scholarly journals TRIBE TRITICEAE L. AND THE BIOCENOTIC MECHANISMS OF ADAPTABILITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267
Author(s):  
T. Z. Moskalets
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Photoperiodic Sensitivity ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Intensity Fading ◽  
Period Duration

<p>The cultural species in the process ontogenesis and phylogenesis to favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions produce a number of biological mechanisms (molecular genetic, physiological, biochemical, morphological, biocenotic), plants identification behind them reflects the degree of their ecological of adaptability, plasticity and stability. Studying the and comparison of morphological parameters and relations with consort-species and representatives of tribe <em>Triticeae</em> allowed to find out what plants differently realize their life potential. Which are based on structural and functional features biocenotic mechanisms that manifested in adaptive properties. On example cultural cereal species shows that the basic mechanisms of adaptability are: mechanisms of functional sustainability, morphological tolerance and ontogenetic avoidance. The first group is associated with functional parameters forming and manifestation life potential of plants (accumulation protein, accumulation gluten, duration assimilatory ability flag leaf; erection leaves the upper tier; depth of node tillering; strength of the stem, ie the, low penchant to lodging; total tillering plants; synchronicity growth of main stem; the intensity fading ear after full ripeness.</p><p>The second group includes mechanisms of morphological tolerance (hairiness of leaves, stems; wax-colored bloom; plaza of leaf; type of bush; density head; beardedness; glossy coating of leaf, culm; glaucous color of leaf, culm; placing spicate of scales near granule; plant height). To mechanisms of ontogenetic avoidance relating such as mismatch of pathogen, phytophage and plant; photoperiodic sensitivity; duration interphase periods in particular florification, ripening; duration of vegetation period; duration of primary dormancy (latent period); multivariation of synontоgenesis; photoperiodic sensitivity.</p><p>Knowing the biocenotic mechanisms formation of adaptability cultural species discloses up new opportunities in clarifying the fundamental bases of adaptation and is of practical importance in the management of vitality and seed productivity.</p>

GENETIC CERTIFICATION OF FODDER CROPS BREEDING ACHIEVEMENTS

1970 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
V. M. Kosolapov ◽  
N. N. Kozlov ◽  
I. А. Klimenko ◽  
V. N. Zolotarev
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Prospects Of Application

The methods of genetic identification of forage crops varieties and forms have significant scientific and practical importance in breeding and seed multiplication, in protection of author’s rights. At the current moment molecular markers on the base of DNA-polymorphism have been applied widely for these aims. This analytical review examines the possibilities and the prospects of application the different DNA-analysis methods for assessment of forage crops genetic diversity and for development the molecular-genetic passports of breeding achievements. The objective estimation of varieties structure and presence impurities is a necessary condition for improving the methodical approaches in approbation of crops and for decision the problems of timely variety-seed renovation and its systematic replacement. The system of DNA markers that registered in genetic passport will enable to keep the initial genetic structure of variety and to maintain it in production process during long time without fluctuations of agronomic important characteristics and properties. This factor is especially valuable for development the primary seed multiplication.

Combined urogenital abnormalities of development and the formation of reproductive health in girls

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Yu. Yu. Chebotareva ◽  
G. M. Letifov ◽  
M. A. Rodina
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Type I ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Clinical Cases

BACKGROUND. Anomalies in the development of the uterus and vagina in some cases are combined with defects of the urinary tract. Therefore, the analysis of clinical situations associated with combined urogenital pathology in girls is of current and practical importance.THE AIM: to assess the state of reproductive health in girls with reproductive anomalies, renal agenesis, and other diseases of the urinary tract.PATIENTS AND METHODS. The study was conducted in 5 adolescent girls, including 3 patients with kidney agenesis, 1 patient with dysmetabolic nephropathy and nephroptosis, and 1 patient with recurrent urinary tract infection. In the analysis of clinical cases, the anatomical and functional features of the reproductive system are presented.RESULTS. The first 3 clinical cases are associated with the presence of kidney agenesis in the girl. In 1 clinical case, the clinic of the Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuester-Hauser syndrome (SMRKH) type II, including aplasia of the uterus and vagina and renal malformation, is presented. In clinical case 2, it was shown that modern transabdominal ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs, similar to MRI, can reveal the Herlin-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome. Agenesis of the kidney is one of the manifestations of trisomy of 22 pairs of chromosomes, which was noted in a patient from 3 clinical cases. 4 clinical cases is associated with the fact that kidney pathology, including nephroptosis, dysmetabolic nephropathy, can be combined with impaired sexual development. In 5 clinical case, type I SMRCC was described in a patient with recurrent urinary tract infection.CONCLUSION. Congenital malformations of the female genital organs are a rare pathology that requires special attention. Due to insufficient data concerning the mechanism of development of malformations of the genitourinary system, this problem requires further detailed study.

