scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Hyptis spicigera Methanol Leaf Extract and Flavonoid Fraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1167-1172
Author(s):  
K. Adamu ◽  
H. Musa ◽  
A.B. Aliyu ◽  
A.O. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Antifungal Effects ◽  
Flavonoid Fraction ◽  
Chemical Fungicides

Control of plant fungal diseases using synthetic fungicides continue to cause major problems to human health and the entire ecosystem. The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemical and antifungal properties of Hyptis spicigera methanol leaf extract and flavonoid fraction on Aspergillus and Fusarium species, with a view to uncovering effective bio-fungicides for development as substitutes to chemical fungicides. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols and triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The quantitative analysis showed that saponin (690 mg/g GAE), phenolics (220 mg/g GAE) and flavonoids (140 mg/g GAE) were found to be in high concentration. The antifungal effects of H. spicigera methanol extract on F. graminearum (21 mm) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control fungicide (Mancozeb). Similarly, the flavonoid fraction was more effective on A. parasitic (18 mm) than the control fungicide used. The extract and fraction exhibited MIC with range 3.13-12.5 mg/mL and MFC 6.25-12.5 mg/mL, indicating promising antifungal efficacies against A. flavus and F. graminearum. Our findings have revealed that H. spicigera flavonoid rich fraction has potential for development as effective bio-fungicide to control plant fungal diseases of the Aspergillus and Fusarium species.

scholarly journals Antidiarrhoeal Studies of Methanol Leaf Extract of Cassia sieberiana Dc in Wistar Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Jude Nwaogu ◽  
Ibrahim Babangida Abubakar ◽  
Esther Omolade Olaosebikan
Keyword(s):  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the antidiarrhoeal effect methanol leaf extract of Cassia sieberiana. Methodology: The leaf extract of Cassia sieberiana was obtained by extraction using methanol and subjected to phytochemical screening using standard methods. The anti-diarrhoeal effect of methanol leaf extract of Cassia sieberiana DC was investigated in Wistar Albino rats. Results: The result of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, flavonoids and anthraquinoes. The methanol extract significantly (P<.05) reduced the number of unformed faeces in castor oil induced diarrhoea in the rats. It also significantly (P<.05) reduced the gastrointestinal transit of activated charcoal as well as enteropooling in the rats used for the experiment was significantly reduced (P<.05) in the groups treated with 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, the methanol leaf extract of Cassia sieberiana possess anti-diarrheal activity and therefore validates its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea.

scholarly journals Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf extract and its antimicrobial effect in animal production

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
B. R. O. Omidiwura
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Animal Products

In order to improve livestock production and curb the losses from diseases occurrence in livestock, producers resort to the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters to inhibit the growth of disease-causing organisms. Freshly harvested pawpaw leaves were extracted using three solvents: ethanol, methanol and n-hexane and their phytochemicals determined using standard procedure. The inhibitory activities of the extracts at low (200ppm) and high (1000ppm) concentrations against Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli were also determined. Results obtained showed that alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and cardiac glycosides were present while anthraquinone was absent. The percentage yield of phenols using methanol (0.115%) and ethanol (0.214%) solvents were similar but lower than nhexane yield (0.450%). Also the yield of flavonoid using methanol (0.700%) is significantly (p<0.05) higher than the yield using other solvents. The yield of phenols using methanol (0.480%) and ethanol (0.470%) solvents were identical but higher than n-hexane yield (0.400%). At low concentration, it was observed that the inhibitory concentrations of pawpaw leaf extract against bacteria by control, streptomycin (1.2cm) was significantly (p<0.05) higher but similar to the extract from methanol solvent (1.1cm). Methanol extract inhibition was also similar to ethanol (1.0cm) but higher than n-hexane (0.0cm). At high concentration, the inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract (1.2cm) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control (0.7cm) and the least observed in n hexane (0.0cm) extract. The inhibitory concentrations of pawpaw leaf extract against fungi Aspergillus niger at low (2.2cm) and high (2.2cm) concentrations, the methanol extract was observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher than other extracts including control. The results suggest that using methanol-extracted pawpaw leaf as alternatives to synthetic antibiotic in animal production is effective against microbial organisms. Thus the occurrence of resistance to antibiotic or its residues on animal products will be reduced.

Phytochemical Screening and Allelopathic Effects of Ageratum conyzoides L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
J.C. Angel Lalrindiki ◽  
◽  
Alex Zohmachhuana ◽  
F. Lalnunmawia ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Ageratum Conyzoides ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Asteraceae Family

A weed is a plant that grows and compete with other plants for food, light, moisture and space. Ageratum conyzoides L. is a common weed belonging to the Asteraceae family. They are annual aromatic weed. They are invasive of pastures, vacant lots and even entire forest areas. Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites that are known to influence various activities of plants. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the methanol leaf extract of A. conyzoides revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, quinones, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids and tannins except saponins and anthraquinones, whereas the quantification revealed that the methanol extract contained flavonoid content (27.8±0.685 mg/g), phenol content (8.6±0.446 mg/g) and alkaloid content (2.06±0.53 mg/g). The fresh leaf extract of A. conyzoides was treated to the seeds of Zea mays to study the allelopathic effect of the weed. The germination rate shows a gradual decline with increase in the concentration of the weed extracts.

