scholarly journals Pectins and Olive Pectins: From Biotechnology to Human Health

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 860
Author(s):  
Maria C. Millan-Linares ◽  
Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz ◽  
Maria E. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Neutral Sugars

Pectins are a component of the complex heteropolysaccharide mixture present in the cell wall of higher plants. Structurally, the pectin backbone includes galacturonic acid to which neutral sugars are attached, resulting in functional regions in which the esterification of residues is crucial. Pectins influence many physiological processes in plants and are used industrially for both food and non-food applications. Pectin-based compounds are also a promising natural source of health-beneficial bioactive molecules. The properties of pectins have generated interest in the extraction of these polysaccharides from natural sources using environmentally friendly protocols that maintain the native pectin structure. Many fruit by-products are sources of pectins; however, owing to the wide range of applications in various fields, novel plants are now being explored as potential sources. Olives, the fruit of the olive tree, are consumed as part of the healthy Mediterranean diet or processed into olive oil. Pectins from olives have recently emerged as promising compounds with health-beneficial effects. This review details the current knowledge on the structure of pectins and describes the conventional and novel techniques of pectin extraction. The versatile properties of pectins, which make them promising bioactive compounds for industry and health promotion, are also considered.

scholarly journals Rutin as a Potent Antioxidant: Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adaze Bijou Enogieru ◽  
William Haylett ◽  
Donavon Charles Hiss ◽  
Soraya Bardien ◽  
Okobi Eko Ekpo
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

A wide range of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and prion diseases, share common mechanisms such as neuronal loss, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Intervention strategies using plant-derived bioactive compounds have been offered as a form of treatment for these debilitating conditions, as there are currently no remedies to prevent, reverse, or halt the progression of neuronal loss. Rutin, a glycoside of the flavonoid quercetin, is found in many plants and fruits, especially buckwheat, apricots, cherries, grapes, grapefruit, plums, and oranges. Pharmacological studies have reported the beneficial effects of rutin in many disease conditions, and its therapeutic potential in several models of NDs has created considerable excitement. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge on the neuroprotective mechanisms of rutin in various experimental models of NDs. The mechanisms of action reviewed in this article include reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, improved antioxidant enzyme activities, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, downregulation of mRNA expression of PD-linked and proapoptotic genes, upregulation of the ion transport and antiapoptotic genes, and restoration of the activities of mitochondrial complex enzymes. Taken together, these findings suggest that rutin may be a promising neuroprotective compound for the treatment of NDs.

scholarly journals In-Vitro Inhibition of Human Lipase PS by Polyphenols From Kiwi Fruit

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eidenberger Thomas ◽  
Selg Manuel ◽  
Fuerst Sigrid ◽  
Krennhuber Klaus
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Lipase ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Enzyme Inactivation ◽  
Kiwi Fruit ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Lipase Inhibition

<p>Polyphenols are widely distributed in higher plants. It is well recognized that they are responsible for many beneficial effects observed in humans after ingestion of vegetables and fruits. Kiwis (<em>Actinidia chinensis</em>) are an increasingly popular fruit in Europe and contain a wide range of polyphenols.</p> <p>Different preparations from kiwi fruits were compared for the content of soluble and condensed polyphenols and tested <em>in-vitro</em> for inhibition of human pancreatic lipase. It is shown that human pancreatic lipase is substantially inhibited by kiwi polyphenols as long as the proportion of condensed polyphenols remains intact. Lipase inhibition is negligible when condensed polyphenols are hydrolysed by acidic treatment. It was also demonstrated that Kiwi polyphenols do not precipitate proteins as described for the tannin class of condensed polyphenols. Hence, the inhibitory effect of condensed Kiwi polyphenols is not considered to be related to unspecific enzyme inactivation by a tannin-like effect.</p>

scholarly journals Cyclic AMP: A Polyhedral Signalling Molecule in Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Blanco ◽  
Stefania Fortunato ◽  
Luigi Viggiano ◽  
Maria Concetta de Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Signalling Molecule ◽  
Complex Architecture ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
External Stimuli

