelum dan sesudah penerapan model family Centered Care dalam penyediaan makanan pendamping ASI. Desain penelitian pra eksperimen dengan pendekatan one group pre-post test design. Responden 50 ibu yang mempunyai anak usia 6- 12 bulan di wilayah posyandu kelurahan Lirboyo Kota Kediri. Variabel bebas adalah penerapan Model Family Centered Care. Variabel terikat adalah peningkatan berat badan bayi usia 6 – 12 bulan.  Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dengan T-Test dengan p<0,05 Terdapat perbedaan yang sigifikan berat badan sebelum dan sesudah penerapan model Family Centered Care dengan nilai p =0,00.   Kata kunci:  berat badan bayi, makanan  pendamping ASI   IMPROVEMENT OF BABY BODY THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF THE FAMILY CENTERED CARE MODEL IN ASI ASSEMBLY   ABSTRACT The nutritional status of a child describes the level of his health, it shows a balance of the needs and intake of nutrients. Starting at the age of 6 months babies generally no longer get enough energy and nutrients from breast milk alone in the process of growth. The aim of the study was to determine changes in body weight before and after the application of the family centered care model in the supply of complementary breast milk. Pre-experimental research design with one group pre-post test design approach. Respondents were 50 mothers who had children aged 6-12 months in the Posyandu area, Lirboyo village, Kediri City. The independent variable is the application of the Family Centered Care Model. The dependent variable is the increase in infant weight between the ages of 6-12 months. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with T-Test with p <0.05. There were significant differences in body weight before and after the application of the Family Centered Care model with a value of p = 0.00.    Keywords: infant weight, ASI complementary food

Perbedaan Pengetahuan Siswa Tentang Penyakit Hepatitis A Sebelum Dan Sesudah Penyuluhan Di MTsN 02 Bondowoso Tahun 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Putri Megasari
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Paired T Test

Hepatitis has become a health problem in the world. The hepatitis virus infected many people. According to the teacher of MTsN 02 Bondowoso more than 20 students have hepatitis A viral infection. The purpose of this research was to know the differences of students' knowledge about hepatitis A before and after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015. This study used pre-experimental (pre-post test design). This study used stratified random sampling technique, 127 students from 270 sample involved this research,and 143 students was excluded. We used questionnaires to collect data. The results showed that the mean value of the students 'knowledge about hepatitis A before counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015 was 83.96 with the lowest value of 37.5 and the highest value was 100. The mean value of the students' knowledge about hepatitis A after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015 was 93.21 with the lowest value waf 62.5 and the highest value was 100. Paired t test showed that t (-9.07) > t table (1.98), the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected. There was a difference between students' knowledge about hepatitis A before and after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015. This study showed that routine counseling by healthcare provider was important to prevent hepatitis A infection.; Keywords: counseling, knowledge of students, hepatitis

Efektifitas Pendidikan Kesehatan Dengan Metode Ceramah Tentang Vulva Hygiene Terhadap Perilaku Merawat Vulva Hygiene Saat Menstruasi Pada Remaja Putri Kelas VII Di SMPN 1 Gondang Mojokerto

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titin Dwi Ernawati ◽  
Nikhen Fitrianingtyas Harni ◽  
Jinnani Firdausiyah
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Average Behavior ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

