INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY METABOLITES BY LICHENS FLAVOCETRARIA CUCULLATA AND CETRARIA LAEVIGATA

The study of the effect of temperature on the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites by lichens Flavocetraria cucullata (Bellardi) Kärnefelt & Thell and Cetraria laevigata Rass was carried out. Lichen samples were taken out from under the snow (-20 °C) together with the soil substrate and transferred to the climatic chamber. Then the temperature in the climatic chamber was sequentially increased to +10 and +20 °C. The lichen exposure was carried out for 30 days for each temperature regime. The analysis of primary metabolites was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was shown that in lichens F. cucullata and C. laevigata at temperatures of +10 and +20 °C, an increase in the content of mannitol, ribitol, sucrose, and hydroxyproline was observed, as well as a decrease in the content of unsaturated fatty acids as compared to the initial samples. At the same time, the content of glycerol and arabitol in the thalli of the initial lichens (-20 °C) was higher than after exposure at +10 and +20 °C, which, apparently, is associated with the cryoprotective properties of these compounds. The content of secondary metabolites in lichens was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that the content of usnic, allo-protolichesterinic, and protolichesterinic acids in F. cucullata increased after exposure in a climatic chamber, which may be associated with a general activation of metabolic processes with an increase in temperature. At the same time, the content of fumarprotocetraric acid in C. laevigata lichens decreased at temperatures of +10 and +20 °C compared to the initial samples, which may be associated with its protective properties under the action of low-temperature stress.

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Comparative Phytochemical Analyses and Metabolic Profiling of Different Phenotypes of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica Rapa ssp. Pekinensis)

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods8110587 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 587 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Chang Ha Park ◽

Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽

Soo-Yun Park ◽

Jae Kwang Kim ◽

Sang Un Park

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Brassica Rapa ◽

Chinese Cabbage ◽

High Performance ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Primary Metabolites ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Phenolic Contents ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

The Relationship

This study aimed to comprehensively examine the interface between primary and secondary metabolites in oval- and rectangular-shaped Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) using gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition to differences in shape, there was significant morphological variation between the two cultivars. The rectangular variety had greater height and deeper green color, whereas the oval variety had more leaves and greater width. A total of 42 primary metabolites identified by GC-TOFMS were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant, which indicated significant differences in the primary and secondary metabolisms of the two cultivars. Furthermore, total glucosinolate and phenolic contents were higher in the oval cultivar, whereas the rectangular cultivar contained a higher level of total carotenoids. This metabolome study comprehensively describes the relationship between primary and secondary metabolites in the oval and rectangular cultivars of Chinese cabbage and provides information useful for developing strategies to enhance the biosynthesis of glucosinolates, phenolics, and carotenoids in Chinese cabbage. Additionally, this work highlights that HPLC and GC-TOFMS–based metabolite profiling is suitable techniques to determine metabolic differences in Chinese cabbage.

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Metabolomic analysis reveals the interaction of primary and secondary metabolism in white, pale green, and green pak choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)

Applied Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1186/s13765-020-00574-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽

Seung-A Baek ◽

Ramaraj Sathasivam ◽

Jae Kwang Kim ◽

Sang Un Park

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Brassica Rapa ◽

High Performance ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Pak Choi ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pale Green

AbstractThis study aimed to comprehensively analyze primary and secondary metabolites of three different-colored (white, pale green, and green) pak choi cultivars (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) using gas chromatography attached with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In total, 53 primary metabolites were identified and subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analysis. The result revealed a significant difference in the primary and secondary metabolites between the three pak choi cultivars. In addition, 49 hydrophilic metabolites were detected in different cultivars. Total phenolic and glucosinolate contents were highest in the pale green and green cultivars, respectively, whereas total carotenoid and chlorophyll contents were highest in the white cultivar. Superoxide dismutase activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydraz scavenging, and reducing power were slightly increased in the white, pale green, and green cultivars, respectively. In addition, a negative correlation between pigments and phenylpropanoids was discovered by metabolite correlation analysis. This approach will provide useful information for the development of strategies to enhance the biosynthesis of phenolics, glucosinolates, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, and to improve antioxidant activity in pak choi cultivars. In addition, this study supports the use of HPLC and GC-TOFMS-based metabolite profiling to explore differences in pak choi cultivars.

