EFFECTIVENESS OF LEAF EXTRACT REDUCE INFLAMMATION REACTION IN HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA RATS

High blood cholesterol is often called hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for the emergence of pathological conditions such as heart and blood vessel disease. Hypercholesterolemia has an important role in the occurrence of damage to the endothelial cells is mainly caused by oxidized LDL. Oxidation of LDL triggers the formation of TNF - ?. Leaves messengers that allegedly contains flavonoids can improve the situation of hypercholesterolemia through the barriers specifically the expression of TNF - ? increased due to hypercholesterolemia. Plants messengers known to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols, calcium oxalate, fats, and essential oil. Flavonoids which has the ability to bind the atom to form free radicals not to excess free radicals, thereby inhibiting the oxidative modification of LDL become ox-LDL so it will not be formed atherosclerosis. This study uses the Randomize pattern Pre and Post Test Control Group Design, using white rats (Rattusnovergicus) with Wistar strain aged 3-4 months, weighing 175-200 grams. Divided into four groups: Group I as a control with placebo, Group II treatment using extracts of ethanol leaves a messenger at a concentration of 10%, Group III treatments using extracts of ethanol leaves a messenger at a concentration of 20%, Group IV is to use the extract ethanol leaves errand at a concentration of 30%. It can be concluded at 4 dose group 30% messengers leaf extract significantly different, p <0.05, so it can be said that the provision of effective messengers extract at a dose of 30%.

ISOLATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST OF ANTICANCER ISOLATE OF SPONGE Hyrtios erecta

This research aims to isolate and phytochemically test of the toxic isolate from ethanol extract of the sponge Hyrtios erecta taken from the waters of Pari Island beach, Thousand Islands (Jakarta). Extraction of the sponges was carried out by 70% ethanol at room temperature. Partition and purification of the compounds were done by column chromatography with the stationary phase of silica gel and the mobile phase of n-hexane-chloroform (2:8). Toxicity screening test was done based on Bhrine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The compounds of the active isolate were performed by phytochemical test. Based on the results, it was found that the toxic isolate of Hyrtios erecta sponges has anticancer activity with IC50 of 30,497 ppm. The anticancer isolate contained alkaloid, steroid, and polyphenol compounds

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY TEST OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE IN BITTER HERBS USING DPPH SCAVENGING

Bitter herbs (Sambiloto) have many pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammation. Andrographolide is a diterpene compounds contained in bitter herbs. It is known that andrographolide compound responsible for the pharmacological activity of the bitter herbs. This study investigated DPPH free radical scavenging activity from andrographolide diterpene lactone. This study was initiated with the isolation of andrographolide compound from bitter herbs and then testing their DPPH free radical scavenging. The results suggested that andrographolide had IC50 value of 5.45 mg. This means andrographolide has 50% DPPH inhibition effect, i.e 5.45 mg.

P-Glycoprotein Expression on Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Objective: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) overexpression on neoplastic cells can deteriorate the therapeutic outcome on cancer patients. P-gp plays important role on drug efficacy and toxicity. This research aimed to measure P-gp expression on children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) on Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Method: Flowcytometry method was used to measure P-gp expression level on Bone Marrow samples from pediatric patients (0-12 years old) who were newly diagnosed with ALL in Sanglah Hospital. P-gp overexpression were based on the percentage of cell stained. Ten percent of P-gp expression were considered as the cut-off value of P-gp overexpression. Result: On this study, 11 samples were obtained with the range value of 56-97% on P-gp expression. Conclusion: All 11 patients had P-gp overexpression.

CAPSULAR GENOTYPING OF Klebsiella pneumoniae ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES AT SANGLAH GENERAL HOSPITAL IN 2013

Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of hospital associated infections agents, become more prevalence in worldwide. It is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause wide spectrum of diseases such as pneumonia and sepsis. Capability of this bacterium in causing diseases is influenced by its virulence factors. Capsule (K) is considered as the major virulence factor responsible in avoiding first defense mechanism of host cells. Almost no study about molecular characterization of capsule is reported in Bali; therefore, this study is aimed to determine the capsular genotype of K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical specimens at Sanglah General Hospital. Samples were collected between January until Desember 2013 in Sanglah General Hospital at Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Total of 56 samples were examined taken from blood, urine, pus, sputum, and other sources. All K. pneumoniae DNA were then subjected to PCR using specific primer pairs against K1, K2 and K5. The results showed that from 56 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates only 12 (21.4%) were PCR positive, and all (100%) of them were positive for K2 capsule gene. Ten (83.3) of them were from blood, 1 (8.3%) from sputum, and 1 (8.3%) from other specimens. Finding of K2 capsule gene in most K. pneumoniae clinical isolates at Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Sanglah General Hospital might figure out the relationship of capsular type with severity of diseases. However, further study of capsule in Bali with higher isolates number will help in understanding of pathogenicity of K2 capsule in order to treat the infections itself.

THE ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENTS OF JERINGAU (Acorus calamus L.) RHIZOMES AND THEIR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST Candida albicans

Acorus calamus L. rhizome was trusted having antibacterial activity. This study aimed to identify the compounds in the Acorus Calamus L. rhizomes essential oils and to recognize the antifungal activity of the oils against Candida albicans. The extraction of essential oils from rhizome was carried out by steam distillation technique. Identification of compounds in the oils was conducted by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS), while the antifungal test against Candida albicans was done by well diffusion method. Extraction of 10 kg of rhizomes produced 16.53 mL essential oil with a yield of 0.1653% (? = 1.066), the oil was brownish yellow and very flavorful. GC-MS analysis showed that the essential oil contained 11 compounds, they are (E)-3,7 dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene (trans-?-Ocimene) (3,73%), linalool (1,07%), ?-elemene (1,15%), trans methyl isoeugenol (7,68%), shyobunon (15,74%), bicyclogermakren (0,93%), dehidroxy-isocalamendiol (2,61%), ?-calacorene (3,34%), euasarone (26,84), cis-asarone (18,62%); dan trans- asarone (18,29%). Antifungal activity test showed that the growth and biomass inhibition of C. albicans increased with the increase of the oil concentration. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of essential oil toward C. albicans was 1% with the inhibition of 7.83 mm.