ABSTRAKWanita muda cenderung memiliki perilaku buruk pada kebersihan selama menstruasi. Ketika reproduksi basah dan basah, maka akan meningkatkan keasaman memfasilitasi pertumbuhan jamur. Kondisi seperti gatal pada vulva, area eksternal biasanya terjadi pada wanita muda di masa menstruasi. Perilaku seseorang dipengaruhi oleh tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan. Pengetahuan seseorang tentang sesuatu dapat menyebabkan perubahan perilaku. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efektivitas pendidikan kesehatan dengan metode ceramah dalam merawat kebersihan vulva terhadap perilaku kebersihan vulva saat menstruasi pada wanita muda di kelas VII di SMPN 1 Gondang Mojokerto.Jenis penelitian ini adalah pre eksperimental One Group Pre-Post Test Design. Populasi adalah wanita muda di kelas VII di SMPN 1 Gondang Mojokerto. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling dan diperoleh 21 sampel wanita muda. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner. Analisis data dengan membandingkan perilaku rata-rata memperlakukan kebersihan vulva selama menstruasi sebelum dan sesudah kuliah pendidikan kesehatan.Hasil penelitian sebelum pengobatan (pre-test) menunjukkan nilai rata-rata 9,000 sedangkan penelitian setelah perawatan (post test) menunjukkan nilai rata-rata 14,190. Ada perubahan dalam perilaku rata-rata memperlakukan kebersihan vulva selama menstruasi wanita muda sebelum dan sesudah kuliah pendidikan kesehatan di 5.190.Berdasarkan hasil pendidikan kesehatan dengan metode ceramah efektif untuk meningkatkan perawatan perilaku untuk kebersihan vulva selama menstruasi pada wanita muda. Kuliah pendidikan kesehatan tentang kebersihan vulva dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu cara efektif untuk memperbaiki perilaku kebersihan yang buruk selama menstruasi pada wanita muda.Kata kunci: pendidikan kesehatan, perilaku, kebersihan vulva ABSTRACTYoung women tend to have bad behavior on hygiene during menstruation. When reproduction moist and wet, it will increase the acidity facilitate mold growth. Conditions such as itching of the vulva, the external area usually occurs during young women in the menstrual period. Person's behavior is influenced by the level of education and knowledge. One's knowledge about something can cause behavioral changes. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of health education with the lecture method of treating vulva hygiene on the behavior of vulva hygiene during menstruation in young women in class VII at SMPN 1 Gondang MojokertoType of research is pre experimental One Group Pre-Post Test Design. The population was young women in class VII at SMPN 1 Gondang Mojokerto. Sampling technique used total sampling and obtained 21 samples of young women. Measurement tool used in the study was questionnaire. Analysis of the data by comparing the average behavior of treating vulva hygiene during menstruation before and after the health education lecture.The results of the study before treatment (pre-test) showed a mean value of 9,000 while the study after treatment (post test) showed a mean value of 14,190. There is a change in the average behavior of treating vulva hygiene during menstruation young women before and after the health education lecture at 5,190.Based on the results of health education with the lecture method effectively to improved behavioral care for vulva hygiene during menstruation in young women. Health education lecture about hygiene vulva can be used as one of the effective ways to improve the behavior of poor hygiene during menstruation in young women.Key Words: health education, behaviour, vulva hygiene 

The Effect of Breastfeeding Calendar Training on Knowledge and Attitudes of Mothers in Exclusive Breastfeeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Ari Indra Susanti ◽  
Aminarista Aminarista ◽  
Neneng Martini ◽  
Nur Rahmah ◽  
Sri Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Background: Lactating mothers were successful in giving exclusive breastfeeding as much as 42% based on SDKI (Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia) in 2012. This is depend on the support of husbands and families as well as health workers. Thus, the husband or family should remind and motivate mothers as well as monitor the breastfeeding activity every day for 6 months using breastfeeding calendar.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the increase in knowledge and attitudes of mothers in providing exclusive breastfeeding after the exclusive breastfeeding calendar training.Materials and Methods: The research design used a quasi-experimental one group pre-test post-test design. This research was conducted on mothers who had babies (age 0-12 months) in Pasawahan Village and Pasawahan Kidul Village, Pasawahan District, Purwakarta Regency in April to November 2018, with 96 respondents. The sampling technique was conducted by purposive sampling. Data were collected by giving questionnaires to respondents, before and after the breastfeeding calendar training were given. The Wilcoxon test was used for the analysis of the data in this study.Results: The results showed that there were differences in the knowledge of mothers before and after training on breastfeeding calendar (p <0,000) and there were differences in the attitudes of mothers before and after the training on breastfeeding calendar (p <0,000).Conclusions: There was an increase in knowledge and changes in the attitude of mothers towards exclusive breastfeeding after being given the breastfeeding Calendar training. Therefore, suggestions for health workers, especially midwives and nutrition workers, can use the breastfeeding calendar as an educational medium to increase husband and family support in exclusive breastfeeding.

scholarly journals USING EXPRSSION CARD MEDIA TO IMPROVE THE STUDENTS’SPEAKING SKILL AT THE SECOND GREAT OF SMA NEGERI 1 PAREPARE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Widya Pribadiyanti Areski ◽  
Muzdalifah Muhammadun ◽  
Amzah Selle
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
T Test ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Speaking Skill ◽  
The Subject

