Spatio-Temporal Analysis on Endemicity of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Sragen District, Central Java

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiwik Setyaningsih ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

ABSTRACT Background: In recent decades, the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has risen significantly around the world. In Indonesia, studies reported 77.96 cases per 100,000 person-years in 2016 with the highest average number of cases in West Java. This study aimed to investigate the spatio-temporal analysis on endemicity of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Sragen Regency, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was a descriptive study with cross-sectional design conducted in Sragen, Central Java from 2016 to 2018. A total of 1,354 cases was selected by total sampling. The main variable under study was the DHF incidence. The data were described by frequency distribution tables. Data were analyzed by spatio-temporal analysis method with overlay function using Geographic Information System (GIS). Results: The spatio-temporal analysis showed an increased DHF incidence in all sub-districts in Sragen Regency for three consecutive years 2016 to 2018. The highest incidence was 94 cases per 100,000 population in 2016. Sragen Regency was considered endemic areas of DHF. Conclusion: All sub-districts in Sragen Regency were endemic areas of DHF from 2016 to 2018. Keywords: spatio-temporal analysis, GIS, DHF, endemic Correspondence: Wiwik Setyaningsih. School of Health Polytechnics, Ministry of Health, Surakarta. Jl. Letjen. Sutoyo, Mojosongo, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +628122593472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.33

scholarly journals Aktivitas Penggunaan Insektisida Komersil oleh Masyarakat di Daerah Endemis Demam Berdarah Dengue di Provinsi Sulawesi Barat

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Malonda Maksud ◽  
Hasrida Mustafa ◽  
Risti Risti ◽  
Nelfita Nelfita ◽  
Murni Murni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Abstract Commercial insecticides in Asia are used to control insects including mosquitoes, which are about 28-89% in endemic areas of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). West Sulawesi Province is one of the dengue endemic areas in Indonesia. The study is a part of multicenter research “Map of Aedes aegypti Mosquito susceptibility Against Insecticides in Indonesia in 2015”. This study aims to the describe the use of commercial insecticides in three endemic districts of West Sulawesi using a cross-sectional design. Data obtained through interviews and observations conducted in July-August 2015 at least 100 homes which were randomly selected in each RW/RT. Data were analyzed descriptively to describe the use of insecticides, types of formulations, types of active ingredients, and the duration of use. The study found that 85% of respondents used commercial insecticides. Most of the respondents chose to use mosquitoes coil (83.5%), the most active ingredients found were D-allethrin (43.8%) and Dimefluthrin (30.4). Most respondents (45.8%) have been using commercial insecticides for more than five years and more dominant to apply at night (79.1%). The government needs to control the use of insecticides in the community so that there is no DHF vector resistance to insecticides used in DHF control programs. Abstrak Insektisida komersil di Asia  digunakan untuk mengendalikan serangga termasuk  nyamuk, yang sekitar 28-89% berada di daerah endemis Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD). Provinsi Sulawesi Barat merupakan salah satu daerah endemis DBD di Indonesia. Studi ini merupakan bagian dari penelitian multicenter “Peta Kerentanan Nyamuk Aedes aegypti di Indonesia Tahun 2015”.  Studi  ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan insektisida komersil di Sulawesi Barat dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan di tiga kabupaten endemis DBD. Pengambilan data berupa wawancara dan pengamatan yang dilakukan bulan Juli-Agustus 2015 pada minimal 100 rumah yang dipilih secara acak pada masing-masing RW/RT endemis DBD. Data dianalisa secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan penggunaan insektisida, jenis formulasi, jenis bahan aktif, dan lama penggunaan. Hasil studi menemukan  sebanyak 85% responden menggunakan insektisida komersil.  Sebagian besar responden memilih menggunakan jenis insektisida bakar (koil) (83,5%), bahan aktif yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah D-allethrin(43,8%) dan Dimefluthrin (30,4). Sebagian besar responden (45,8%) sudah lebih dari lima tahun menggunakan insektisida komersil dan lebih dominan mengaplikasikannya pada malam hari (79,1%). Pemerintah perlu mengontrol penggunaan insektisida di masyarakat, agar tidak terjadi resistensi vektor DBD terhadap insektisida program.

scholarly journals Relationship between Distribution and Frequency of Indoor and Outdoor Containers with the Numbers of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Endemic Areas of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Tambak Cemandi Village, Sedati, Sidoarjo