DEVELOPMENT OF GEL DOSAGE FORM OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF MANGOSTEEN RIND

Alpha-mangostin is a xanthonoid compound contained in mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) and has an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, the bacterium that causes acne. In this study, mangosteen rind extract is formulated in a gel dosage form. This study aimed to determine the optimum formula, the physical and chemical properties as well as the optimum formula release profile of the gel dosage form of mangosteen rind extract. The mangosteen rind extract gel formula consists of viscolam, propylene glycol, glycerin, microcare®, ethyl acetate extract of mangosteen rind, and distilled water. The formula was optimized by varying the concentrations of viscolam (2% and 5%), propylene glycol (5% and 20%) and glycerin (2% and 15%) using a factorial experimental design program called Design Expert 7.0.0. The 8 formulas were developed into gel dosage form and the physical and chemical properties were then evaluated. The evaluation tests include viscosity, dispersive power, and pH tests. The evaluation results were processed using the Design Expert 7.0.0 program to determine the optimum formula. The results of the analysis showed the optimum formula of gel dosage form of mangosteen rind extract with viscolam percentage of 4.97%, propylene glycol of 9.91%, glycerin of 12.23%, microcare® of 0.3%, TEA (q.s), ethyl acetate extract of mangosteen rind of 1%, and distilled water of 45%. The evaluation results of the physical and chemical properties of the gel optimum formula revealed the viscosity of 2,345 cps, dispersive power of 6.59 cm, and pH of 6.74. Alpha-mangostin release test on the optimum formula revealed a flux value of 41.327 ?g/cm2/t1/2. From these results, it is concluded that the optimum formula has met the physical and chemical characteristics of a good gel.

Validation of Method for Determining Alpha- Mangostin Level of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Mangosteen Rind Using TLCSpectrodensitometry

Objective: Mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains secondary metabolites, namely alpha-mangostin which has antioxidant activity, as well as antibacterial and anti-aging properties. In order to obtain a maximum amount of alpha-mangostin compounds, the maceration method using ethyl acetate was used. To ensure the effectiveness of the mangosteen rind extraction process, all of the processes and methods in preparing the extract should be properly controlled, particularly the analytical method used in determining the alpha-mangostin level of the extract. The method used should be able to determine the alphamangosteen level accurately. This study aimed to test the validation of the analytical method used. Method: The parameters for the validation of the analytical method tested in this study include accuracy, precision, range and linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and specificity. In this study, the level of alpha-mangostin in the extract was determined using TLC-Spectrodensitometry with the stationary phase of the silica gel plate GF 254 and the mobile phase of chloroform and methanol (10:0.1 v/v). Result: The results of the study showed that this method has met the acceptance criteria for validation with the accuracy value in the range of percent recovery, from 93.85 % to 111.16%; precision with KV <2%; specification with spectrum correlation >0.99; linearity with r =0,99372; limit of detection (LOD) of 5.33 ng and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 11.43 ng.

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION TRIALS MODEL IN POOR AREAS OF BALI PROVINCE

The result from food utilization analysis in 2015 showed that a needed for a community based nutrition intervention model to decrease malnutrition cases among under five years children. This was non experimental study using pre-post test approached, conducted in Karangasem and Bangli regency. Samples were selected by purposive sampling method. Data were collected by questionnaire and observation. Nutrition intervention model was arranged in the form of training module given to society’s figure and integrated post service’s cadres. Result from trial of training module I showed no significant difference between means of knowledge before and after training with p-value (1,00) > ? (0,05), meanwhile in the trial of training module II showed significant difference between means of knowledge before and after training with p-value (0,048) < ? (0,05). Needed a model for socialization the nutrition intervention’s module which actively involved society’s figures and integrated post service’s cadre and ad vocation to policy maker thereby it can support the success of community nutrition improving program.

SCREENING POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES DERIVED FROM GERMINATED LABLAB BEAN, PIGEON PEA AND KIDNEY BEAN

Protein hydrolysate contains a mixture of various lengths of short peptides chain and free amino acids that may excert biological activities. This research aims to screen potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities of protein hydrolysate produced from three kinds of germinated beans i.e. lablab bean (Lablab purpureus), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) through enzymatic hydrolysis process. The steps of research included germination process of the beans prior to total protein isolation, enzymatic hydrolysis of total protein isolates using pancreatin enzyme, evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates protein using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) method, and antibaterial activity testing towards Eschericia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus bacteria. The results revealed that pancreatine enzyme was able to hydrolyse germinated protein of lablab bean, pigeon pea and kidney bean at the experiment condition applied with degree of hydrolysis 34.12%, 27.44%, and 30,93% respectively. It was also found that protein hydrolysates of lablab bean, pigeon pea, and kidney bean demonstrated antioxidant activity which percentage radical DPPH scavenging activity of 84.02%, 68.97% and 67.89 %. On the other hand, all of those protein hydrolysates did not show any antibacterial activity towards Eschericia coli and Staphyllococcus aureus bacteria.