scholarly journals Preparation of Cellulose Nanoparticles from Foliage by Bio-Enzyme Methods

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4557
Author(s):  
Zhengjie Tang ◽  
Mingwei Yang ◽  
Mingli Qiang ◽  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
Jeffrey J. Morrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Locust ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Cellulose Nanoparticles ◽  
Bamboo Leaves ◽  
Poplar Leaves

There are vast reserves of foliage in nature, which is an inexhaustible precious resource. In this study, the chemical components of five foliage types (pine needles, black locust tree leaves, bamboo leaves, elm leaves and poplar leaves) were analyzed, including cellulose content, hemicellulose content, and lignin content. The bio-enzymatic method was then used to prepare cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) from these five kinds of leaves, and the prepared CNPs were analyzed using TEM, FTIR, FESEM, and XRD. The results showed that the content of hemicellulose in bamboo leaves was the highest, and the lignin content in the other four leaves was the highest. The cellulose content in the five kinds of foliage was arranged from large to small as pine needles (20.5%), bamboo leaves (19.5%), black locust leaves (18.0%), elm leaves (17.6%), and poplar leaves (15.5%). TEM images showed that the CNPs prepared by the five kinds of foliage reached the nanometer level in width and the micrometer level in length; therefore, the CNPs prepared in this study belonged to cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). The results of FTIR and XRD showed that CNFs prepared by the enzyme treatment exhibited a typical crystalline structure of cellulose II. The degree of crystallinity (DOC) of CNFs prepared from pine needle, poplar leaves, and bamboo leaves are 78.46%, 77.39%, and 81.51%, respectively. FESEM results showed that the CNFs prepared from pine needles, poplar leaves and bamboo leaves by enzymatic method presents a three-dimensional (3D) network structure, and their widths are 31 nm, 36 nm, and 37 nm, respectively. This study provides a meaningful reference for broadening the use of foliage types and improving their added value.

Analysis of Sound Reduction and Strong Drag Composite Concrete Fibers Gedebok Banana Results Delignification with Sodium Hydroxide Solvent (Naoh)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rouf Suprayogi ◽  
Annisa Mufida ◽  
Edwin Azwar
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Sound Reduction

In composite science, desirable materials that are lighter but have the power and quality that can match or even exceed the material that has been there before. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cellulose fiber addition from banana gedebok to tensile strength, compressive strength and damping of concrete composite sound. To achieve this objective, mixing of cellulose fibers with K-275 quality concrete mix with variation of 0% and 5% substitution in which the cellulose is varied in powder and wicker form. Delignification of lignin content from banana gedebok was done by soaking and drying method without any variation and yielding powder having cellulose content of 13,0388%, hemicellulose 18,2796% and lignin 0,6684%. This study produces concrete composites that have a tensile strength and a compressive strength lower than that of normal concrete. Normally reinforced concrete tensile strength value 94.5 kg / cm2, 71.4 kg / cm2 cellulose powder concrete and 90.3 kg / cm2 cellulose woven concrete. Normal concrete compressive strength value 334,22 kg / cm2, cellulose powder concrete 215,7 kg / cm2, and cellulose webbing concrete 157,98 kg / cm2. As for the power damping sound of cellulose webbing concrete has the highest damping power compared to other concrete with the absorbed sound intensity that is 52-68 dB

scholarly journals Chemical and Structural Characterization of Maize Stover Fractions in Aspect of Its Possible Applications

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Magdalena Woźniak ◽  
Izabela Ratajczak ◽  
Dawid Wojcieszak ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Kinga Szentner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Maize Stover

In the last decade, an increasingly common method of maize stover management is to use it for energy generation, including anaerobic digestion for biogas production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a chemical and structural characterization of maize stover fractions and, based on these parameters, to evaluate the potential application of these fractions, including forbiogas production. In the study, maize stover fractions, including cobs, husks, leaves and stalks, were used. The biomass samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction and analysis of elemental composition. Among all maize stover fractions, stalks showed the highest C:N ratio, degree of crystallinity and cellulose and lignin contents. The high crystallinity index of stalks (38%) is associated with their high cellulose content (44.87%). FTIR analysis showed that the spectrum of maize stalks is characterized by the highest intensity of bands at 1512 cm−1 and 1384 cm−1, which are the characteristic bands of lignin and cellulose. Obtained results indicate that the maize stover fraction has an influence on the chemical and structural parameters. Moreover, presented results indicate that stalks are characterized by the most favorable chemical parameters for biogas production.

scholarly journals Synthesis of lactic acid from sugar palm trunk waste (Arenga pinnata): Preliminary hydrolysis and fermentation studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
WHINY HARDIYATI ERLIANA ◽  
Tri Widjaja ◽  
ALI ALTWAY ◽  
LILY PUDJIASTUTI
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Lactobacillus Brevis ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Acid Fermentation