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Torrefaction of Agricultural Residues: Effect of Temperature and Residence Time on the Process Products Properties

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4046275 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Katarzyna Jagodzińska ◽

Michał Czerep ◽

Edyta Kudlek ◽

Mateusz Wnukowski ◽

Marek Pronobis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Main Compound ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

The Impact

Abstract To date, few studies on the potential utilization of agricultural residue torrefaction products have been performed. Thus, torrefaction product characterization aimed at its potential utilization was performed. Wheat–barley straw pellets and wheat–rye chaff were used in the study. The impact of the torrefaction temperature (280–320 °C) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in the biochar and noncondensable gas (noncondensables) composition was investigated. The impact of the torrefaction time (30–75 min) on the composition of the condensable volatiles (condensables) and their toxicity were also studied. The torrefaction process was performed in a batch-scale reactor. The PAH contents were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the noncondensables composition was measured online using a gas analyzer and then gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The condensables composition and main compound quantification were determined and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Three toxicity tests, for saltwater bacteria (Microtox® bioassay), freshwater crustaceans (Daphtoxkit F magna®), and vascular plants (Lemna sp. growth inhibition test), were performed for the condensables. The PAHs content in the biochar, regardless of the torrefaction temperature, allows them to be used in agriculture. The produced torgas shall be co-combusted with full-caloric fuel because of its low calorific value. Toxic compounds (furans and phenols) were identified in the condensable samples, and regardless of the processing time, the condensables were classified as highly toxic. Therefore, they can be used either as pesticides or as an anaerobic digestion substrate after their detoxification.

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Comparative GC-MS analysis of the composition of metabolites of aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L

Drug development & registration ◽

10.33380/2305-2066-2021-10-4(1)-95-103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 95-103

Author(s):

J. Strugar ◽

A. A. Orlova ◽

M. N. Povydysh

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Leningrad Region ◽

Primary Metabolites ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Comarum Palustre ◽

The Relationship

Introduction. Understanding the mechanisms of accumulation of individual groups of biologically active substances in promising types of plant raw materials and the possibility of predicting them is important for solving fundamental and applied problems of pharmaceuticals. To date, differences have been revealed in the qualitative and quantitative composition of secondary metabolites in the aboveground and underground of Comarum palustre L., however, the issue remains unstudied.Aim. Comparative metabolomic study of the composition of the primary metabolites of the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L.Materials and methods. The object of the study was the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L., harvested in the vicinity of the nursery of medicinal plants of the St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University (Leningrad Region, Vsevolozhsky District, Priozerskoe Highway, 38 km) in 2019 and dried. Metabolomic studies based on GC-MS method was perfomed. A statistical analysis based on the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 platform was used.Results and discussion. Analysis of the chromatograms obtained using the GC-MS method revealed the content of 933 primary metabolites in the aboveground and underground parts of Comarum palustre L., 120 of which were identified. Using a number of statistical methods, 10 metabolites from monosaccharides, acids and alcohols, making the greatest contribution to the manifestation of differences between the studied samples, were identified.Conclusion. The study revealed the relationship between the composition of primary and secondary metabolites in medicinal plant raw materials.

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Chromatographic Profiles of the main Secondary Metabolites in the Monarda fistulosa L. Aerial Part

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00385 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2179-2184

Author(s):

Mariia Shanaida ◽

Izabela Jasicka-Misiak ◽

Marietta Bialon ◽

Olha Korablova ◽

Piotr P. Wieczorek

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

High Performance ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Methylene Chloride ◽

Polar Compounds ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Monarda Fistulosa ◽

Methylene Chloride Extract ◽

Layer Chromatography

Two different methods of chromatographic analysis have been used in this study for the phytochemical evaluation of main secondary metabolites in the aerial part of bee balm (Monarda fistulosa L.) as the non-officinal medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae Martinov family. The high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting method was developed for the qualitative analyses of phenolic and non-polar compounds in the bee balm herb after its maceration in the solvents of different polarity. Such polyphenols as rosmarinic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids were authentically identified in the methanol extract of herb using HPTLC. Aromatic monoterpenoid thymol was identified by the HPTLC method in the extracts obtained with non-polar solvents (toluene, methylene chloride, and chloroform). 38 volatile compounds were determined in the methylene chloride extract of M. fistulosa herb by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS); it was taken into account only components with the content more than 0.2 %. The GC/MS analysis showed that thymol (23.73 %), followed by carvacrol (10.09 %), p-cymene (9.74 %), and thymoquinone (8.52 %) were the major constituent of methylene chloride extract. Used chromatographic techniques may be recommended for the reliable phytochemical authentication of the M. fistulosa herb.

