scholarly journals Bencana Banjir dan Kebijakan Pembangunan Perumahan Di Kota Makassar

Author(s):  
Haslinda B. Anriani ◽  
Ansar Arifin ◽  
Harifuddin Halim ◽  
Rasyidah Zainuddin ◽  
Abdul Malik Iskandar

AbstractFlood is a natural phenomenon that always occurs every rainy season, especially in Makassar city. From year to year, the flood has increased in intensity and frequency. In addition, the area affected by floods is getting wider and more extensive and the duration of the inundation of water in an area also takes longer to recede. The main causes of the flood are environmental factors, human factors, and structural factors. Therefore, this paper is intended to reveal the factors of housing development resulting in loods in the city of Makassar. This research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques using literature study techniques and documentation studies. Data is analyzed qualitatively then concludes with conclusions. The results of the study show that mass housing development is a major factor in the occurrence of floods. Another reason is the lack of government control over the construction of housing related to environmental management.   Banjir merupakan fenomena alam yang selalu terjadi setiap musim hujan khususnya di Kota Makassar. Dari tahun ke tahun, banjir tersebut mengalami peningkatan intensitas, dan frekuensi. Selain itu, wilayah terdampak banjir makin luas dan makin banyak serta durasi genangan air di suatu wilayah juga memakan waktu lebih lama untuk surut. Penyebab utama banjir tersebut adalah faktor lingkungan, faktor manusia, dan faktor birokrasi. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk mengungkapkan faktor pembangunan perumahan mengakibatkan bencana banjir di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik kajian pustaka dan studi dokumentasi. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif kemudian diakhiri dengan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembangunan perumahan secara massal merupakan faktor utama terjadinya banjir. penyebab lainnya adalah kurangnya kontrol pemerintah terhadap pembangunan perumahan tersebut terkait tata lingkungan.

SinkrOn ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allwin M Simarmata ◽  
Yennimar Yennimar

The National Housing Development Public Corporation (Perumnas) was established as a government solution in providing adequate housing for the middle to lower classes, to realize this, Perumnas set a target of building 100,000 houses / year. The aspect of development is to ensure that all communities occupy decent homes in a healthy environment, an increase in the number of residents in the city, especially the city of Medan, causes settlement problems because the area of land is a fixed factor, while the population is always growing, thus requiring a system that can help decision in determining the priority of land for housing development. In this study an analysis of patterns related to applicable criteria or rules is implemented by applying the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy-AHP) method, to produce accurate and effective information for making priority decisions on the location of the best residential development land. The analysis framework uses a data collection approach sourced from Public Relations, then an analysis is carried out to determine the criteria, rules and standards used, then a system is built by implementing the Fuzzy-AHP method to produce optimal alternatives that can be used as information. Alternative results will be evaluated by quantitative and qualitative analysis compared to the existing system. The developed system is expected to be used as a tool in decision making in the Regional Sumatra Regional Public Corporation I company that is optimal according to the criteria, rules or standards used. Data collection using the method of literature study, observation, interviews, and sampling. This research is expected to be one of the references in the application of decision support systems in a real scope and contribute to building a constructive community culture based on logical and scientific values.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Alif Alauddin ◽  
Alif Akbar Pribandono ◽  
Fio Debi Saputri ◽  
Novenda Hijrah Nugraheni Pramukti ◽  
Khexe Purnama Sari ◽  
...  