Investigation of antiulcer activity of Pergularia extensa Linn

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Pavani C H
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Gastric Lesions ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Dose Dependent

This study was based on determination of the antiulcer activity from methanol extract was prepared by using barks of pergularia extensa linn.. Priliminary investigations showed presence of saponins, terpenes, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and sterols. Based on OECD-423 Guidelines, the pharmacology and acute oral toxicity studies were conducted by using methanolic extract. Ulcer development was prevented by Tannins because of their vasoconstriction effects and due to protein precipitation. Similarly, the Methanolic extract of Pergularia extensa Linn shows triterpenoids and saponins. The phytoconstituents are present in the extract and these could be possible agents which are involved in order to prevent gastric lesions induced by aspirin. When compared to ulcerative control groups, this Pergularia extensa Linn., shows a dose dependent curative ratio. The extracts exhibited an inhibition percentage of 27.18, 45.47 and 61.28 at doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg doses respectively. 

Effects of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) on Cellular Proliferation and Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer Mice Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 265-275
Author(s):  
Y. Peristiowati ◽  
Y. Puspitasari ◽  
Indasah
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P53 Expression

This study is aimed at analyzing the anticancer properties of papaya leaf extract, specifically the inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptotic induction through nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and p53 pathways. Twenty-five mice (Mus musculus), aged 2 months and weighing 20–30 g, was injected with 0.5 mg dexamethasone for 7 days. The mice were then injected intracutaneously with 1 ml of HeLa cells (8 × 106 HeLa cells/microliter). The mice were divided into five groups (5 each): negative control (P1) (5% CMC-Na, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), treatment II (225 mg/kg BW (body weight) papaya leaves methanol extract), treatment III (450 mg/kg BW), treatment IV (750 mg/kg BW), and treatment PV (2 mg alcohol anticancer drug). Papaya leaf extract treatments were applied for 2 weeks. Then, the tumor tissue was isolated for hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemical imaging was used to detect Ki-67, caspase-3, NF-κB, and p53 expression. Further analysis was undertaken using the ImmunoRatio software program. The results indicated that administration of papaya leaf methanol extract significantly increased the expression of NF-κB and p53 at a dose of 450 mg/kg BW. Our results also showed that the mice treated with 450 mg of papaya leaf extract per kg of BW (P3) had the largest increase of caspase-3 expression compared to the negative control group. Papaya leaf ethanol extract decreased the cancer cell proliferation index and increased apoptosis of cancer cells in animal models of cervical cancer; it may also work to increase NF-kB expression and expression of the p53 gene.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Allamanda cathartica L. Leaf Extract and Evaluation for Antimicrobial Activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 2260-2268
Author(s):  
M. Linga Rao ◽  
Bhumi G ◽  
Savithramma N
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) exhibit tremendous applications in medicine as antimicrobial agent.  The use of different parts of plants for the synthesis of nanoparticles is considered as a green technology as it does not involve any harmful chemicals.  In the present study, we report a rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous leaf extract of medicinal plant Allamanda cathartica.  The active phytochemicals present in the plant were responsible for the quick reduction of silver ion to metallic silver nanoparticles. The reduced silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray (EDAX) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).  The spherical shaped silver nanoparticles were observed and it was found to 19-40 nm range of size.  These phytosynthesized SNPs were tested for their antimicrobial activity and it analyzed by measuring the inhibitory zone. A. cathartica aqueous leaf extract of SNPs showed highest toxicity to Pseudomonas followed by Klebsiella, Bacillus and E. coli and lowest toxicity towards Proteus. In fungal species, highest inhibition zone was noted against Rhizopus followed by Curvularia, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger and minimum inhibition zone was observed against Fusarium species.  These results suggest a promising potential of Indian plant-based green chemistry for production of SNPs for biomedical and nanotechnology applications.

Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Mangifera indica leaf Extract

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-394
Author(s):  
Sainiara Begum ◽  
Archana Banerjee ◽  
Bratati De
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Soil Amelioration ◽  
Liver Disorders ◽  
Inhibitory Activities

Aims:The foliar residues of Mangiferaindica tree are usually burned or used for soil amelioration except nominal uses as fodder.Methods:To add value to this agricultural waste, extracts of the leafy residues of M. indica were studied to analyze their potential as antioxidants and to inhibit the enzymes related to the management of diabetes, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), hepatic disorders as well as to identify important phytochemicals present in the extracts.Results:Results depicts that the leaves have notable bioactivities. The methanol extract (ME) showed much potential than ethyl acetate fraction after hydrolysis (HME) against α-amylase and α- glucosidase. The activity against the enzyme β-glucuronidase was also higher than that of the commercial β- glucuronidase inhibitor. The extract after hydrolysis showed better antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Detection of important phytochemicals such as chrysin and myricetn, alizarin, arbutin, hydroquinone, tyrosol, taxifolin, kaempferol, mangiferin, and the vitamin alpha tocophereol, in addition to a number of organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, sugars and polyols by GC-MS and HPTLC based analysis of the extract of M. indica leaf, also suggest the use of the leaves as sources of these important phytochemicals.Conclusion:More concisely HME with more number of detected metabolites found better to be used against oxidative stress as well as enzymes related to neural and liver disorders than that of ME.

scholarly journals Antimigratory Effects of the Methanol Extract fromMomordica charantiaon Human Lung Adenocarcinoma CL1 Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsue-Yin Hsu ◽  
Jung-Hsuan Lin ◽  
Chia-Jung Li ◽  
Shih-Fang Tsang ◽  
Chun-Hao Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Invasive Ability ◽  
Human Cancer Cells ◽  
Human Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Significant Difference

Momordica charantiahas been found to exhibit anticancer activity, in addition to its well-known therapeutic functions. We have demonstrated that the leaf extract ofMomordica charantia(MCME) induces apoptosis in several human cancer cells through caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathways. In this study, a different susceptibility to MCME was found in human lung adenocarcinoma CL1 cells with different metastatic ability, leading to the significant difference of cell viability and invasiveness between MCME-treated CL1-0 and CL1-5 cells. MCME was found to upregulate the expression of Wnt-2 and affect the migratory and invasive ability of CL1 cells through suppressed MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymatic activities. We proposed that MCME mediates inhibition against migration of CL1 cells by reducing the expression and activation of Src and FAK to decrease the expression of downstream Akt,β-catenin, and MMPs.

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVITY OF FLAVONOID FRACTION OF RAMANIA LEAF EXTRACT (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) AGAINST Porphyromonas gingivalis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Lailatul Qomariyah ◽  
Fransiska Uli Arta Panjaitan
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Flavonoid Fraction

ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic periodontitis is a periodontal disease with 80% of all cases of periodontitis. The major causes are the accumulation of plaque and bacteria. The dominant bacteria in chronic periodontitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis. Treatment of chronic periodontitis can be done by scaling and root planing and supporting therapy by using mouthwash such as Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% which is the gold standard in the treatment of periodontal disease. Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% has disadvantages so that nowadays research on herbal plants is being done to find alternative medicines that are more effective. Ramania (Bouea machropylla Griffith) leaf contains flavonoids that have antibacterial properties. Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effectivity of the flavonoid fraction of Ramania leaf extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis that causes chronic periodontitis. Method: True experimental study and post-test with control group design consisting of 5 treatment groups, namely flavonoid fraction of ramania leaf extract with concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%, chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% as a control positive and aquadest as a negative control. Each group was repeated 6 times. Antibacterial tests using the dilution method with inhibitory rates calculated using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and killing rates were calculated using a Colony Counter. Results: The average difference in absorbance values obtained inhibitory rates at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%. One Way Anova Test showed a significance value of 0,000 (p < 0.05). The average number of colonies after 24 hours incubation showed the results of a kill rates in the concentration group of 0.3%, 0.5%, and positive control. The Kruskal Wallis test showed a significance value of 0,000 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained at a concentration of 0.1% and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was obtained at 0.3% concentration.Keywords: Flavonoid Fraction, MBC, MIC, Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Ramania Leaf Extract.

scholarly journals Macrophytes as a potential tool for crop production by providing nutrient as well as protection against common phyto pathogen

2021 ◽  
pp. bs202103
Author(s):  
Yachana Jha
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Agar Disc ◽  
Chemical Inputs

Applications of synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides lead to several environmental hazards, causing damages to entire ecosystem. To reduce damage caused by such chemical inputs in agriculture and environment required a serious attention for replacement of chemicals input with eco-friendly options. In this study decaying macrophytes were selected as an option for organic agriculture, by analyzing its ability to provide important mineral nutrient to the maize crop grown in low nutrient soil as well as for providing resistant towards many common phyto-pathogens to enhance yield. The results of the study showed that decaying macrophytes have high concentration of stored important mineral nutrient in their body mass, which get released in the soil during its decay and to be used by the maize plant. The decaying macrophytes leaf extract have considerable amount of phenolic and flavonoids also having antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract has been analyzed against the common phyto-pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and S. aureus by agar disc method and the formation of clear zone indicate its potential as bio-control agent. So under intensive agricultural practices, application of such biological waste is of particular importance for enhancing soil fertility without chemical input, to ensure sustainable agriculture.

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