Abstract. Erliana WH, Widjaja T, Altway A, Pudjiastuti L. 2020. Synthesis of lactic acid from sugar palm trunk waste (Arenga pinnata): Hydrolysis and fermentation studies. Biodiversitas 21: 2281-2288. The increasing problems of global energy and the environment are the main reasons for developing products with new techniques through green methods. Sugar palm trunk waste (SPTW) has potential as agricultural waste because of its abundant availability, but it is not used optimally. This study was aimed to determine the effect of various microorganisms on increasing lactic acid production by controlling pH and temperature conditions in the fermentation process. SPTW contains 43.88% cellulose, 7.24% hemicellulose, and 33.24% lignin. The lignin content in SPTW can inhibit reducing sugar formation; the pretreatment process should remove this content. In the study, the pretreatment process was conducted using acid-organosolv. In the acid pretreatment, 0.2 M H2SO4 was added at 120oC for 40 minutes; organosolv pretreatment using 30% ethanol (v/v) at 107oC for 33 minutes was able to increase cellulose content by 56.33% and decrease lignin content by 27.09%. The pretreatment was followed by an enzymatic hydrolysis process with a combination of commercial cellulase enzymes from Aspergillus niger (AN) and Trichoderma reesei (TR), with variations of 0:1, 1:0, 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1. The best reducing sugar concentration was obtained with an AN: TR ratio of 1:2 to form reducing sugar from cellulose. Subsequently, lactic acid fermentation was carried out using lactic acid bacteria at 37oC and pH 6 incubated for 48 hours. The highest lactic acid concentration (33.292 g/L) was obtained using a mixed culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus brevis to convert reducing sugar become lactic acid.

Negative gravitropism of Ginkgo biloba: growth stress and reaction wood formation

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Shirai ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Miyuki Matsuo ◽  
Mikuri Inatsugu ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Growth Stress ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Negative Gravitropism

Abstract Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) forms thick, lignified secondary xylem in the cylindrical stem as in Pinales (commonly called conifers), although it has more phylogenetic affinity to Cycadales than to conifers. Ginkgo forms compression wood-like (CW-like) reaction wood (RW) in its inclined stem as it is the case in conifers. However, the distribution of growth stress is not yet investigated in the RW of ginkgo, and thus this tissue resulting from negative gravitropism is still waiting for closer consideration. The present study intended to fill this gap. It has been demonstrated that, indeed, ginkgo forms RW tissue on the lower side of the inclined stem, where the compressive growth stress (CGS) was generated. In the RW, the micorofibril angle in the S2 layer, the air-dried density, and the lignin content increased, whereas the cellulose content decreased. These data are quite similar to those of conifer CWs. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the CGS is significantly correlated by the changes in the aforementioned parameters. It can be safely concluded that the negative gravitropism of ginkgo is very similar to that of conifers.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endemic fiber tree

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-557
Author(s):  
Hui-Jin Liu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yan-Nian Xu ◽  
Xiao-Ping Zhang ◽  
Xiao-Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Protein Gene ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Significant Expression

The bark of Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim., an endemic tree in Ulmaceae, is the main raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper which is widely used in calligraphy and painting field. The characteristics of P. tatarinowii bark is the main limiting factor for the quality of Xuan Paper specially the content of cellulose and lignin. The molecular basis related to cellulose and lignin synthesis in P. tatarinowii would be helpful to understand and seek higher quality raw materials for Xuan Paper. RNA-seq was utilized to reveal transcriptome differences in P. tatarinowii from three far isolated localities (AL, JX and XA) under different climate environments. A total of 290 million reads were generated for further analysis in three libraries. In total, 2,850, 2,038 and 1,986 DEGs were identified in XA, JX and AL, respectively. Compared with the sample from XA, there were 822 up-regulated and 1706 down-regulated in AL sample. AL sample has 611 up-regulated genes and 647 down-regulated genes in comparison with JX sample. Comparing XA and JX samples, 443 were up-regulated and 1,783 were down-regulated in XA. Three samples had similar GO enrichment patterns. There were 19 and 9 genes identified as CESA and CSL (E-value less than 1.0E-20), respectively. Although no significant expression differences were found in three samples, KOB1, GPI-anchored protein gene and CTL1 were differently expressed, and KOB1 and GPI-anchored protein gene were up-regulated in JX. A number of the unigenes (474) that were involved in ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, were mostly not differently expressed. Only a few genes annotated as PAL, 4CL, C4H and CAD were significantly different in expression. In AL, 3 CAD and 1 PAL were up-regulated, whereas 6 CAD, 3 4CL and 1 HCT were up-regulated in XA, and 1 PAL, 2 4CL, 2 C4H in JX. JX sample had the highest cellulose content and XA sample had the highest lignin content, which being consistent with the hierarchical cluster analysis of differently expressed genes. Differences in the expression of these genes might influence the cellulose and lignin content.

scholarly journals Production of antipollutan mask based activated carbon from wasted coconut shell