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3S) ◽  
pp. 317-319
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Contingency Coefficient ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

A. aegypti is known as the main vector of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever or better known as the acronym of DHF is an infectious disease caused by Dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Sidoarjo as part of East Java Province is also an endemic area of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever because in every year there is many cases of DHF. Containers are stuffs s used to accommodate water for household use, where this container can be used as a place for mosquitoes to breed. So, it can appear mosquito larva which then develops into adult mosquitoes which is a vector of DBD disease. Judging from the location of the container can be divided into indoor containers are containers that are contained in the part of the house that is covered by a roof and outdoor containers are containers that are located in the part of the house that is not covered by the roof. This research is conducted to find out if there is a relationship between distribution and frequency of Indoor and Outdoor Containers with the numbers of DBD in the endemic areas of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Tambak Cemandi Village, Sedati t, Sidoarjo. This method of research is analytical observation with cross-sectional design. The samples in this study are indoor containers, outdoor containers ,all residence and all the larvae of Aedes aegypti which are located in those taken from 100 house of respondents located in the village of Tambak Cemandi, Sedati District, Sidoarjo Regency.The result were found 183 containers obtained from 100 houses of respondents, consisting of 156 indoor containers and 25 outdoor containers. From 156 indoor containers were found 1611 Aedes aegypti larvae and from 25 outdoor containers were found 168 Aedes aegypti larvae. From 100 residence, who have got DBD as much as 16 people and who never got DBD as much as 84 people. Using Contingency Coefficient test obtained result P = 0432 (P < α = 0.05), meaning that there is no relationship between a relationship between distribution and frequency of Indoor and Outdoor Containers with the numbers of DBD in the endemic areas of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Tambak Cemandi Village, Sedati, Sidoarjo.

scholarly journals Relationship Host Behavior and The Environment of DHF Incidence in Wonokusumo Surabaya

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Sofa Nutrima Rismawati
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Data Collection Technique

ABSTRACTFree Number of larvae (ABJ) in RW 15, Wonokusumo Village is 85%. However, the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still high, ie 17 cases. The high incidence rate of DHF is due to the interaction between host, agent and environment. Host in terms of behavior, dengue virus as an agent and environment derived from the surrounding conditions that can cause and trigger the spread of DHF. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship of host and environment behavior to the occurrence of DHF in RW 15. This research using cross sectional design. Random sampling using the guy method. How to calculate the method guy is 10% of the population so that obtained a sample of 78 respondents. Primary data collection technique is done through indepth interview and filling questionnaire. Secondary data collection was obtained from Wonokusumo Puskemas report and report from Surabaya City Health Office. The research was conducted in RW 15. The result of bivariate statistic test showed significant relation between knowledge, attitude, action and environment against DHF incidence with p> α, 0,00> 0,05. The conclusion of this research is that there is host and environment interaction to DHF incidence. Suggestion of this research is procurement of work program every month, independent larvae monitoring movement by society and 3M movement plus every week on Thursday and procurement of training of cadre jumantik about how and regulation of dosage of abate powder according to dose.Keywords: host behavior, environment, disease Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

scholarly journals The Difference of sVE-Cadherin Levels between Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients with Shock and without Shock

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 2277-2281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinang Mariko ◽  
Eryati Darwin ◽  
Yanwirasti Yanwirasti ◽  
Sri Rezeki Hadinegoro
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hypovolemic Shock ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

BACKGROUND: Dengue virus infection is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue virus (DEN-V) consists of 4 serotypes, namely DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. The most feared result of DHF is death. Death in children is caused by hypovolemic shock due to plasma leakage from intravascular to extravascular space due to endothelial dysfunction. AIM: This study aims to analyse difference in sVE-Cadherin levels in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) with and without shock. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The method of taking samples is consecutive sampling, namely the research subjects obtained based on the order of entry in the hospital with a comparative cross-sectional design. From the results of the calculation using the sample formula, the sample size for each group is set at 32 people. So that the total sample size used for both groups is 64 people. The serum sVE-Cadherin levels using the ELISA method. The statistical test used is the independent t-test. The value of p < 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. RESULTS: The result showed that there was no difference in mean sVE-Cadherin levels between DHF patients with shock and without shock (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study concluded that there was no difference in mean of sVE-Cadherin level in DHF patients with shock and without shock.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention Among Mothers in Endemic and Non-Endemic Locations of Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Tyagita Widya Sari ◽  
Martha Saptariza Yuliea ◽  
Novita Meqimiana Siregar ◽  
Raudhatul Muttaqin
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitude And Practice ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Knowledge Attitude And Practice