<p><em>Population growth in big cities </em><em>impact to</em><em> various social problems. The city of Surakarta as the second largest municipality in Central Java is full of social problems due to the behavior </em><em>caused by the</em><em> people. This study explore</em><em>s</em><em> the behavior of urban communities </em><em>which widely impact to</em><em> environmental damage or ecological crises. Serengan Subdistrict was chosen as the research location because of its limited environmental management facilities which are not evenly distributed compared to other sub-districts in Surakarta City. The focus of this study is the behavior of urban communities in Serengan District, Surakarta City. Researchers used a mixed method with a qualitative-dominant and quantitative-less design. Phenomenology is used as an approach to explore the various typifications of society from the perspective of behavior and ecological crises. In-depth interviews (in-depth interviews), observation, literature study, and documentation were carried out in collecting qualitative data. While there were 96 respondents who then used quantitative Pearson correlation analysis in presenting the data results. Qualitative research shows that in the Serengan District community there are 2 types of behavior and ecological crises, </em><em>i.e</em><em> gigantism and environmental management systems. The quantitative results show a positive relationship between the 2 variables. This research is useful as an in-depth study of sociology and environmental science on the development of urban communities, </em><em>particularly</em><em> in the city of Surakarta.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><strong> </strong><strong><em>Urban Community Behavior, Urban Sociology, Ecology.</em></strong></p><p><strong><em><br /></em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Pertumbuhan penduduk di kota-kota besar menimbulkan beragam masalah sosial. Kota Surakarta sebagai kota madya terbesar kedua di Jawa Tengah penuh dengan permasalah sosial akibat perilaku masyarakatnya. Penelitian ini berusaha menggali perilaku masyarakat kota yang berpengaruh kepada kerusakan lingkungan atau krisis ekologi. Kecamatan Serengan dipilih menjadi lokasi penelitian karena keterbatasan fasilitas pengelolaan lingkungan yang tidak merata dibandingkan dengan kecamatan lainnya di Kota Surakarta. Fokus studi ini adalah perilaku masyarakat perkotaan di Kecamatan Serengan, Kota Surakarta. Peneliti menggunakan <em>mixed method</em> dengan desain <em>qua</em><em>litative</em><em>-dominant and </em><em>quantitative</em><em>-less</em>. Fenomenologi digunakan sebagai pendekatan untuk menggali ragam tipifikasi masyarakat atas perspektif perilaku dan krisis ekologi. Wawancara mendalam <em>(indepth-interview), </em>observasi, studi literatur, dan dokumentasi dilakukan dalam pengumpulan data kualitatif. Sedangkan terdapat 96 responden yang selanjutnya menggunakan analisis korelasi pearson kuantitatif dalam penyajian hasil data. Penelitian kualitatif menunjukan pada masyarakat Kecamatan Serengan terdapat 2 tipifikasi terhadap perilaku dan krisis ekologi yaitu gigantisme dan sistem pengelolaan lingkungan. Hasil kuantitatif menunjukan hubungan positif antara 2 variabel tersebut. Penelitian ini bermanfaat sebagai telaah mendalam sosiologis dan ilmu lingkungan terhadap perkembangan masyarakat kota khususnya di Kota Surakarta.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Kata kunci: Perilaku Masyarakat Kota, Sosiologi Perkotaan, Ekologi</strong><strong>.</strong></p>


Jurnal Socius ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marce Diana

AbstractThis study aims to: (1) Describe the stages in the Dayak Maanyan traditional marriage in the city of Banjarmsasin (2) Describe the requirements in the Dayak Maanyan traditional marriage in the city of Banjarmasin, (3) Analyze the social values contained in each stage of Dayak Maanyan marriage in the city of Banjarmasin. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative method with the number of respondents as many as 7 people, 3 key respondents and 4 people supporting respondents. Data collection using interview, observation, documentation and literature study techniques. Data analysis with data reduction, display and verification. The results of this study are: (1) The stages of the Dayak Maanyan customary marriage held in Banjarmasin city consist of the Ngantane/Itunti (introduction) stage, the Adu Pamupuh (engagement) stage, and the Piadu stage (fulfillment of customary law). The most interesting and sacred stage is the Piadu stage because at this time the two brides were officially inaugurated as husband and wife. (2) Requirements in Dayak Maanyan customary marriage in Banjarmasin city. Both the bridegroom and the bride must prepare the requirements of each stage in question. The most prepared requirements are at the Piadu stage, in which there are seven conditions that must be met, namely Tajau Tuak, Keagungan Mantir, Lanjung Ume Pintan Gantung, Eteh Kadiwai, Palangkahan, Tutup Uwan, and Sangku Dite Sangku Lungkung. (3) The Social Values contained in the Dayak Maanyan traditional marriage have at least 8 social values, namely the value of love and appreciation for tradition, the value of sincerity (seriousness) & courage, politeness, family values, values of loyalty, togetherness and mutual cooperation , the value of independence & responsibility, and the values that characterize the Dayak Maanyan, namely the value of kinship. The social values contained in the marriage of the Dayak Maanyan motivated the Dayak Maanyan ethnic population in the city of Banjarmasin to carry out faithfully and genuinely the traditions, especially the indigenous Dayak Maanyan marriage. Keywords: Social Value, Indigenous Marriage, and Dayak Maanyan AbstrakPenelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk: (1) Mendeskripsikan tahapan dalam perkawinan adat Dayak Maanyan di kota Banjarmsasin (2) Mendeskripsikan persyaratan dalam perkawinan adat Dayak Maanyan di kota Banjarmasin, (3) Menganalisis nilai-nilai sosial yang terkandung dalam tiap tahapan perkawinan adat Dayak Maanyan di kota Banjarmasin. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 7 orang, responden kunci 3 orang dan responden pendukung 4 orang. Pengumpulan data dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi dan studi kepustakaan. Analisis data dengan reduksi data, display dan verifikasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Tahapan perkawinan adat Dayak Maanyan yang dilaksanakan di kota Banjarmasin terdiri atas tahap Ngantane/Itunti (perkenalan), tahap Adu Pamupuh (pertunangan), dan tahap Piadu (pemenuhan hukum adat). Tahapan yang paling menarik perhatian dan sakral adalah tahap Piadu karena saat ini lah kedua mempelai diresmikan secara hukum adat sebagai suami istri. (2) Persyaratan dalam perkawinan adat Dayak Maanyan di kota Banjarmasin. Baik pihak mempelai laki-laki maupun perempuan harus menyiapkan persyaratan dari tiap tahapan dimaksud. Persyaratan yang paling banyak disiapkan adalah pada tahap Piadu, didalamnya terdapat tujuh syarat yang harus dipenuhi yaitu Tajau Tuak, Keagungan Mantir, Lanjung Ume Pintan Gantung, Eteh Kadiwai, Palangkahan, Tutup Uwan, dan Sangku Dite Sangku Lungkung. (3) Nilai-Nilai Sosial yang terkandung dalam perkawinan adat Dayak Maanyan sedikitnya ada 8 nilai sosial, yaitu nilai kecintaan dan penghargaan pada tradisi, nilai kesungguhan (keseriusan) & keberanian, nilai kesopanan, nilai kekeluargaan, nilai kesetiaan, nilai kebersamaan & gotong royong, nilai kemandirian & tanggung jawab, serta nilai yang menjadi ciri khas Dayak Maanyan yaitu nilai kekerabatan. Nilai-nilai sosial yang terdapat dalam perkawinan Dayak Maanyan ini memotivasi warga etnis Dayak Maanyan yang ada di kota Banjarmasin untuk melaksanakan dengan setia dan sungguh-sungguh tradisi, khususnya perkawinan adat Dayak Maanyan.Kata kunci: Nilai Sosial , Perkawinan Adat, dan Dayak  Maanyan