The cyclic nucleotide cAMP (3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is nowadays recognised as an important signalling molecule in plants, involved in many molecular processes, including sensing and response to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. The validation of a functional cAMP-dependent signalling system in higher plants has spurred a great scientific interest on the polyhedral role of cAMP, as it actively participates in plant adaptation to external stimuli, in addition to the regulation of physiological processes. The complex architecture of cAMP-dependent pathways is far from being fully understood, because the actors of these pathways and their downstream target proteins remain largely unidentified. Recently, a genetic strategy was effectively used to lower cAMP cytosolic levels and hence shed light on the consequences of cAMP deficiency in plant cells. This review aims to provide an integrated overview of the current state of knowledge on cAMP’s role in plant growth and response to environmental stress. Current knowledge of the molecular components and the mechanisms of cAMP signalling events is summarised.

scholarly journals Oxidative-Signaling in Neural Stem Cell-Mediated Plasticity: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Mafalda Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Catarina Roxo ◽  
Susana Solá
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mature Brain ◽  
Injured Brain ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Adult Mammalian Brain

The adult mammalian brain is capable of generating new neurons from existing neural stem cells (NSCs) in a process called adult neurogenesis. This process, which is critical for sustaining cognition and mental health in the mature brain, can be severely hampered with ageing and different neurological disorders. Recently, it is believed that the beneficial effects of NSCs in the injured brain relies not only on their potential to differentiate and integrate into the preexisting network, but also on their secreted molecules. In fact, further insight into adult NSC function is being gained, pointing to these cells as powerful endogenous “factories” that produce and secrete a large range of bioactive molecules with therapeutic properties. Beyond anti-inflammatory, neurogenic and neurotrophic effects, NSC-derived secretome has antioxidant proprieties that prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and rescue recipient cells from oxidative damage. This is particularly important in neurodegenerative contexts, where oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a significant role. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge and the therapeutic opportunities of NSC secretome for neurodegenerative diseases with a particular focus on mitochondria and its oxidative state.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: From Basic Science to Clinics

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Randall Harrell ◽  
Nemanja Jovicic ◽  
Valentin Djonov ◽  
Vladislav Volarevic
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cell Based Therapy ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are, due to their immunosuppressive and regenerative properties, used as new therapeutic agents in cell-based therapy of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. A large number of experimental and clinical studies revealed that most of MSC-mediated beneficial effects were attributed to the effects of MSC-sourced exosomes (MSC-Exos). MSC-Exos are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that contain MSC-derived bioactive molecules (messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNAs (miRNAs)), enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors) that modulate phenotype, function and homing of immune cells, and regulate survival and proliferation of parenchymal cells. In this review article, we emphasized current knowledge about molecular and cellular mechanisms that were responsible for MSC-Exos-based beneficial effects in experimental models and clinical trials. Additionally, we elaborated on the challenges of conventional MSC-Exos administration and proposed the use of new bioengineering and cellular modification techniques which could enhance therapeutic effects of MSC-Exos in alleviation of inflammatory and degenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of (E)-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3273
Author(s):  
Rosaria Scandiffio ◽  
Federica Geddo ◽  
Erika Cottone ◽  
Giulia Querio ◽  
Susanna Antoniotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors

(E)-β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene widely distributed in the plant kingdom, where it contributes a unique aroma to essential oils and has a pivotal role in the survival and evolution of higher plants. Recent studies provided evidence for protective roles of BCP in animal cells, highlighting its possible use as a novel therapeutic tool. Experimental results show the ability of BCP to reduce pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), thus ameliorating chronic pathologies characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, in particular metabolic and neurological diseases. Through the binding to CB2 cannabinoid receptors and the interaction with members of the family of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), BCP shows beneficial effects on obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) liver diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, pain and other nervous system disorders. This review describes the current knowledge on the biosynthesis and natural sources of BCP, and reviews its role and mechanisms of action in different inflammation-related metabolic and neurologic disorders.