Cytogenetics and molecular genetics

2011 ◽  
pp. 1375-1380
Author(s):  
Dieter Meschede ◽  
Frank Tüttelmann
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Meiotic Pairing ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Endocrine Disturbances ◽  
Diagnostic Work

Genetic aberrations are important causes of spermatogenic and endocrine testicular failure. Often, clinical skills are insufficient to demonstrate the primary genetic nature of a gonadal disorder, and cytogenetic and molecular tests should be considered for the diagnostic process (Table 9.5.3.1) (1–7). They are helpful, not only for establishing the basic aetiology of certain types of male endocrine disturbances, but also in that karyotyping and some DNA tests have attained a pivotal role in genetic risk counselling for severely infertile couples. Also, the diagnosis of a chromosomal abnormality or single gene mutation in an infertile man can have repercussions for other members of his family. They may carry the same type of genetic aberration, and thus be at increased risk for inadvertent reproductive outcomes. The most time-honoured method in male endocrinology is the analysis of banded metaphase chromosome preparations from blood lymphocytes, which remains of undiminished practical importance (8, 9). This technique allows for the direct visualization of the complete set of chromosomes in a somatic cell lineage and provides information on both chromosome number and structure. However, a regular karyotype in somatic cells, such as lymphocytes, does not necessarily translate into normal meiotic pairing and segregation of the chromosomes in the germ cell lineage. Meiotic cell preparations and ejaculated spermatozoa may thus be included in the diagnostic work-up of an infertile man. The place of these techniques is more in the realm of research than of daily clinical practice, as discussed below. In contrast, several molecular genetic tests are firmly established as valuable diagnostic tools. Details concerning the two most important tests, mutation analysis of the CFTR gene and screening for Y-chromosomal microdeletions, are given below.

Heredity of leaf apparatus features in F2 of soft winter wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 104-114
Author(s):  
V.O. Hoptsii
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
The Third ◽  
F2 Hybrids ◽  
Soft Winter Wheat ◽  
High Level

The aim of the research was to study the heredity nature of flag (first top) and sub-flag (second top) leaves of F2 hybrid populations obtained from the crossbred varieties and lines of soft winter wheat of different morphophysiological types. The research was conducted in the experimental field of KhNAU named after V.V. Dokuchaiev in 2015 – 2016. The vegetation period of 2015 – 2016 turned out to be abnormally warm with a lot of precipitation. The amount of precipitation during the wheat vegetation period in 2015 – 2016 was 597,8 mm, which was significantly higher than the long-term average (456,0 mm). Such weather conditions affected the course of vernalization and wintering of plants, contributed to the development of diseases and pests, complicated and stretched the harvest period, its quantity and quality. 14 F2 hybrid populations, obtained by crossbreeding 16 varieties and lines were used as a starting material. The selection of the parent pairs was performed on a set of the morphological and anatomical productivity features. Based on cluster analysis (K-average method), the set of the studied genotypes of soft winter wheat was divided into four clusters. The genotypes of the first cluster had a high level of ear productivity and the maximum level of development of the anatomical structure features of the stem and ear. The genotypes of the second and third clusters are two “opposite” types of variability of the productivity features, leaf apparatus and anatomical structure of the stem and ear. Thus, the genotypes of the second cluster are characterized by a relatively high level of development of the features of ear productivity, but minimal – the features of anatomical structure, and for the third vice versa. The genotypes of the third cluster can be a donor of the anatomical structure features, and the second – ear productivity. The genotypes of the fourth cluster had the maximum level of development of the group of the features of the leaf apparatus, productivity and a fairly high level of the development of the anatomical structure features. The varieties from the first cluster were used for crossing: Smuhlianka, Izolda, Prestizh, Kharkivska 105; from the second one: Odeska 267, Venera, Ebi, Statna, Dobirna, KIU line – 7; from the third one: KIU lines – 40, L 80 – III / 7, Patriot variety; from the fourth one: Pereiaslavka, Lehenda, line L 89 – I/2. The hybrids were sown in a block with the parental forms, the area of the plot for the parental forms made up 1 m2, the area of the hybrid populations plots depended on the number of seeds and was equal to 1 – 2 m2. The level of heredity according to the characteristics of the leaf apparatus of F2 hybrids of soft winter wheat was determined, namely the frequency (Tf) and the degree of transgressions (Td) and the heredity coefficient in the “broad sense”. The frequency of transgressions of the hybrids on the basis of the area of the flag leaf varied from 3,00% to 40,00%, and the degree of transgressions varied from 3,30% to 52,90%, but in three combinations the transgression was zero. The heredity coefficient in the “broad sense” ranged from 0,07 to 0,99. According to the total area of the two upper leaves (flag and sub-flag), the frequency of transgressions varied from 6,70% to 50,00%, and the degree of transgressions – from 3,60% to 45,20%. In two combinations, the transgression was zero. High and medium heredity coefficients, exceeding 0,50, and a high manifestation of transgressions were observed in the combinations: KIU-7 / Smuhlianka (Tf – 33,3 and Td – 45,2%), Kharkivska 105 / Smuhlianka (Tf – 30,00 and Td – 45,23%) Izolda / Prestige (Tf – 30,00 and Td– 12,60%), Ebi / L 89 – I / 2 (Tf – 23,30 and Td – 31,50%). These combinations can predict the effective plant selection, starting with F2 and F3. Key words: soft winter wheat, F2 hybrids, heredity coefficient in the “broad sense”, frequency and degree of transgression.