2018 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 03003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Asteria ◽  
Alin Halimatussadiah ◽  
Budidarmono ◽  
Dyah Utari ◽  
Retty Dwi Handayani

The aims of this paper to identify a relationship of social capital with the participation of women in their community to realize the sustainablity of rive in urban areas and to achieve resilience of the city. Efforts to increase women’s participation in urban planning and environmental management require the support of social capital in local contexts to achieve sustainability of river in urban areas. The method used in this research is a quantitative approach, with this type of research is descriptive-explanatory. Data collection techniques in this study by conducting surveys with questionnaire disseminating and literature study. The research location was undertaken in DKI Jakarta as the metropolitan city has the complexity of problems because of the density of citizens and environmental degradation, especially in the river area. The result of this study shows the social capital of the community has a relation to the proactive participation of women. The activity of capacity building for women for environmental management need to strengthen the values of togetherness and trust to actors who are the drivers of citizens and the implementers of community empowerment. The implication of this study can be used for strategy in protecting of the river in urban areas to adopting a more environmentally friendly approach by integrating gender equality.


2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Herdianto Kurniawan ◽  
Budi Guntoro ◽  
Wihandoyo (Wihandoyo)

<p>The study was aimed to identify and to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that faced<br />the city of Samarinda in fulfilling the egg need and to formulate the best and suitable strategy for the region to face the<br />shortage of egg supply. The study was conducted in November 2009. The method used in the study was descriptive analysis method. Methods of data collection using questionnaires, interviews, observation and literature study. Methods<br />of data analysis using the SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) were used to identify the internal environmental factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external environmental factors (opportunities and threats) areas. The result was then drawn in the quadrant analysis of SWOT and interpreted in the SWOT matrix could be to show the position and direction of regional development as well as alternative strategies that can be run. The results showed that internal identified value was 0.3922 and the external identified value was 0.0308. Development strategy at Samarinda in the first quadrant with a strengths was greater than the opportunities, so the region must be able to use these strengths to take advantage of existing opportunities. The area should implement an aggressive growth strategy (growth oriented strategy) in order to meet the self need of eggs in the region Samarinda.</p><p><br />(Key word: Layer, Development strategy, SWOT analysis)<br /><br /></p>


