Towards Partition: Polish Magnates and Russian Intervention in Poland During the Early Reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy T. Lukowski
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
Liberum Veto ◽  
Russian Military

In a report on the state of Poland in 1766 the papal nuncio, A. E. Visconti, observed that the new king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, possessed ‘a burning desire to reform the whole country in one day – if only he could – and the entire nation, in order to bring it up to the level of other, more advanced nations’. The interregnum after the death of Augustus III in October 1763 and Poniatowski's election in September 1764 had inaugurated the most determined campaign for reform within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the Union of Lublin of 1569. By 1763–4 there was little that did not need to be reformed. The accumulation of privilege by the szlachta, the nobility, had attained such dimensions that both the monarchy and the Sejm, the parliament, were almost powerless to govern. The most obvious expression of the impotence of the state and of the refusal of the nobility to submit to the discipline of any centralized authority was, of course, the liberum veto, the use of which, real or threatened, had consigned the majority of the Sejmy of Augustus II (1697–1733) and of Augustus III (1733–63) to nullity. Yet the veto's successful, widespread application was only possible because of a rough equilibrium of political strength between Poland's various magnate factions.After Augustus Ill's death, Russian military backing enabled the so-called ‘Family’, the party led by Michael Czartoryski (1696–1775) and his brother, August (1697–1782), to break through the stalemate. At the Convocation Sejm of 7 May to 23 June 1764, the Czartoryskis pushed through a series of unprecedented reforms aimed at conferring on the monarchy and the Sejm a degree of real authority over the country at large.

scholarly journals STRENGTHENING THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF ENTERPRISES IN THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX: DEFENSE PROCUREMENT AND ACQUISITION OR CONVERSION OF PRODUCTION?

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-131
Author(s):  
И.В. Баранова ◽  
М.А. Власенко
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Defense Procurement ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
State Defense ◽  
The Military

В статье рассмотрен гособоронзаказ как драйвер развития предприятий оборонно-промышленного комплекса, требования обеспечения финансовой устойчивости предприятий при исполнении ими гособоронзаказа. Диверсификация оборонно-промышленного комплекса РФ и конверсия производства предприятий, входящих в данный комплекс, ориентированные на производство продукции двойного назначения, а также повышение объемов продаж в среднесрочной перспективе рассматриваются как факторы повышения их финансовой устойчивости. The article considers the defense procurement and acquisition as a driver for the development of enterprises of the military-industrial complex; the requirements for ensuring the financial stability of enterprises when they perform a state contract under the state defense order. The diversification of the Russian military-industrial complex and the conversion of production of enterprises included in this complex, focused on the production of dual-use products, increasing sales in the medium term, are considered as factors for increasing the financial stability of enterprises in the military-industrial complex.

Paediatric Medicine in India and Bottlenecks of Development in Nurturing Demographic Assets

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-338
Author(s):  
Shivangi
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Poor State ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Paediatric Medicine ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
Healthy Growth

This article argues that the poor state of paediatric medicine in India still restrains and often prevents the healthy development of far too many young Indians. Infants as junior-most citizens deserve diligent care, as they have legal entitlements to specialised medical services, ensuring their survival and healthy growth, ultimately for the benefit of the entire nation. The article first traces the somewhat stunted colonial institutional development of paediatric medicine in India. It then proceeds to perform a critical analysis of the continuing harm of negligence concerning the health and upbringing of India’s vulnerable infants, challenging the state to become more committed to integrated child development.

Labor Relations and Slavery in Contemporary Brazil: A New Digital Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 190-196
Author(s):  
Silvia Hunold Lara ◽  
Nauber Gavski da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Labor Relations ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Digital Collection ◽  
Entire Nation

There are multiple public agencies in Brazil that operate for the purpose of inspection, investigation, and the levying of penalties for the crime of exploitation of labor in conditions analogous to slavery: These include the civil police, Federal Police, the Ministry of Labor, the Regional Labor Tribunals, the Public Ministry of Labor, the Federal Public Ministry, and the state-level public ministries, with branches that encompass the entire nation and others that focus on specific regions. The activities of each one of these entities is recorded in different types of documents that are processed at various levels and can cover considerable amounts of time, depending on the deadlines and procedures involved. While the volume of this documentation is quite substantial, these records are not especially well known or widely used.

Religious Freedom: Transition and Globalisation

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (36) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
Mark Hill
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
State Committee ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
Former Ussr

In the year 988 Prince Vladimir dramatically baptised his entire nation in the Dnepr River, thereby establishing a new state religion in what is now Ukraine. Fittingly, Kiev (or Kyiv to adopt the Ukrainian spelling) played host in May to a conference on ‘Religious Freedom: Transition and Globalisation’. Convened by the State Committee for Religious Affairs, the conference brought together academics from Western Europe and the USA with civil servants from the emergent democracies of the former USSR.

scholarly journals THE REPORT OF NIZHYN VOIVODES IN THE «ACTS OF SOUTH WESTERN RUSSIA»

2017 ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Lesyk
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
The State ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The City