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by dengue virus, which is one of the serious public health problems in Indonesia, particularly Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia. One of the DHF endemic locations in Pekanbaru City is Payung Sekaki Health Centre, where 52 DHF cases and no deaths were reported in 2018. The number of DHF cases has increased to 53 and caused 1 death in January-August 2019 period (CFR = 1.89%). Karya Wanita Rumbai Health Centre is one of the DHF non-endemic areas in Pekanbaru City, where only 10 DHF cases and no deaths were reported in January-August 2019 period. The purpose of this study was to compare the knowledge, attitude, and practice of DHF prevention between mothers in endemic and non-endemic areas of Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia. The design of this study was observational, with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique used in this study was accidental sampling, which included 100 respondents from each region. The data source of this study consisted of primary and secondary data. Data analysis was performed using bivariate analysis with Mann Whitney statistical test because the data were not normally distributed. The results of the study showed that there were no differences in knowledge (p-value = 0.912) and attitude (p-value = 0.065) of DHF prevention between mothers living in the endemic and non-endemic areas of Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia. However, there were differences in practice of DHF prevention between mothers (p-value = 0.002) living in the endemic and non-endemic areas of Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia. The conclusion of this study is that there is no difference in knowledge and attitude of DHF prevention between mothers living in the endemic and non-endemic areas, but there are differences in DHF prevention practice between mothers living in the endemic and non-endemic areas of Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Gambaran Jumlah Trombosit dan Kadar Hematokrit Pasien Demam Berdarah Dengue di Rumah Sakit Islam Siti Rahmah Padang

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Vudhya Ulhaq Kafrawi ◽  
Nadia Purnama Dewi ◽  
Prima Adelin
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus. The West Sumatra Health Service reported that the city of Padang was the highest city in the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in West Sumatra. It is known that platelet counts and hematocrit levels are important indicators in determining the occurrence of shock and the severity of the disease. This type of research is a descriptive study using a cross sectional design with a retrospective approach, this study was conducted at the Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital in Padang. The population in this study were all medical record data of patients who had been diagnosed with dengue hemorrhagic fever by a specialist in internal medicine at the Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital in Padang period 1 January-31 December 2017, as many as 162 people with 62 samples using Simple random sampling technique. Univariate analysis is presented in the form of a frequency distribution       table. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the highest age was early adulthood, which was 69.4% and the highest sex was women, 58.1%. The highest clinical degree is degree 1, which is 58.1%. Most of the patients had platelet counts <100,000 cells / mm3 is 64.5% with an average platelet count of 87,790 cells / mm3. Most of the normal hematocrit levels were 67.7% with an average hematocrit level of 40.45%. Based on degree 1 most with platelet counts <100,000 cells / mm3 which is 55.6%, at degree 2 mostly with platelet counts <100,000 cells / mm3 which is 76.9% and based on degree 1 most hematocrit levels are normal is 63.9 % and at degree 2 most of the normal hematocrit levels are 73.1%.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN TENTANG PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE DENGAN TINDAKAN PEMBERANTASAN SARANG NYAMUK

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Budi Kristanto ◽  
Rahayu Setyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Category Knowledge ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Correlation Design

Background. According to Indonesian Ministry of Health in February 2019, there were 16,692 cases DHF with 169 deaths, this has increased compared to 2018 which only 13,683 cases with 133 died. Central Java is one of the provinces with the most cases and including Kenokorejo Village Sukoharjo Regency where almost every year there are dengue cases.The Aim of the Study. To Know the relationship between the level of knowledge about Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and the eradication of mosquito nests.Subject and Method. Observational analytic research, correlation design with cross sectional approach. Respondents were 47 Residents of the Village of Kenokorejo taken by sampling saturation. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation.Result. The majority of respondents have good category knowledge of 95.74%, while less than 4.25%, the majority of respondents with good PSN actions are 53.19%, and categories of less 6.38%.Conclusion. There is no relationship between the level of DHF knowledge with mosquito eradication  (p = 0.367).Keywords: dengue hemorrhagic fever, eradication of mosquito nests, knowledgeKorespondensi: Budi Kristanto. AKPER PANTI KOSALA SURAKARTA. Jalan Raya Solo-Baki Km. 4 Gedangan, Grogol, Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah. Email: [email protected].

