scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Panax ginseng Berries from Seven Cultivars Using UPLC-QTOF/MS and NMR-Based Metabolic Profiling

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon ◽  
Choi ◽  
Kim ◽  
Oh ◽  
Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Magic Angle Spinning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Magic Angle ◽  
Ginsenoside Re ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Commercial Use

The commercial use of Panax ginseng berries is increasing as P. ginseng berries are known to contain large amounts of ginsenosides, and many pharmacological activities have been reported for the various ginsenosides. For the proper use of P. ginseng berries, it is necessary to study efficient and accurate quality control and the profiling of the overall composition of each cultivar. Ginseng berry samples from seven cultivars (Eumseung, Chung-buk Province, Republic of Korea) were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) for profiling of the ginsenosides, and high-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy for profiling of the primary metabolites. Comparing twenty-six ginsenoside profiles between the variant representatives and between the violet-stem variant, Kumpoong and Sunwon were classified. In the case of primary metabolites, the cultivars Kumpoong and Gopoong were classified. As a result of correlation analyses of the primary and secondary metabolites, in the Gopoong cultivar, the metabolism was found to lean toward energy metabolism rather than ginsenoside synthesis, and accumulation of osmolytes was low. The Gopoong cultivar had higher levels of most of the amino acids, such as arginine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, and valine, and it contained the highest level of choline and the lowest level of myo-inositol. Except for these, there were no significant differences of primary metabolites. In the Kumpoong cultivar, the protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides, ginsenoside Re and ginsenoside Rg2, were much lower than in the other cultivars, while the other PPT-type ginsenosides were inversely found in much higher amounts than in other cultivars. The Sunwon cultivar showed that variations of PPT-type ginsenosides were significantly different between samples. However, the median values of PPT-type ginsenosides of Sunwon showed similar levels to those of Kumpoong. The difference in primary metabolites used for metabolism for survival was found to be small in our results. Our data demonstrated the characteristics of each cultivar using profiling data of the primary and secondary metabolites, especially for Gopoong, Kumpoong, and Sunwon. These profiling data provided important information for further research and commercial use.

scholarly journals Profiling of primary metabolites in grapes of interspecific grapevine varieties: sugars and organic acids

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 361-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Pavloušek ◽  
M. Kumšta
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
The Individual

The quality of grapes is determined above all by the contents of the primary and secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites involve sugars and organic acids, and just these compounds are dealt with in this study. Its objective was to analyse and critically evaluate the primary metabolites in new interspecific varieties and, based on a comparison with European varieties of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), to find out the similarities and also possible differences between them. The study evaluates and compares 4 conventional varieties of Vitis vinifera with 11 new interspecific cultivars. The contents and compositions of the individual sugars and acids were estimated by means of the HPLC method. Most of these varieties belong to the group with either medium or low content of malic acid, i.e. with a medium to high β ratio. This corroborates the similarity of interspecific varieties to those of V. vinifera. The cluster analysis identified the existence of two interesting groups of varieties: the first one involved the varieties Riesling, Nativa, Marlen, and Kofranka while the other group consisted of varieties Blaufränkisch, Blauer Portugieser, and Laurot. This observation also indicates similarity between Vitis vinifera L. varieties and interspecific cultivars and demonstrates that the contents of the primary metabolites (i.e. sugars and organic acids) are also comparable.

scholarly journals Determination and Profiling of Secondary Metabolites in Aloe vera, Aloe arborescens and Aloe saponaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Other ◽  
Score Plot ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Aloe Arborescens ◽  
High Predictability ◽  
Β Carotene

Metabolomics is as an innovative technique for discriminating plant species. The objective of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites of three different Aloe species, A. vera, A. arborescens, and A. saponaria profiled by 1 H-NMR analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) derived from the 1 H-NMR spectra indicated a clear discrimination among the Aloe species, providing high predictability and good fitness of the PCA model (R2 = 0.928 and Q2 = 865). As observed in the PLS-DA score plot, discrimination was observed in the Aloe species with respect to primary metabolites including sugar and organic acid and secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and carotenoids. A. vera was characterized by high levels of malate. On the other hand, as compared to the other Aloe species, A. arborescens was characterized by higher levels of aloenin and sugar metabolites such as sucrose and glucose. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC, and the amounts of carotenoids including zeaxanthin, α- and β-carotene, and phenylpropanoids in A. arborescens were found to be significantly higher than those in the other Aloe species. In conclusion, we demonstrated that 1 H-NMR-based metabolomics with chemometric analysis can be used for the facile discrimination of Aloe species.