The author analyzes the economic documentation sent by the Nizhyn governors to the Malorossiyskyi Prykaz in the 1650s and 1670s. The excerpts published in the Acts relating to the History of Southern and Western Russia. This source the author used to show the nature of the interaction between the Nizhyn Voivodship and the government, to identify the main issues voivode had to report on and the tasks he had to solve, as well as to consider the situation of the Russian military contingent in Nizhyn.The author notes that the royal pledges led by the voivods appeared in Chernihiv, Nizhyn, Pereyaslav and other Ukrainian cities in the late 1650s. The names of the Nizhyn voivods, who served in the 1650-1670s, were identified, and the author described their activities. She found out that the voivode had to build a fortress in the city to defend against enemies, manage the affairs of their garrisons, send to Moscow financial statements of expenditures, to issue a sovereign's pay to the archers, to fight against their escape, which was very common, and in addition to monitor on the activities of the local Cossack administration and internal policy in the territories subordinate to them, submit to the king petitioners and petitions, provide information on events in the Ukrainian lands and in the neighboring territories, involve the local population in the work . Under the rule of Ivan Bryukhovetsky, voivode had to collect taxes from inhabitants of the Hetmanate (except for Cossacks and clergy). The author concludes that it was through regular reports that the voivode in Moscow knew about the state of affairs in the Hetmanate region and, following the information received, adjusted their policy towards the Ukrainian lands. Therefore, the voivodship runoff can be considered a valuable source from the history of the hetman's Ukraine itself.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the cybersecurity of Ukraine formation in the conditions of hybrid war

2018 ◽  
pp. 94-111
Author(s):  
Yana Kybich
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The One

In the article, the problem of information security of Ukraine at the present stage of development in the context of the information society evolution was analysed. The theoretical approaches to the definition of the essence of the concept of “cybersecurity”, “cyberspace” by Ukrainian and foreign scientists were discovered. It is determined that these concepts are widely used in modern science, but there is still no their clearly defined meaning, which, accordingly, complicates scientific comprehension and practical overcoming of problems and threats in the information space of Ukraine and harms the national interests of the state. The legal framework of Ukraine, which regulates the sphere of information security, in particular, legal acts adopted since 2014, were described. It has been proved, that cybernetic attacks on state information resources have become an integral part of the hybrid war, unleashed by Russia. It is indicated that with the onset of Russian military aggression, the transformation of national information legislation, including the one on cybersecurity, took place. The priority directions of the state policy in the field of ensuring the cybernetic security of Ukraine in the conditions of hybrid war were researched.

scholarly journals The Real World of the Decentralized Autonomous Society

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.Z. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The State ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Open Markets ◽  
The Way

Although it is still in early stages, many commentators have been quick to note the revolutionary potential of next-generation or Bitcoin 2.0 technology. While some have expressed fear that the widespread application of these technologies may engender the rise of a Terminator-style Skynet, others believe that it represents the coming of a decentralized autonomous society (DAS) in which humans are freed from centralized forms of power through the proliferation of distributed autonomous organizations or DAOs. Influenced by neoliberal theory that stresses privatization, open markets, and deregulation, Bitcoin 2.0 technologies are implicitly working on the assumption that 'freedom' means freedom from the state. This neglects, however, that within capitalist societies, the state can also provide freedom from the vagaries of the market by protecting certain things from commodification. Through an analysis of (1) class and the role of the state; (2) the concentration and centralization of capital; and (3) the role of automation, I argue that the vision of freedom that underpins Bitcoin 2.0 tech is one that neglects the power that capital holds over us in both organizing the structure of our lives, and informing our idea of what it means to be human. In neglecting these other forms of power, I claim that the DAS might be a far more dystopian development than its supporters comprehend, making possible societies that are commodities all the way down.

Analysis of the State of the Aerodrome Network of Air Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and Ways of its Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-123
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Ustymenko
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Transport Aircraft ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Definition Of

The article deals and analyzed how the most appropriate loss of hostile aviation is considered, a scientific approach to the definition of the essence of the aerodrome network of the Air Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is considered. The scientific novelty is that the changes in the aerodrome network of the Air Force of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the last 30 years are analyzed. The aerodrome network includes airfields, maneuver, spare, advanced, rear and false. The survivability of aviation is possible to provide “dispersed by operational airfields, civil aviation aerodromes, airfields of roads on drivers, etc. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of the aerodrome network in Ukraine, its influence on the capacity of aircraft AF of Ukraine to complete the task of appointment. Considered how many aircraft has reached Ukraine from the Armed Forces of the USSR, and the branching of the airfield network for 1992. As of 01.01.92: the aerodrome network of military forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine accounted for 119 aerodromes. Investigated as less, at the beginning of the ATO in 2014, in the States of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, military and military transport aircraft. This led to a decrease in the number of airfields used by the AF of Ukraine. At the time of the ATO, the number of AF of Ukraine, created on the basis of Air Force and PPA, was about 43 thousand people. As part of the Ukrainian AF of Ukraine at the beginning of 2014, there were about 160 combat aircraft and 20 military transport, which are based on 20 airfields. Considered whom when the excess aerodromes of the AF of Ukraine are transmitted with. Since the beginning of the ATO for April 2015, more than 200 units of PS equipment were restored and repaired, during 2017, another 9 airfields were repaired. The Russian military aggression AF of Ukraine used only a quarter of all military flyers in the country. At the beginning of 2018, this quantity has doubled. Conclusions. In our opinion, instead of dismantling of runways and selling aerodrome slabs, it would be more advisable to convey aerodromes that are not used by aircraft AF of Ukraine, aircrubs, commercial firms related to aviation, provided that they will be responsible for maintaining runways, strips and equipment provided. Key words: airfield, spare airfield, airfield network, air force, aviation, runway.