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN SIKAP DAN UPAYAPENCEGAHANIBU DENGAN KEJADIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS GUNTUNG PAYUNG

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Irianty ◽  
Norsita Agustina ◽  
Adma Pratiwi Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstrak Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan masalah utama penyakit menular di Indonesia. Selama 2015 terdapat 156 kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) pada wilayah kerja Puskesmas Guntung Payung Kota Banjarbaru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan sikap dan upaya pencegahan ibu dengan kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Guntung Payung Kota Banjarbaru. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei analitik dengan desain cross sectional.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa antara sikap ibu dengan kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan karena nilai p = 0,0001 (p<α = 0,05) dan upaya pencegahan ibu dengan kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan karena nilai p = 0,0001 (p<α = 0,05). Disarankan lebih mengoptimalisasi peran tenaga kesehatan dalam memberikan informasi tentang Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) sehingga diharapkan pengetahuan ibu menjadi lebih baik tentang cara penularan dan pencegahan penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD). Kata-kata kunci :Sikap, upaya pencegahan ibu, kejadian demam berdarah dengue (DBD). Abstract Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a major problem of infectious diseases in Indonesia. During 2015 there were 156 cases of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Puskesmas Guntung Payung Banjarbaru. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of attitude and prevention of mother to the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Puskesmas Guntung Payung Banjarbaru. The method used is the analytic survey with cross sectional design. The results showed that the mother's attitude to the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has a significant relationship because the value of p = 0.0001 (p <α = 0.05) and prevention of mother to the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has a significant relationship because p = 0.0001 (p <α = 0.05).More advisable to optimize the role of health professionals in providing information about Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ( DHF ) which is expected to be better mothers knowledge about modes of transmission and prevention of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ( DHF ). Keywords: Attitudes, prevention of mother, the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).

scholarly journals A spatiotemporal analysis of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Banyumas, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki ◽  
Nunung Nurhayati ◽  
Budi Aji
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Central Java

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a public health problem in the world and also in Indonesia. One of the districts in Central Java that is still having problems with this disease is Banyumas, Indonesia. The incidence rate (IR) data in 2018 was 2.75 per 100,000 populations and the case fatality rate (CFR) was 3.64%. Spatiotemporal analysis was used to determine local variation, geographic determination of risk zones, and measurement of disease control interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution and grouping of dengue cases based on the spatiotemporal analysis. The design was observational with a cross-sectional spatial analysis. This study was conducted in Banyumas, Indonesia with the analysis unit for dengue fever patients in 2018 using as many as 57 cases. Furthermore, the data analysis used includes overlay, buffering, and clustering with SaTScan and ArcGis software. The results showed that there was a clustering of dengue cases in Banyumas, with one primary and three secondary clusters detected. The primary cluster occurred in March-April 2018, involving four sub-districts in urban areas. It was then concluded that the significantly identified clusters indicate a transmission of dengue fever in the Banyumas area with a radius of three kilometers.

scholarly journals Relationship of Knowledge, Attitude and Infrastructure Means with Community Behavior in the Eradication Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Port of Padangbai Karangasem

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 21376-21384
Author(s):  
I Gusti Agung Gede Sudarmika ◽  
I Wayan Maba ◽  
I Ketut Widnyana
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Community Behavior ◽  
Knowledge Variable ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Relationship Of

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease that is still a problem in Indonesia, including Bali. The Padangbai Karangasem port area is one of the entrances to countries that are not yet free from dengue fever cases, because there are still reported cases of dengue fever. The number of House of Aedes Flicking Index is still more than 1%. Based on Minister of Health Decree number 431 of 2007 Port Buffer Area <1%. The implementation of the Mosquito Nest Eradication through 3M Plus is the most effective effort to prevent the transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes and infrastructure with the behavior of implementing the Eradication of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nests. The research design was quantitative with a cross sectional design. This research was conducted in the Padangbai Karangasem Port Area, Bali. Data collection used a questionnaire about Knowledge, Attitudes,facilities and infrastructure and Behavior for Eradicating Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Eradication. The number of samples of 89 respondents was taken proportional random sampling. The results showed that Knowledge, Attitudes and Infrastructure were significantly related to the eradication behavior of dengue fever mosquitoes due to the value of p<α=0.,05. The most dominant variable associated with the implementation behavior of Eradication of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Eradication is Knowledge Variable because the highest OR value is 4.287 compared to Attitudes and infrastructure.

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