Molecular genetic marker-based analysis of species-differentiated phenotypic characters in an interspecific ryegrass mapping population

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 892 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
R. C. Baillie ◽  
N. O. I. Cogan ◽  
N. M. McFarlane ◽  
M. P. Dupal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Marker ◽  
Mapping Population ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Molecular Genetic Marker

The genus Lolium (ryegrasses) exhibits substantial variation between species for annual-perennial growth habit. The genetic bases of this trait, and other characters that are differentiated between taxa, have been investigated through molecular genetic marker-based mapping of an interspecific mapping population derived from pair-wise crossing of single genotypes from Lincoln, a long-lived cultivar of perennial ryegrass, and Andrea, a cultivar of annual-type Italian ryegrass. The Andrea1246 and Lincoln1133 parental maps contained 122 loci on eight linkage groups (LGs), and 169 loci on seven LGs, respectively. A total of 10 phenotypic traits were measured, including annuality-perenniality index, date of head emergence, number of spikes per plant, number of spikelets per spike, number of floret per spike, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, spike length, stem length, and extent of regrowth. A total of 31 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected. Regions of significance were identified on Andrea1246 LGs 1, 2, 3 and 6. An annuality-perenniality index QTL on LG2 accounted for ~30% of trait-specific phenotypic variance (Vp). In addition, LG2 contained coincident QTLs for the number of spikes per plant and head emergence date traits. The Lincoln1133 genetic map displayed QTL-containing regions of significance on LGs 1, 4, 5 and 7, accounting individually for 10–22% of Vp. QTLs identified in this study provide potential targets for ryegrass breeding in order to improve vegetative yield, persistence and seed yield.

scholarly journals Electrical Capacitance Versus Minirhizotron Technique: A Study of Root Dynamics in Wheat–Pea Intercrops

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Imre Cseresnyés ◽  
Bettina Kelemen ◽  
Tünde Takács ◽  
Anna Füzy ◽  
Ramóna Kovács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Root Dynamics

This study evaluated the concurrent application and the results of the root electrical capacitance (CR) and minirhizotron (MR) methods in the same plant populations. The container experiment involved three winter wheat cultivars, grown as sole crops or intercropped with winter pea under well-watered or drought-stressed conditions. The wheat root activity (characterized by CR) and the MR-based root length (RL) and root surface area (RSA) were monitored during the vegetation period, the flag leaf chlorophyll content was measured at flowering, and the wheat shoot dry mass (SDM) and grain yield (GY) were determined at maturity. CR, RL and RSA exhibited similar seasonal patterns with peaks around the flowering. The presence of pea reduced the maximum CR, RL and RSA. Drought significantly decreased CR, but increased the MR-based root size. Both intercropping and drought reduced wheat chlorophyll content, SDM and GY. The relative decrease caused by pea or drought in the maximum CR was proportional to the rate of change in SDM or GY. Significant linear correlations (R2: 0.77–0.97) were found between CR and RSA, with significantly smaller specific root capacitance (per unit RSA) for the drought-stress treatments. CR measurements tend to predict root function and the accompanying effect on above-ground production and grain yield. The parallel application of the two in situ methods improves the evaluation of root dynamics and plant responses.

scholarly journals The study of genetic factors that determine the awned glume trait in bread wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 568-574
Author(s):  
O. B. Dobrovolskaya ◽  
A. E. Dresvyannikova ◽  
E. D. Badaeva ◽  
K. I. Popova ◽  
M. Trávníčková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Scanning Electron