scholarly journals Comparative GC-MS analysis of the composition of metabolites of aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
J. Strugar ◽  
A. A. Orlova ◽  
M. N. Povydysh
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Comarum Palustre ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Understanding the mechanisms of accumulation of individual groups of biologically active substances in promising types of plant raw materials and the possibility of predicting them is important for solving fundamental and applied problems of pharmaceuticals. To date, differences have been revealed in the qualitative and quantitative composition of secondary metabolites in the aboveground and underground of Comarum palustre L., however, the issue remains unstudied.Aim. Comparative metabolomic study of the composition of the primary metabolites of the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L.Materials and methods. The object of the study was the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L., harvested in the vicinity of the nursery of medicinal plants of the St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University (Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Priozerskoe Highway, 38 km) in 2019 and dried. Metabolomic studies based on GC-MS method was perfomed. A statistical analysis based on the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform was used.Results and discussion. Analysis of the chromatograms obtained using the GC-MS method revealed the content of 933 primary metabolites in the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L., 120 of which were identified. Using a number of statistical methods, 10 metabolites from monosaccharides, acids and alcohols, making the greatest contribution to the manifestation of differences between the studied samples, were identified.Conclusion. The study revealed the relationship between the composition of primary and secondary metabolites in medicinal plant raw materials.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY METABOLITES BY LICHENS FLAVOCETRARIA CUCULLATA AND CETRARIA LAEVIGATA

2021 ◽  
pp. 227-233
Author(s):  
Il'ya Andreyevich Prokopiev ◽  
Igor Vitalievich Sleptsov ◽  
Lena Nikolayevna Poryadina
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
General Activation

The study of the effect of temperature on the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites by lichens Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & Thell and Cetraria laevigata Rass was carried out. Lichen samples were taken out from under the snow (-20 °C) together with the soil substrate and transferred to the climatic chamber. Then the temperature in the climatic chamber was sequentially increased to +10 and +20 °C. The lichen exposure was carried out for 30 days for each temperature regime. The analysis of primary metabolites was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was shown that in lichens F. cucullata and C. laevigata at temperatures of +10 and +20 °C, an increase in the content of mannitol, ribitol, sucrose, and hydroxyproline was observed, as well as a decrease in the content of unsaturated fatty acids as compared to the initial samples. At the same time, the content of glycerol and arabitol in the thalli of the initial lichens (-20 °C) was higher than after exposure at +10 and +20 °C, which, apparently, is associated with the cryoprotective properties of these compounds. The content of secondary metabolites in lichens was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that the content of usnic, allo-protolichesterinic, and protolichesterinic acids in F. cucullata increased after exposure in a climatic chamber, which may be associated with a general activation of metabolic processes with an increase in temperature. At the same time, the content of fumarprotocetraric acid in C. laevigata lichens decreased at temperatures of +10 and +20 °C compared to the initial samples, which may be associated with its protective properties under the action of low-temperature stress.

scholarly journals Comparative Phytochemical Analyses and Metabolic Profiling of Different Phenotypes of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica Rapa ssp. Pekinensis)

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Ha Park ◽  
Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽  
Soo-Yun Park ◽  
Jae Kwang Kim ◽  
Sang Un Park
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
The Relationship

This study aimed to comprehensively examine the interface between primary and secondary metabolites in oval- and rectangular-shaped Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) using gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition to differences in shape, there was significant morphological variation between the two cultivars. The rectangular variety had greater height and deeper green color, whereas the oval variety had more leaves and greater width. A total of 42 primary metabolites identified by GC-TOFMS were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant, which indicated significant differences in the primary and secondary metabolisms of the two cultivars. Furthermore, total glucosinolate and phenolic contents were higher in the oval cultivar, whereas the rectangular cultivar contained a higher level of total carotenoids. This metabolome study comprehensively describes the relationship between primary and secondary metabolites in the oval and rectangular cultivars of Chinese cabbage and provides information useful for developing strategies to enhance the biosynthesis of glucosinolates, phenolics, and carotenoids in Chinese cabbage. Additionally, this work highlights that HPLC and GC-TOFMS–based metabolite profiling is suitable techniques to determine metabolic differences in Chinese cabbage.