This research aims to see the students’ speaking skill before and after learning process by using expression card media at the second grade of SMA Negeri 1 Parepare. The results of the research are useful for the teacher and students. The teacher should aware that it is important to supplied the technique or strategy before teaching and the students also can be easier to express their ideas, make the students more active in learning process. The subject of this research is XI IIS4 class which is consisted of 30 students. The sample was taken by using simple random sampling. The design in this research was pre-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The student did the pre-test, got the treatment and did the post-test. Then the criteria of speaking skills are fluency, accuracy, content, pronunciation and they were usedto measure the students’ speaking skill. It aimed to know whether using expression card media can improve the students’ speaking skill. The result in this research was indicated that there was improvement of the students’ speaking skill. It was indicated by the students’ mean score of post-test (73.3) was greater than pre-test (41.9). Even, for the level significant (p) 5% and (df) = N-1=30-1=29, and the value of table is 1.699, while the value of t-test is 16.18. it means that, the t-test value is greater than t-table (16.18 ≥ 1.699). Thus, it can be concluded that the students’ speaking skill is significant better after getting the treatment. So, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is fail rejected.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Tindakan Skeling terhadap Perawatan Gingivitis di Rumah Sakit Gigi dan Mulut Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado

e-GIGI ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Febri Korompot ◽  
Krista V. Siagian ◽  
Damajanty H. C. Pangemanan ◽  
Johanna Khoman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Gingival Index ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

Abstract: The most common periodontal disease is gingivitis which is caused by biofilm accumulation on plaque around the gingival margin and inflammatory response to bacteria. Scaling is used to eliminate bacterial and calculus deposits that cause gingivitis. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of scaling in gingivitis treatment. This was a pre-experimental study with one group pre and post test design. Samples were obtained by using total sampling technique. There were 30 patients aged 17-45 years that had scaling performed on them at RSGM in 2019. Gingivitis was observed before and after scaling using the modified gingival index (MGI). The results showed that before scaling, there were mild gingivitis 23.30%, moderate gingivitis 70%, and severe gingivitis 6.70%. Two days after scaling, mild gingivitis and moderate gingivitis were observed 50% each. The paired sample t-test showed a p-value of 0.000. In conclusion, scaling is effective in gingivitis treatment based on the assessment using the modified gingival index.Keywords: gingivitis, scaling, modified gingival index Abstrak: Penyakit periodontal yang paling sering dijumpai yakni gingivitis (peradangan gingiva). Gingivitis disebabkan oleh akumulasi biofilm pada plak di sekitar margin gingiva dan respon peradangan terhadap bakteri. Tindakan untuk menghilangkan deposit bakteri dan kalkulus yang menyebabkan gingivitis salah satunya ialah tindakan skeling. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas tindakan skeling terhadap perawatan gingivitis. Jenis penelitian ialah pra eksperimental dengan one grup pre and post test design. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling terhadap pasien yang berusia 17-45 tahun yang dilakukan tindakan skeling di RSGM pada tahun 2019 berjumlah 30 orang. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melihat gingivitis sebelum skeling dan setelah skeling melalui pengukuran keparahan gingiva menggunakan modified gingival index (MGI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebelum skeling gingivitis ringan 23,30%, gingivitis sedang 70%, gingivitis berat 6,70%. Dua hari pasca skeling didapatkan gingivitis ringan dan gingivitis sedang sama besar yaitu masing-masing 50%. Hasil uji t berpasangan menunjukkan nilai p=0,000. Simpulan penelitian ialah tindakan skeling efektif terhadap perawatan gingivitis berdasarkan penilaian modified gingival index.Kata kunci: gingivitis, skeling, modified gingival index

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF WARM GINGER COMPRESS TOWARDS JOINT PAIN OF THE ELDERLY AT UPT PANTI WERDHA MOJOPAHIT, MOJOKERTO DISTRICT

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Puteri Indah Dwipayanti ◽  
Anik Supriani ◽  
Nanik Nur Rosyidah ◽  
Nurul Mufida
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

