THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE OF ENERGY SPENT ON PROCESS AND OF STEP OF TIME

It was formulated the physical principle of the equivalence of the energy expense during the process of the Universe spreading and of the step of time. It was also shown that physical time is a material quantity connected with expending our Universe at constant velocity. A parallel was carried out between the increase of the size of the drops and bubbles and the expending of the Universe. The above principle is in full agreement with SR and GTR. It was shown as well that physical time could quantize.

Smart Street Lighting System using IoT and Cloud Computing

Street lights account for the maximum energy expense for any city. A smart street lighting system can cut out lighting costs by almost 70%. A smart street lighting system is a system that adjusts light output based on usage and movement, i.e., automatically detecting movements of either pedestrians or vehicles in the vicinity. For effective street light management, we propose installing a wireless-based system to remotely track and control the energy consumption of street lights of a particular city in real-time and take necessary energy conservation measures through power conditioning and adaptive control. The proposed system should be installed on the street light poles which consist of a wireless module that continuously transmits data to back-end IT systems where we can uninterruptedly monitor the condition of the lights. We can control the LED street lighting based on traffic flow in that particular area. The data from the system can be transferred to a central server using wireless technology and Cloud to have global access to the system. We can automate the system to switch on or off the lights at specific timings. We can also easily identify any glitches or failures in our system because everything is connected over the Internet.

Optimization for operating mode of two-level pump drive hydraulic press

Optimization for working of hydraulic press two-level drive for decrease of energy expense is considered. The time choice for switching from the first step on the second has allowed to reduce energy expenses for performance of technological operation by 24 %.

Optimization of Mixed Energy Supply of IoT Network Based on Matching Game and Convex Optimization

The interaction capability provided by the Internet of Things (IoT) significantly increases communication between human and machine, changing our lives gradually. However, the abundant constructions of 5G small base stations (SBSs) and large-scaled access of IoT terminal equipment (TE) will surely cause a dramatic increase in energy expense costs of a wireless communication system. In this study, we designed a bilateral random model of TE allocation and energy decisions in IoT, and proposed a mixed energy supply algorithm based on a matching game and convex optimization to minimize the energy expense cost of the wireless communication system in IoT. This study divided the problem of minimizing energy expense cost of the system into two steps. First, the random allocation problem of TEs in IoT was modeled to a matching game problem. This step is to obtain the TE matching scheme that minimizes the energy consumption of the whole system on the basis of guaranteeing the quality of service of TEs. Second, the energy decision problem of SBS was modeled into a convex optimization problem. The energy purchase scheme of SBSs with the minimum energy expense cost of the system was obtained by solving the optimal solution of the convex optimization. According to the simulation results, the proposed mixed energy supply scheme can decrease the energy expense cost of the system effectively.

Designing Control Strategies of Aeration System in Biological WWTP

The paper presents the complete design processes of novel aeration control systems in the SBR (sequencing batch reactor) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Due to large energy expense and a high influence on biological processes, the aeration system plays a key role in WWTP operation. The paper considers the aeration system for a biological WWTP located in the northeast of Poland. This system consists of blowers, the main collector pipeline, three aeration lines with different diameters and lengths, and diffusers. Classical control systems applied for this type of installation are based on PID (proportional–integral–derivative) controllers, the settings of which are often found experimentally. The article presents the optimization of these settings and the design of an alternative control algorithm—the fuzzy controller.

Effect of iron mining tailings as a red ceramic additive for decreased sintering temperature

ABSTRACT The ceramic materials industry includes the burning process at high temperatures in a way that the energy expense of the conventional methods of burning is very high. Using alternative raw materials shows a large potential in this process, such as wastes from other industrial processes, which may reduce the burning temperature of the ceramics, providing desirable characteristics with lower energy expense, as additives that have a high fluxes content, such as iron ore tailings. The waste used had its chemical composition analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence, mineralogical composition analyzed by X-ray Diffraction and Granulometry by sieving and sedimentation. To study the properties of ceramic test pieces with addition of wastes, we used three different temperatures in the burning process to test if the use of the waste could improve its characteristics. We produced test pieces including a mixture of soil with 10 and 20% content of waste exposed to the sintering process at temperatures of 750, 850 and 950° C. To test the technological properties of the pieces we performed tests of linear shrinkage, loss on fire, coloring, water absorption, apparent porosity, compressive strength and scanning electron microscopy. The color of the test pieces was intensified, and the tested characteristics that showed improvements when the burning temperature decreased. However, at defined concentrations there was little variation in the test pieces produced with pure soil.