Awns are bristle‐like structures, typically extending from the tip end of the lemmas in the florets of cereal species, including such economically important crops as wheat (Triticum aestivum L., T. durum Desf.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). The presence of long awns adhered at tip end of glumes is a characteristic feature of “Persian wheat” T. carthlicum Nevski spike. Glume outgrowth of T. carthlicum Nevski spike passes into a long awn, equal in length to the lemma awn. Awned glumes can be formed in T. aestivum and T. aethiopicum wheats, however, such forms are rare. Features of the awned glume development and the genetic determinants of this trait have been little studied. In this paper, we described the features of the development and inheritance of the tetra-awness (awned glume) trait of the bread wheat T. aestivum line CD 1167-8, using classical genetic analysis, molecular genetic mapping, and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the trait is inherited as a recessive monogenic. The gene for the awned glume trait of CD 1167-8 was mapped in the long arm of chromosome 5A, using the Illumina Infinium 15K Wheat Array (TraitGenetics GmbH), containing 15,000 SNPs associated with wheat genes. Results of allelism test and molecular-genetic mapping suggest that the gene for awned glumes in bread wheat is a recessive allele of the B1 awn suppressor. This new allele was designated the b1.ag (b1. awned glume). Analysis of the CD 1167-8 inflorescence development, using scanning electron microscopy, showed that awns had grown from the top of the lemmas and glumes simultaneously, and no differences in patterns of their development were found.

scholarly journals Screening and monitoring of watermelon source material by components of the vegetation period in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Zahar Linnik ◽  
Oksana Sergienko ◽  
Tetiana Harbovska
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Period Duration ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Relevant in the selection of each crop, including watermelon is a comprehensive study of the source material to identify sources of valuable traits and include them in the selection process in order to expand the genetic diversity of the culture. According to the results of research, to create a new source material for heterosis selection of watermelon, screening and monitoring of the vegetation period duration (number of days from germination to ripening) and its components 118 (101 varieties, 17 hybrids) genotypes of watermelon in the forest-steppe of Ukraine have been conducted. Research methods are generally accepted: field experiment, observation, accounting, analysis, statistical. According to the results of determining the duration of the components of the vegetation period, the samples were divided into five groups of ripeness: early (65–80 days) – 80 (68 %), medium-early (81–85 days) – 14 (12 %), medium (86–95 days) – 18 (15 %), medium-late (96–105 days) – 4 (3 %) and late (106 days) – 2 (2 %). Variety-samples, selected by morphological and economically valuable characteristics, belong mainly (80 %) to early and medium-early. Only 6 % of genotypes belong to the medium-late and late-ripening groups. 52 samples with the smallest separate interphase periods were isolated. According to the results of the research, 8 sources with the high early ripeness were identified, the vegetation period of which was 66–70 days: Yellow early 108105 (66 days), Karapuz 108109, Surprise 108121 (67 days), Gift of the sun 108109, Lezheboka honey 108116, Thailand №1 108153 ( 69 days), Sweet Diamond 107874, Northern Lights 108127 (70 days). Sources are involved in the selection process

scholarly journals ROOT FERTILIZING INFLUENCE ON THE CHLOROPHYLL CONTENTS IN MAIZE HYBRIDS IN THE DIFFERENT GROUPS OF MATURITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
Vitalii Palamarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Period Duration

The article presents a research of root fertilizing influence on the chlorophyll contents in maize hybrids leaves in the different groups of ripeness. Two times root fertilizing application (in phase 5-7 and 10-12 of maize leaves) supports the highest level of chlorophyll.The most reliable chlorophyll quantity increase is shown in two times hybrids dressing with Biomag drug. The highest chlorophyll contents was recorded in 2011 which was the most favorable for maize growing. The lowest chlorophyll contents was noted in 2012 that characterized significant dry season in growing period of maize.It is determined that the extension of vegetation period duration of researched hybrids contributes to chlorophyll contents enhancement. A chlorophyll contents also varies according to biological features of a certain hybrid.

scholarly journals Reproductive parasitism in insects. The interaction of host and bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Goryacheva ◽  
Boris Andrianov
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Symbiotic System ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reproductive Parasitism ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Insect Populations

Reproductive parasitism is a specific form of symbiosis in which a microorganism alters the reproduction of the host by interfering with the mechanisms of sex development. The review considers four changes in reproduction — male killing, parthenogenesis, feminization, and cytoplasmic incompatibility — determined by cytoplasmic bacteria. The cytogenetic and molecular genetic mechanisms of interaction between partners in the symbiotic system are discussed, including the comparative analysis of molecular-genetic factors responsible for reproductive parasitism. The features of the interaction between an insect and bacteria in symbiosis with various systems for determining the sex of the host, male and female heterogamy and haplodiploidy, are considered. Studies of cytoplasmic incompatibility are of great practical importance, since they open up prospects for non-invasive engineering on natural insect populations for biocontrol.

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