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fauzan Nazif ◽  
Mahmud Sudibandriyo
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Good Material ◽  
Carbon Mass ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest levels of air pollution in the world. Air pollution in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta due to the number of private vehicles increased at least 10% every year. This air pollution can have an impact on public health. One effort to do as a protection of people health is to use a mask. Activated carbon can be coated to mask in order to improve the effectiveness in reducing the pollutants. One good material used as material for activated carbon is coconut shell. Selection of coconut shell as the raw material of activated carbon is also based on cellulose content of 26.06%, hemicellulose content 27.07% and a lignin content of 29.40% in the dry state. This research was done in some variation such as activation methods, activated carbon mass, and adhesive material types. Based on pollutants adsorption test, mask with 6 grams of activated carbon, chemically activated, and used TEOS as adhesive is the best variation that able to adsorb as much 76,25% of CO2 Pollutants. Mask made in this research, has saturation time as long as 4 hours under high CO2 concentration.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN PULP DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN LIMBAH KULIT DURIAN (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURR) DENGAN CAMPURAN (RESINA COLOPHONIUM) GUNA MENCEGAH DEGRADASI LINGKUNGAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deddy Kurniawan W Kurniawan W ◽  
Fahmi Arifan ◽  
M. Dwi Khoirun Adim
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
A Value ◽  
Yield Value ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
High Cellulose

Deddy Kurniawan W, Fahmi Arifan, M. Dwi Khoirun Adim, in this article explain that paper is one of the primary needs for humans today . High paper usage is resulting increased in production of paper . On the other hand, paper which are usually made ​​from cellulose and hemi-cellulose in wood can result environmental degradation , due to the use of wood and tree felling leads to long-term basis that can increase the temperature of the earth surface ( global warming) . Durian is relatively abundant in Indonesia , durian shell contains high cellulose ( 50-60 % ) and lignin content ( 5 %), also  a low starch content ( 5 % ) . Durian shell wastes containing fibre  with dimensions of length and fiber thick wall that be able to bind well when given a synthetic adhesive or an adhesive mineral . Pulp which is produced from durian shell waste in experiments were 1 , 2 , 3 and 4, have a value of α - cellulose content of 35 % , 45 % , 27.7 % , 37.5 % and 57.6 %, respectively. When yield value of  49.2 % , 66.8 % and 48.2 % respectively. Keywords: pulp, durian, gondorukem, digester

scholarly journals Kentucky Bluegrass Thatch Characteristics Following Application of Bio-organic Materials

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.L. Berndt ◽  
P.E. Rieke ◽  
J.M. Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Earthworm Population

Three bio-organic materials were evaluated at four application rates, based on N contents, for their potential to degrade Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) thatch in a field experiment. Treated thatch was reduced in thickness and had increased earthworm (Lumbricus spp. Hoff.) populations when compared to untreated thatch. Thatch thickness was negatively correlated with level of N (r = –0.91), thatch lignin content (r = –0.94), and earthworm population in the thatch (r = –0.64), and positively correlated with thatch cellulose content (r = 0.62).

scholarly journals Influence of the Lignin Content on the Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibrils Composite Films

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Yuan Jia ◽  
Zhen Liu ◽  
Jiaojiao Miao
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Nucleating Agent ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (L-CNFs) composite films with different lignin contents were produced bythe solution casting method. The effect of the lignin content on the mechanical, thermal, and crystallinity properties, and PLA/LCNFs interfacial adhesion wereinvestigated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile strength and modulus of the PLA/9-LCNFs (9 wt % lignin LCNFs) composites are 37% and 61% higher than those of pure PLA, respectively. The glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases from 61.2 for pure PLA to 52.6 °C for the PLA/14-LCNFs (14 wt % lignin LCNFs) composite, and the composites have higher thermal stability below 380 °C than pure PLA. The DSC results indicate that the LCNFs, containing different lignin contents, act as a nucleating agent to increase the degree of crystallinity of PLA. The effect of the LCNFs lignin content on the PLA/LCNFs compatibility/adhesion was confirmed by the FTIR, SEM, and Tg results. Increasing the LCNFs lignin content increases the storage modulus of the PLA/LCNFs composites to a maximum for the PLA/9-LCNFs composite. This study shows that the lignin content has a considerable effect on the strength and flexibility of PLA/LCNFs composites.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the reaction kinetics of three residual biomasses

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2891-2905
Author(s):  
Arnaldo Martinez ◽  
Lourdes Meriño ◽  
Alberto Albis ◽  
Jorge Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Heating Rate ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Biomass Residues

Kinetic analysis for the combustion of three agro-industrial biomass residues (coconut husk, corn husk, and rice husk) was carried out in order to provide information for the generation of energy from them. The analysis was performed using the results of the data obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at three heating rates (10, 20, and 30 K/min). The biomass residues were characterized in terms of proximate analysis, elemental analysis, calorific value, lignin content, α-cellulose content, hemicellulose content, and holocellulose content. The biomass fuels were thermally degraded in an oxidative atmosphere. The results showed that the biomass thermal degradation process is comprised of the combustion of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The kinetic parameters of the distributed activation energy model indicated that the activation energy distribution for the pseudocomponents follows lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in descending order. The activation energy values for each set of reactions are similar between the heating rates, which suggests that it is independent of the heating rate between 10 K/min and 30 K/min. For all the biomass samples, the increased heating rate resulted in the overlap of the hemicellulose and cellulose degradation events.

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