scholarly journals Current Trends on Seaweeds: Looking at Chemical Composition, Phytopharmacology, and Cosmetic Applications

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 4182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salehi ◽  
Sharifi-Rad ◽  
Seca ◽  
Pinto ◽  
Michalak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Bioactive Potential

Seaweeds have received huge interest in recent years given their promising potentialities. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hypolipemic, and anticoagulant effects are among the most renowned and studied bioactivities so far, and these effects have been increasingly associated with their content and richness in both primary and secondary metabolites. Although primary metabolites have a pivotal importance such as their content in polysaccharides (fucoidans, agars, carragenans, ulvans, alginates, and laminarin), recent data have shown that the content in some secondary metabolites largely determines the effective bioactive potential of seaweeds. Among these secondary metabolites, phenolic compounds feature prominently. The present review provides the most remarkable insights into seaweed research, specifically addressing its chemical composition, phytopharmacology, and cosmetic applications.

scholarly journals Profiles of Essential Oils and Correlations with Phenolic Acids and Primary Metabolites in Flower Buds of Magnolia heptapeta and Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Hyejin Hyeon ◽  
Ho Bong Hyun ◽  
Boram Go ◽  
Sung Chun Kim ◽  
Yong-Hwan Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
White Flower ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Systems ◽  
Magnolia Denudata

Magnolia flower buds are a source of herbal medicines with various active compounds. In this study, differences in the distribution and abundance of major essential oils, phenolic acids, and primary metabolites between white flower buds of Magnolia heptapeta and violet flower buds of Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens were characterised. A multivariate analysis revealed clear separation between the white and violet flower buds with respect to primary and secondary metabolites closely related to metabolic systems. White flower buds contained large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH), phenolic acids, aromatic amino acids, and monosaccharides, related to the production of isoprenes, as MH precursors, and the activity of MH synthase. However, concentrations of β-myrcene, a major MH compound, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds, possibly due to higher threonine levels and low acidic conditions induced by comparatively low levels of some organic acids. Moreover, levels of stress-related metabolites, such as oxygenated monoterpenes, proline, and glutamic acid, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds. Our results support the feasibility of metabolic profiling for the identification of phytochemical differences and improve our understanding of the correlated biological pathways for primary and secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Assessment of phytochemicals and quantification of primary and secondary metabolites of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2099-2103
Author(s):  
Kousalya P ◽  
Doss VA
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Potential Source

The main goal of the research was to explore the existence of phytochemicals, quantification of primary and secondary metabolites of leaves extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus  (L.f.) Bhandari. The phytochemical activity of leaves of Artabotrys hexapetalus was assessed using different solvent extracts like water, ethanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether. Among the different solvent extracts, aqueous leaves extract revealed the high content of phytochemicals. So the aqueous leaves extract was used for further investigations. Aqueous leaves extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus was subjected to quantitative analysis of primary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. Quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites like flavonoids, tannins and phenols were performed using aqueous leaves extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals reported the existence of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, glycosides, tannins and diterpenes. Quantitative analysis showed the presence of carbohydrates (43.16±1.0 mg/g extract), proteins (60.4±0.88 mg/g extract), amino acids (19.33 ± 1.30 mg/g extract), flavonoids (28.3 ±0.91 mg/g extract), tannins (24.53±1.02 mg/g extract) and phenols (7.63±0.85 mg/g extract). The present study concluded that aqueous leaves extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus as a potential source of phytochemicals, primary and secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Antibacterial activity of metabolites products of Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from sponge Haliclona sp. against Staphylococcus aureus

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Happy Nursyam
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Paper Disk ◽  
Disk Method ◽  
Descriptive Method

The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of primary and secondary metabolites from <em>Vibrio alginoliticus</em> isolated from sponge <em>Haliclona</em> sp. against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. A descriptive method was used in this research. The antibacterial activity was analysed by paper disk method. The results showed that the primary metabolites produced by <em>Vibrio alginoliticus</em> that is in symbiosis with sponge <em>Haliclona</em> sp. were able to effectively inhibit <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> growth with an inhibition zone diameter of 12.9 mm, while the secondary metabolites of 9.9 mm. Electrophoresis analysis of the primary metabolites showed that there were 11 protein bands which were not found in secondary metabolites. Protein bands with low molecular weights presumably had an inhibiting effect on the growth of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>.

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