Reduction of Induction Motor Energy Consumption via Variable Velocity and Flux References

Induction motors (IM) have been a fundamental part of industrial applications for over a century and the number of their applications continues to expand. A significant amount of the world’s total energy expense is consumed by this kind of motor. Hence, it is very important to increase the energy efficiency of these machines. Due to its good performance, field-oriented control (FOC) is the most common strategy to control IM. FOC requires references for stator current and rotor magnetic fluxes. For velocity regulation, a velocity reference is used instead of a stator current reference. However, at motor start-up or when a change of torque is required, it would be convenient for these references to be variable in order to reduce energy consumption. In this work, it is shown that this is indeed the case, and a technique to find optimal time-variable references for stator currents and magnetic rotor fluxes to reduce energy consumption is proposed. It is shown that, depending on the mechanical load, an energy reduction of 20–45% can be achieved.

Regulation of Neuronal Na,K-ATPase by Extracellular Scaffolding Proteins

Neuronal activity leads to an influx of Na+ that needs to be rapidly cleared. The sodium-potassium ATPase (Na,K-ATPase) exports three Na+ ions and imports two K+ ions at the expense of one ATP molecule. Na,K-ATPase turnover accounts for the majority of energy used by the brain. To prevent an energy crisis, the energy expense for Na+ clearance must provide an optimal effect. Here we report that in rat primary hippocampal neurons, the clearance of Na+ ions is more efficient if Na,K-ATPase is laterally mobile in the membrane than if it is clustered. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and single particle tracking analysis, we show that the ubiquitous α1 and the neuron-specific α3 catalytic subunits as well as the supportive β1 subunit of Na,K-ATPase are highly mobile in the plasma membrane. We show that cross-linking of the β1 subunit with polyclonal antibodies or exposure to Modulator of Na,K-ATPase (MONaKA), a secreted protein which binds to the extracellular domain of the β subunit, clusters the α3 subunit in the membrane and restricts its mobility. We demonstrate that clustering, caused by cross-linking or by exposure to MONaKA, reduces the efficiency in restoring intracellular Na+. These results demonstrate that extracellular interactions with Na,K-ATPase regulate the Na+ extrusion efficiency with consequences for neuronal energy balance.

Model Zero-One Linear Programming untuk Penjadwalan Raw Mill dan Cement Mill

The scheduling of electrical energy usage during Peak Load Period (PLP) is a complicated problem that has been faced by PT Semen Padang after Indonesian Power Company (PLN) implemented the demarcation regulation of electrical energy usage during PLP (6:00 – 10:00 p.m.) which may not exceed 44.100 kWH. This regulation forces Production Department of PT Semen Padang to arrange the “on (1) or off (0)” schedule for the Raw Mills and Cement Mills during PLP. A Raw Mill or Cement Mill can be switched-off if the specified criteria are satisfied. Those criteria refer to the achievement of daily production targets, silo content at PLP, and the requirement for particular Raw Mill or Cement Mill to be off during those 4 hours of PLP. Meanwhile, the constraints are related to the length of machining hours of Raw Mill, Kiln or Cement Mill before preventive maintenance takes place. To solve this problem, a scheduling model for Raw Mills and Cement Mills on-off during PLP is then developed using a linear programming approach. The decision variables are the “on-off” state of Raw Mills and Cement Mills during PLP, while the objective function is to minimize the penalty expense of energy used during PLP. The developed scheduling model has the ability to solve the problem of the “on-off” assignment for Raw Mills and Cement Mills from Indarung II to Indarung V. This scheduling model can decrease the penalty of electrical energy expense during PLP from Rp. 3.07 billion to Rp. 1.79 billion.

Microorganisms Producing Biosurfactant Selection and Characterization of New Discovered Bioemulsifier that will be Used to Create Ecological Heating Production Technology

The chemical synthesis of surface active compounds is economically inefficient. It requires much energy expense, raw materials and harmful reagents. Biological biosynthesis of surface active substances happens in milder conditions without the use of dangerous chemical reagents. The main goal of this work was to select a microorganism strain capable of producing a bioemulsifier with an ability to create a stable water / fuel-oil emulsion that could be used to design a new ecological heating technology. To this end, 3 microorganism strains displaying a high emulsification activity were used. The new discovered surface active substance (SAS) was investigated with different methods (hydrocarbon overlay agar method, emulsification activity determination, microscopic observation). The production of bioemulsifier (BE) was studied by using soluble and insoluble carbon sources. It was found that Arthrobacter sp. Pr82 is the best bioemulsifier producer. Oleic acid was ascertained as the best carbon source for the production of discovered BE.