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Impact of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Primocane Tipping on Fruit Yield and Quality

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha45210876 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 417-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zala ZORENC ◽

Robert VEBERIC ◽

Darinka KORON ◽

Maja MIKULIC-PETKOVSEK

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

High Performance ◽

Great Influence ◽

High Temperature Stress ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Rubus Idaeus ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

The Impact

High temperature stress, which has been occurring more often in recent years, usually coincides with the flowering of primocane raspberries and causes a negative effect on fruit quality parameters. One of the methods of delaying raspberry flowering and fruit development to avoid high summer temperatures is tipping the young primocanes. The aim of the study was to investigate how this practice affects the fruit characteristics and primary and secondary metabolites of two primocane raspberry cultivars (‘Amira’ and ‘Polka’). For this purpose, we performed primocane tipping on two different dates in late spring and analyzed the berries from three subsequent sampling dates. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analyses were used for the identification and quantification of individual phenolic compounds and HPLC analyses for individual sugars and organic acids. Primocane tipping had great influence on the beginning of the harvest season of both cultivars. The impact on fruit yield was insignificant. Sampling date had a greater influence on fruit metabolite contents than did different treatments, with cultivar ‘Polka’ showing a greater response to primocane tipping than cultivar 'Amira'. Based on primary and secondary metabolites, it is difficult to say which treatment provided the best results, since dissimilar patterns were shown at different sampling dates and between cultivars. With negligible differences in fruit quality, primocane tipping was shown to be a good cultivation practice for delaying the production season of raspberries.

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The Biosynthetic Activities of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Suspension Cultures of Aquilaria microcarpa

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1501000520 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X1501000

Author(s):

Shinjiro Ogita ◽

Jung-Bum Lee ◽

Fumiya Kurosaki ◽

Yasuo Kato

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Nile Red ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Target Cells ◽

Suspension Cells ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Resinous Compound ◽

Nile Red Staining

Two types of suspension-cultured Aquilaria microcarpa cells, friable and aggregated, were selectively generated. The biosynthetic activities of primary and secondary metabolites in target cells were detected using laser scanning microscopy (LSM) imaging with diphenylboric acid 2-amino ethyl ester (DPBA) and 9-diethylamino-5H-benzo[alpha]phenoxazine-5-one (Nile red) staining. Scanned friable cells produced weakly fluorescent images revealing low productivity of metabolites. On the other hand, scanning of aggregated cells produced clear fluorescent images depicting the accumulations of flavonoids and lipids. Furthermore, abundant deposition of an unknown resinous compound in extracellular portion of aggregated cells could be visualized. The resinous compound was white to whitish-gray in color and highly sedimented in the medium. Based on these observations, we focused our investigation of metabolite productivity on aggregated suspension cells. Some prominent extracellular compounds were detected in the used liquid medium, as well as in the resinous residue within the medium. The characteristics of these metabolites were investigated in detail via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.

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Comparative Metabolic Profiling of Grape Pulp during the Growth Process Reveals Systematic Influences under Root Restriction

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11060377 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 377

Author(s):

Feng Leng ◽

Shuyan Duan ◽

Shiren Song ◽

Liping Zhao ◽

Wenping Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

High Performance ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Amino Acids And Derivatives ◽

Root Restriction

The compositions and contents of metabolites in the pulp tissue play critical roles in the fruit quality for table grape. In this study, the effects of root restriction (RR) on the primary and secondary metabolites of pulp tissue at five developmental stages were studied at the metabolomics level, using “Red Alexandria” grape berry (Vitis vinifera L.) as materials. The main results were as follows: 283 metabolites were annotated by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS); 28 and 16 primary metabolites contents were increased and decreased, and 11 and 19 secondary metabolites contents were increased and decreased, respectively, along the berry development; RR significantly decreased 12 metabolites (four amino acids and derivatives, three organic acids, four flavonoids and one other compound) contents, and improved 40 metabolites (22 amino acids and derivatives, six nucleotides, four carbohydrates, four cofactors, three cinnamic acids and one other compound) accumulation at the different developmental stages. Altogether, our study would be helpful to increase our understanding of grape berry’s responses to RR stress.

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The Effect of Different Drying Methods on Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Korean Mint Flower

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040698 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 698

Author(s):

Chang Ha Park ◽

Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽

Chanung Park ◽

Yong Suk Chung ◽

Sang Un Park

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

High Performance ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Sinapic Acid ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Oven Drying ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Β Carotene

Edible flowers have been used in the food and beverage industries because of their high nutritional value, flavor, and scent. For the storage of edible flowers used in these industries, drying is a necessity to store the materials more easily and prevent the damage of metabolites in the flowers. However, drying may affect metabolite retention because drying conditions can differ according to the various methods. In this study, Agastache rugosa flowers were dried using four different methods (oven drying at 25 ± 1 °C, 50 ± 1 °C, 80 ± 1 °C, and freeze drying) and primary and secondary metabolites were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS). Freeze-dried flower samples contained higher levels of carotenoids (lutein, 13Z-β-carotene, β-carotene, and 9Z-β-carotene) and phenolics (rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid). Contrarily, the 80 °C oven-dried flower samples contained higher levels of most amino acids and flavonoids (including acacetin and tilianin) and at 25 °C and 50 °C contained higher levels of carbohydrates. Therefore, freeze-drying is a suitable method for retaining carotenoids and phenolics. In contrast, oven drying at 50 °C was highly recommended to retain amino acids and flavonoids.

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