VERSKO PITANjE U VIDOVDANSKOM USTAVU

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velibor Džomić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
The Political ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
The Right

In 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes included various peoples and numerous churches and religious communities. The largest number of inhabitants of the new state belonged to the Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Muslim religions. The founder of the Constitution had the obligation to regulate the right to freedom of religion by the Constitution and to ensure equality between the existing churches and religious communities. The founder of the Constitution decided to reject the earlier constitutional model of the state religion from the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Montenegro and to standardize the constitutional model of adopted or recognized religions. The political basis for the new constitutional solution was found in point 7 of the Corfu Declaration, which stated that ”all recognized religions will be exercised freely and publicly. The Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Mohammedan religions, which are the strongest in our nation in terms of the number of followers, will be equal and equal to the state. Based on these principles, the legislator will take care to preserve and maintain confessional peace, which corresponds to the spirit and past of our entire nation”. The paper analyzes the norms of the Vidovdan Constitution on freedom of religion.

scholarly journals Pembaharuan Hukum: Peran Tentara Nasional Indonesia Dalam Penanggulangan Aksi Terorisme (Kajian Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arief Fahmi Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Broad Scope ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Face ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
The Republic

The Involvement of the Indonesian National Army in countering terrorism, that is in article 7 paragraph (1) law of Republic of Indonesia number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesia National Army  which reads; The main task of the Indonesian National Army is to uphold the sovereignty of the state, maintain the territorial integrity of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 constitution and protect the entire nation and Indonesia’s blooshed from threats and assumptions to the integrity of the nation and state. We Consider that acts of terrorism are based on ideology which want to change the basis of the state, so it is very relevant to the presence of the Indonesian National Army involvement in counterterrorism. The Indonesian National Army authority on the elimination of terrorism is an on going debate. Authority is the making of decisions commanding and accountable to others. The Indonesia National Army authority is given on the grounds that terrorism is seen as a thereat to the integrity and defense of the state. In overcoming the act of terrorism as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be carried out in accordance with the main task and functions of the Indonesia National Army if seen in law number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesia National Army, the duties and functions of the Indonesian National Army have a too broad scope including the task of deterrence, repression dan recovery which in a legal perspective can be interpreted as acts of intelligence, investigation, even remdial action. However, the Indonesian Armed Forces crackdown on terrorism should continue to put  the Indonesia police force in the face of effort to avoid actions potentially in frined on human rights.Keyword : authority, the Indonesia Nastional Army, the countermeasure of terrorism and nastional sovereignty.  AbstrakKeterlibatan TNI dalam penanggulangan terorisme yaitu pada pasal 7 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 34 tahun 2004 tentang TNI yang berbunyi; Tugas pokok TNI adalah menegakkan kedaulatan negara, mempertahankan keutuhan wilayah negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang berdasarkan Pancasila, UUD tahun 1945 serta melindungi segenap bangsa dan tumpah darah Indonesia dari ancaman dan gangguan terhadap keutuhan bangsa dan negara. Kita ketahui bahwa aksi terorisme berbasis pada ideologi yang berkeinginan merubah dasar negara, sehingga sangat relevan hadirnya keterlibatan TNI dalam penanggulangan terorisme. Kewenangan TNI dalam pemberantasan terorisme merupakan sebuah hal yang masih menjadi perdebatan. Kewenangan merupakan kekuasaan membuat keputusan memerintah dan melimpahkan tanggung jawab kepada orang lain yang diatur oleh hukum. Kewenangan TNI diberikan dengan alasan terorisme dilihat sebagai sebuah tindakan yang mengancam keutuhan dan pertahanan negara. Dalam mengatasi aksi Terorisme sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilaksanakan sesuai dengan tugas pokok dan fungsi Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Jika dilihat dalam UU N0. 34 Tahun 2004 tentang TNI, tugas dan fungsi TNI memiliki ruang lingkup terlalu luas meliputi tugas penangkalan, penindakan dan pemulihan yang dalam perspektif hukum dapat dimaknai sebagai sebagai tindakan intelijen, penyelidikan, penyidikan, bahkan sampai dengan tindakan remedey (pemulihan). Namun demikian, pelibatan TNI dalam pemberantasan terorisme harus tetap mengedepankan profesionalitas Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia (Polri) dengan menghindari berbagai tindakan yang berpotensi melanggar hak asasi manusia (HAM).Kata Kunci: Kewenangan; Tentara Nasional Indonesia; Penanggulangan Terorisme dan Kedaulatan NKRI. 

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