Bioactives in disease prevention and health promotion: Exploiting Combinatorial effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Chikkalakshmipura Gurumallu ◽  
Rajesha Javaraiah
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion

Background: Many bioactive molecules such as lycopene, resveratrol, lignan, tannins, indoles fatty acids, etc. found in small amounts in plants, animals, and microorganisms have been extensively investigated for their diverse preventive, therapeutic, immune-modulating and toxicological effects. Currently, the growing interest of the consumers is shifted towards a novel bioinspired strategy of cocktailing two or more bioactives at a lower concentration to reduce both side and cost effects, and to enhance positive effects for the development of novel compounds by the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Methods: Even though there are several regularly updated and published reports showing the importance of beneficial effects of bioactives individually, no systematic reviews are outlining how the bioactives have combinatorially acted together to provide such health benefits and disease preventive effects. Hence, various electronic scientific databases such as Pub Med, Science Direct, Google scholar, Sci-Finder were searched to collect the data of the present review. Results: One hundred and sixty-two research and review papers collected from peer-reviewed journals are cited in the present review covering the broad spectrum of many bioactives and their importance in the field of food, feed and drug industries. Conclusion: The present systematic review discusses and highlights our current knowledge on the concept of synergistic and combinatorial effects of various bioactives from the plant, animal, microorganism sources and synthetic drugs in disease prevention and health promotion. These findings may pave a way for the discovery of new bioactive products and process development, which could add to economic importance.

Significance of silicon uptake, transport, and deposition in plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (21) ◽  
pp. 6703-6718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushil Mandlik ◽  
Vandana Thakral ◽  
Gaurav Raturi ◽  
Suhas Shinde ◽  
Miroslav Nikolić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Silicon Uptake ◽  
Different Tissues

Abstract Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of silicon (Si) for plant growth, particularly under stress conditions, and hence a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of its uptake, subsequent transport, and accumulation in different tissues is important. Here, we provide a thorough review of our current knowledge of how plants benefit from Si supplementation. The molecular mechanisms involved in Si transport are discussed and we highlight gaps in our knowledge, particularly with regards to xylem unloading and transport into heavily silicified cells. Silicification of tissues such as sclerenchyma, fibers, storage tissues, the epidermis, and vascular tissues are described. Silicon deposition in different cell types, tissues, and intercellular spaces that affect morphological and physiological properties associated with enhanced plant resilience under various biotic and abiotic stresses are addressed in detail. Most Si-derived benefits are the result of interference in physiological processes, modulation of stress responses, and biochemical interactions. A better understanding of the versatile roles of Si in plants requires more detailed knowledge of the specific mechanisms involved in its deposition in different tissues, at different developmental stages, and under different environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Roles of the Actin-Binding Protein Flightless I in Inflammation, Cancer and Wound Healing

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xanthe L. Strudwick ◽  
Allison J. Cowin
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Wound Repair ◽  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Migration

Flightless I is an actin-binding member of the gelsolin family of actin-remodeling proteins that inhibits actin polymerization but does not possess actin severing ability. Flightless I functions as a regulator of many cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration all of which are important for many physiological processes including wound repair, cancer progression and inflammation. More than simply facilitating cytoskeletal rearrangements, Flightless I has other important roles in the regulation of gene transcription within the nucleus where it interacts with nuclear hormone receptors to modulate cellular activities. In conjunction with key binding partners Leucine rich repeat in the Flightless I interaction proteins (LRRFIP)1/2, Flightless I acts both synergistically and competitively to regulate a wide range of cellular signaling including interacting with two of the most important inflammatory pathways, the NLRP3 inflammasome and the MyD88-TLR4 pathways. In this review we outline the current knowledge about this important cytoskeletal protein and describe its many functions across a range of health conditions and pathologies. We provide perspectives for future development of Flightless I as a potential target for clinical translation and insights into potential therapeutic approaches to manipulate Flightless I functions.

Localization of Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in the Phleom of Nicotiana Tabacum

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 230-231
Author(s):  
James Cronshaw ◽  
Jamison E. Gilder
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Atpase Localization

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity has been shown to be associated with numerous physiological processes in both plants and animal cells. Biochemical studies have shown that in higher plants ATPase activity is high in cell wall preparations and is associated with the plasma membrane, nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts and lysosomes. However, there have been only a few ATPase localization studies of higher plants at the electron microscope level. Poux (1967) demonstrated ATPase activity associated with most cellular organelles in the protoderm cells of Cucumis roots. Hall (1971) has demonstrated ATPase activity in root tip cells of Zea mays. There was high surface activity largely associated with the plasma membrane and plasmodesmata. ATPase activity was also demonstrated in mitochondria, dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and plastids.

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