Author(s):  
Dhea Juniar ◽  
Ike Rachmawati ◽  
Dine Meigawati

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui implemetasi kebijakan penataan indekos atau rumah kontrakan di Kota Sukabumi, serta faktor-faktor yang mempegaruhinya. Peneliti menggunakan teori implementasi kebijakan publik menurut van Metter & van Horn. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data melalui teknik observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan studi kepustakaan. Implementasi kebijakan penataan indekos atau rumah kontrakan di Kota Sukabumi sudah berjalan dengan baik jika dilihat dari sisi sumber daya, karakteristik agen pelaksana, dan kecenderungan/disposisi para pelaksana. Namun dari sisi ukuran dan tujuan kebijakan, komunikasi antar organisasi dan aktivitas pelaksana serta lingkungan ekonomi, sosial dan politik belum berjalan dengan baik. Hal tersebutlah yang menghambat keberhasilan dari pelaksanaan implementasi kebijakan tentang penataan indekos atau rumah kontrakan di Kota Sukabumi.AbstractThe research aims to determine the implementation of the policy for structuring boarding houses or rented houses in Sukabumi City, as well as the factors that influence it. Researchers use the theory of public policy implementation according to van Metter & van Horn. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method by collecting data through observation, interview, documentation, and literature study techniques. The implementationof the structuring policy for boarding houses or rented houses in Sukabumi City has been running well when viewed in terms of resources, characteristics of implementing agencies, and propensity/dispositions of the implementers. However, in terms of size and policy objectives, communication between organizations and implementing activities as well as the economic, social and political environment has not gone well. This is what hinders the success of the implementation of the policy on structuring boarding houses or rented houses in the City of Sukabumi.


2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-241
Author(s):  
Tepinus Morip ◽  
Keliopas Krey ◽  
Freddy Pattiselanno

Selain sebagai penyedia air bersih, potensi flora dan fauna Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Meja (TWA Gunung Meja), sangat menjanjikan. Karena letaknya yang mudah diakses serta lokasinya yang berada di dalam kota Manokwari, interaksi yang terjadi antara masyarakat dengan kawasan ini juga sangat tinggi dan berdampak terhadap potensi keanekaragaman hayatinya.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari bentuk interaksi antara kelompok etnik Dani dengan TWA Gunung Meja serta merekam informasi etnobiologi mereka dan melakukan penilaian deskriptif dampak pemanfaatan terhadap kondisi lingkungan TWA Gunung Meja. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan teknik observasi, wawancara dan studi kepustakaan dan semua hasil observasi dan wawancara yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Pendekatan kontekstual digunakan untuk menjelaskan situasi di lapangan untuk melengkapi deskripsi lokasi penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tujuh spesies tumbuhan dari enam famili dan enam spesies hewan dari enam famili dimanfaatkan oleh kelompok etnik Dani di kawasan TWA Gunung Meja. Tujuan pemanfaatannya bervariasi untuk kebutuhan sandang, pangan, energi dan pengobatan medis dan asesori budaya. Bagian tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan berragam terdiri dari batang, ranting, dahan, daun, buah dan kulit, sedangkan daging, lemak, empedu, kulit, cakar dan taring adalah bagian tubuh hewan yang dimanfaatkan kelompok etnik Dani sesuai tujuan pemanfaatannya.ABSTRACTApart from being a provider of clean water, the potential of flora and fauna of the Gunung Meja Nature Tourism Park (TWA Gunung Meja) is very promising. Due to its easily accessible and its location within the city of Manokwari, the interaction that occurs between the community and this area is also very high and creates impact on its biodiversity potential. This study aims to study the form of interaction between the Dani ethnic group and TWA Gunung Meja as well as record their ethnobiological information. We conduct a descriptive assessment of the impact of utilization on the environmental conditions of TWA Gunung Meja. This research is a descriptive study with observation, interview and literature study techniques and all observations and interviews obtained in this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A contextual approach is used to explain the situation in the field to complete the description of the research location. The results showed that there were seven plant species from six families and six animal species from six families used by the Dani ethnic group in the TWA Gunung Meja area. The purpose of its use varies for the needs of clothing, food, energy and medical treatment and cultural accessories. The various parts of the plant used consist of stems, twigs, branches, leaves, fruit and skin, while meat, fat, gall, skin, claws and fangs are animal body parts used by the Dani ethnic group according to their intended use