Background: There was joint pain that frequently happens by the elderly, which was joint pain. One of actions to abate the joint pain was compress with warm ginger.Objectives: The aims of this research were to identify the effect of warm ginger compress towards joint pain of the elderly at UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit, Mojokerto District.Method: Design of this research was Pre-Experiment with Type of one group pre-test-post test design. Population of this research was whole of elderly who undergoes joint pain at UPT Panti Werdha Mojopahit Mojokerto district. Technique that used to take sample in this research was purposive sampling with 20 respondents. Data collecting was done before and after warm ginger compress was given use pain scale instrument PAINAD with 1-10 scale. The researcher used Wilcoxon statistic test with value of α=0, 05 to analyze the data.Results: The result of this research wasgained before carried out by warm ginger compress with advance pain scale of 6 respondents (30%), and intermediate pain scale of 10 respondents (50%). After the warm ginger compress was done by 8 respondents (40%) with light pain scale and 11 respondents (55%) with intermediate pain. Data analyzing used statistic test with Wilcoxon P value test 0,003 (α˂ 0, 05). It showed that warm ginger compress effective towards joint pain of the elderly.Conclusion: Looking at the result above shows that warm ginger compress can be created as one of alternative choices to decrease joint pain intensity of the elderly, because this non-pharmacologist treatment uses easy to be obtained ingredient and there is no side effect for the elderly.Key words: Joint Pain, Warm Ginger Compress, Elderly.

scholarly journals Bibliotherapy Strategy: Experimental Study To Reduce Hospitalization Stress In Pre-School Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 917-925
Author(s):  
Kili Astarani ◽  
Selvia David Richard
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Average Change ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
Baptist Hospital

The research design used the Pre Experiment Design with a one-group pre-post test design. The population, preschool-aged children who experience hospitalization stress in the Karunia Room of Kediri Baptist Hospital. The sample is 15 respondents who were selected by Quota Sampling. The research variable was Bibliotherapy. The data collection process was carried out using a questionnaire. Data analysis using Paired Samples Test. The results of the research before doing bibliotherapy, stress hospitalization of preschool children were severe as 9 respondents (60.0%), mild as many as 4 respondents (26.7%), and moderate as many as 2 respondents (13.3%). The average change in stress hospitalization before and after bibliotherapy was 7.67 with a p-value of 0.000. Bibliotherapy is effective in reducing hospitalization stress in preschool children in the Karunia Room of Kediri Baptist Hospital

scholarly journals Program Emotional Coaching Menggunakan Tipe Coping Problem Focus Responses dalam Menghadapi Emosi Negatif Anak Intellectual Disability di SLB BC Yatira

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Devy Sekar Ayu Ningrum ◽  
Yuspendi Yuspendi ◽  
Endeh Azizah
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Type Problem ◽  
Children's Emotion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Face

The research will be published in a scientific journal of humanity taken from a thesis research. The purpose of this research is to know emotional coaching program for mother to use coping type problem focus responses in facing negative emotion of child intellectual disability at SLB BC Yatira. The sample in this study were 5 mothers who have children Intellectual Disability. This study is an experimental quasi by using one group pre-post test design. Measurements were made by Coping with Children's Emotion Scale (CCNES) from Fabes and colleagues (1990s), who described coping type of problem focus responsess. Reliability the measuring used expert. The results showed that there were different types of coping mothers in facing the negative emotional child intellectual disability in SLB BC Yatira before and after given emotional coaching program. The statistical test was done by using Wilxocon different test with p = 0,042 <0.05. The conclusion of research there are change of coping type used by mother in facing negative emotion child intellectual disability at SLB BC Yatira after given intervention in the form of emotional coaching program. Practical advice for mothers emotional coaching program can be used by mothers to cultivate a sense of empathy and foster closeness with children, so that mothers can be more positive in the face of negative emotions that children show Keywords: emotional coaching program, coping type of problem focus responsess, negative emotion in child with intellectual disability

scholarly journals Peningkatan Kemandirian Anak Usia 4-5 Tahun Melalui Bercerita

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Mariana Ikun RD Pareira ◽  
Naomi Habi Atal
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Story Telling ◽  
Group Research ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

Autonomy is important to be taught early because makes it will easier for children to carry out further education. Autonomy also leads children to have high self-esteem and intrinsic motivation. The most prominent problem in children at TK Tunas Harapan Emaus Liliba Kupang is autonomy.  Autonomy can be promoted in various ways, one of them which is story telling. The purpose of this study is to find out whether there is an increase in autonomy of children ages 4-5 years after story telling. The research method used in this research is experimental method with quantitative approach. The research design used is a non-equivalent research design or also called "one group pre test and post test design" which is a research design used by giving before and after the activitiies test in a single group research sample. The results of this study indicate that by the Wilcoxon test showed a significant increase in autonomy of children ages 4-5 years (p&lt;0.05)

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