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nfn Darmanto ◽  
Nur Zaini

AbstrakPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh menguatnya wacana mengenai pentingnya perlindungan data pribadi  dan terbitnya Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi dalam Sistem Elektronik. Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui kinerja implementasi Peraturan Menteri tersebut di lingkungan Pemerintah Kabupaten. Penelitian  dilakukan di Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil pada Pemerintah Kabupaten Gianyar, Temanggung, dan Sleman dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus, sedangkan pengum­pu­lan data menggunakan teknik studi pustaka, wawancara, dan observasi. Pembahasan dilakukan dengan menggunakan konsep implemen­tasi model Edwards yang melihat implementasi berdasarkan variabel komunikasi, sumber-sumber, kecenderungan-kecenderu­ngan, dan struk­tur birokrasi. Hasil penelitian menunjuk­kan bahwa penyelenggaraan administrasi kependudukan yang di dalamnya termasuk perlindungan data pribadi oleh Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil merujuk pada Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 61 Tahun 2015, sedangkan Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika Nomor 20 tahun 2016 sama sekali belum mereka ketahui. AbstractThis research is motivated by the strengthening of discourse regarding the importance of protecting personal data and the issuance of Minister of Communication and Information Regulation No. 20 of 2016 concerning Protection of Personal Data in Electronic Systems. The research objective is to determine the performance of the implementation of the Ministerial Regulation within the District Government. The study was conducted at the Department of Population and Civil Registration at the Government of the Regency of Gianyar, Temanggung, and Sleman by using a case study method, while data collection using literature study techniques, interviews, and observations. The discussion was carried out using the concept of implementation of Edwards model that looked at implementation based on communication variables, sources, trends, and bureaucratic structure. The results showed that the administration of population administration which included the protection of personal data by the Population and Civil Registry Office referred to the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 61 of 2015, while the Minister of Communication and Information Regulation No. 20 of 2016 was completely unknown to them.   


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-378
Author(s):  
Muhammad Majdy Amiruddin ◽  
Muhammad Ismail ◽  
Hasanuddin Hasim

The reviving of modern economic theory is usually stated starting from the publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Natoins, in 1776, although other thinkers who first also gave no small contribution. The main idea put forward by Adam Smith is that competition between various suppliers of goods and buyers will produce the best possibilities in the distribution of goods and services because it will encourage everyoe to do the specialization and increase in capital so that it will produce more value with a permanent workforce. From the Islamic perspective, there are several names that commonly known such, Baqir, Umar Chapra, and Mannan. The purpose of this research is to explore the revival economic though by Abdul Mannan. This research adapts content analysis method, which is a researcher conducts a discussion of the contents of written or edition information in the mass media. The data analysis techniques of this scientific work use literature study techniques, comparative, induction, and deduction. The study began by collecting literature data from Muhammad Abdul Mannan's Concept of Thinking about the Development of Modern Era Islamic economics and Modern Era Islamic Economic concepts in general, (researchers only participated in the discussion). Then proceed with the interpretation that researchers try to understand Muhammad Abdul Mannan's thoughts about the Development of Islamic Economics in the Modern Era. The result of this reseacrh indicates that the revival of Islamic thought by determining basic economic functions that simply cover three functions, namely consumption, production and distribution. Those basics are rooted by Five basic principles rooted in Shariah for basic economic functions in the form of consumption functions are the principles of righteousness, cleanliness, moderation, benefit and morality


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Efi Yulistyowati ◽  
Endah Pujiastuti

<p align="center">ABSTRAK</p><p>Artikel hasil penelitian tentang kajian normatif keberadaan toko modern di Kota Semarang akan mengkaji mengenai keberadaan toko modern di Kota Semarang apakah sudah  memenuhi ketentuan dalam Peraturan Presiden Nomor 112 Tahun 2007. Untuk membahas permasalahan tersebut, metode pendekatan yang dipakai adalah yuridis normatif, dengan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis, metode pengumpulan datanya : studi dokumentasi dan studi kepustakaan, sedangkan metode analisis data yang dipergunakan adalah analisis kualitatif.</p><p>Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa  keberadaan toko modern di Kota Semarang sudah memenuhi beberapa ketentuan yang ada dalam Peraturan Presiden Nomor 112 Tahun 2007, yang belum terpenuhi adalah : ketentuan Pasal 13  &amp; Pasal 15 Peraturan Presiden Nomor 112 Tahun 2007.</p><p><em>Articles of research on the normative study of the existence of modern stores in the city of Semarang will examine the existence of modern stores in the city of Semarang whether they have fulfilled the provisions in Presidential Regulation No. 112 of 2007. To discuss these problems, the approach method used is normative juridical, with the specifications of analytical descriptive research, data collection methods: documentation and literature study, while the data analysis method used is qualitative analysis.</em></p><p><em>            </em><em>The results of the study show that the existence of a modern shop in Semarang City has fulfilled several provisions in the Presidential Regulation Number 112 of 2007, which has not been fulfilled are:</em></p><p><em>p</em><em>rovisions in Article 13 </em><em>and p</em><em>rovisions Article 15</em><em> </em><em>of the Presidential Regulation Number 112 of 2007</em><em>.</em><em></em></p><p><em>Keywords: Study, Normative, Modern Shop, Semarang City.</em><em></em></p><p> </p>


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