scholarly journals COVID-19 and Endothelial Dysfunction: Biomarkers and Potential Drug Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Andrianto Andrianto ◽  
Ronaldi Rizkiawan ◽  
Primasitha Maharany Harsoyo
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Worldwide Population ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Online Library ◽  
Multiple Drugs ◽  
Von Willebrand

Since the fi rst report of pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan by the end of 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic; causing millions of deaths globally and aff ecting the rest of worldwide population. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which enters hosts by inhabiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors expressed in the endothelium layer of not only the respiratory tracts, but also various organs in the body. COVID-19 has been reported to trigger multiple cardiovascular manifestations. Since endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in cardiovascular events and the endothelium is heavily involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology, it is important to investigate their associations and previously established drug potencies to improve endothelial functions as possible treatment options for COVID-19. In this review, we summarize endothelial dysfunction biomarkers involved in COVID-19 and drugs that have shown potential endothelial protective properties to better understand the incidence of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 and its future treatment. We searched in PubMed, Wiley Online Library, EBSCO, ScienceDirect databases for literatures containing following keywords: “Endothelial dysfunction”, “COVID-19”, and “biomarkers”. Eligible publications were then assessed and studied to comprise our literature review. A total of 96 studies matched our criteria and provided scientifi c evidences for our review. Materials were then compiled into a review summarizing endothelial biomarkers involved in COVID-19 and potentially repurposed drugs targeting endothelium for COVID-19.Various endothelial dysfunction biomarkers were found to be elevated in COVID19 and is found to be related to its severity, such as adhesion molecules, selectins, PAI-1, and von Willebrand Factors. Multiple drugs targeting the endothelium are also potential and some are under investigation for COVID-19.

scholarly journals The Extrapulmonary Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-92
Author(s):  
Mohsin Majeed ◽  
Tayyaba Noor
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Respiratory Cells ◽  
Multiple Drugs ◽  
Respiratory Outcomes

SARS-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the latest strain of coronavirus that causes the viral infection, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The initial studies on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) focused on respiratory outcomes of this viral infection. More recent research on the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 shows that the virus enters the cells through the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor. This receptor is present not just in the cell membranes of respiratory cells but also in the cell membranes of cells present in other organs of the body. This enables the virus to have severe outcomes in the body beyond the respiratory system. Providing a possible immunizing agent against coronavirus is a major challenge pertaining to the fact that ongoing pandemic has already taken millions of lives. This paper discusses the extrapulmonary effects of COVID-19, with an emphasis on clinical manifestations, mechanism of action, and special focus to management considerations in each of these cases. The essential therapeutics and treatments proposed for dealing with the COVID-19 infection have also been discussed. While the answer to whether these therapies work, successfully controlling the immunoinflammatory response is still unclear, ongoing trials of multiple drugs for this purpose are an excellent way to ultimately reach a product that works successfully.

scholarly journals A Narrative Review of Existing Options for COVID-19-Specific Treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Wasey Ali Yadullahi Mir ◽  
Abdul Hasan Siddiqui ◽  
Gautam Valecha ◽  
Shawn Patel ◽  
Fatima Ayub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Multiple Drugs

The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic in early 2020. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected morbidity and mortality tremendously. Even though multiple drugs are being used throughout the world since the advent of COVID-19, only limited treatment options are available for COVID-19. Therefore, drugs targeting various pathologic aspects of the disease are being explored. Multiple studies have been published to demonstrate their clinical efficacy until now. Based on the current evidence to date, we summarized the mechanism, roles, and side effects of all existing treatment options to target this potentially fatal virus.

scholarly journals Recent Development in Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (supplement) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Sultan Ullah ◽  
Adnan Haider ◽  
Uzma Azeem Awan ◽  
Shahid Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Wild Game ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Repurposed Drugs

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a transmissible disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The primary clinical expression of COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness with interstitial and alveolar pneumonia. The virus originated in late 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The infectious agent, based upon genetic studies is of zoonotic origin and spread in the local population possibly through community spread by persons  shopping at wet animal market, where live wild game is sold. The rapid spread of COVID-19 led it to be declared a global pandemic by the WHO. As of September 21, 2020, 30,675,675 cummulative cases of COVID-19 have been reported worldwide with 954,417 cumulative deaths. The diagnosis of COVID-19 is based primarily on epidemiological factors, clinical symptoms, and laboratory testing techniques such as hemography, chest computed tomography, and virologic examination. To date, there are no clinically approved vaccines or antiviral drugs available for use against COVID-19. Nevertheless, in clinical trials, a few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs as well as repurposed drugs approved for other indications have been assessed against COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, pathogenesis of the COVID-19, with emphasis on current progress in rapid diagnosis and  treatment options.

Experimental and Clinical Evidence of Endothelial Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (30) ◽  
pp. 3733-3747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Ferreira-Duarte ◽  
Joana Beatriz Sousa ◽  
Carmen Diniz ◽  
Teresa Sousa ◽  
Margarida Duarte-Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
High Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Main Effects

The endothelium has a crucial role in proper hemodynamics. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mainly a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. However, considerable evidence points to high cardiovascular risk in patients with IBD. This review positions the basic mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in the IBD setting (both clinical and experimental). Furthermore, we review the main effects of drugs used to treat IBD in endothelial (dys)function. Moreover, we leave challenging points for enlarging the therapeutic arsenal for IBD with new or repurposed drugs that target endothelial dysfunction besides inflammation.

Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammatory Markers of Vascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevket Balta
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Carotid Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Willebrand Factor

: Vascular diseases are the main reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide. As we know, the earlier phase of vascular diseases is endothelial dysfunction in humans, the endothelial tissues play an important role in inflammation, coagulation, and angiogenesis, via organizing ligand-receptor associations and the various mediators’ secretion. We can use many inflammatory non-invasive tests (flowmediated dilatation, epicedial fat thickness, carotid-intima media thickness, arterial stiffness and anklebrachial index) for assessing the endothelial function. In addition, many biomarkers (ischemia modified albumin, pentraxin-3, E-selectin, angiopoietin, endothelial cell specific molecule 1, asymmetrical dimethylarginine, von Willebrand factor, endothelial microparticles and endothelial progenitor cells) can be used to evaluate endothelial dysfunction. We have focused on the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory markers of vascular disease in this review.

Linezolid Induced Skin Reactions in a Multi Drug Resistant Infective Endocarditis Patient: A Rare Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha K. Rajan ◽  
Ananth Kashyap ◽  
Manik Chhabra ◽  
Muhammed Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Rare Case Report ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Rationale: Linezolid (LNZ) induced Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions (CADRs) have rare atypical presentation. Till date, there are very few published case reports on LNZ induced CADRs among the multidrug-resistant patients suffering from Infective Endocarditis (MDR IE). Here, we present a rare case report of LNZ induced CARs in a MDR IE patient. Case report: A 24-year-old female patient was admitted to the hospital with chief complaints of fever (101°C) associated with rigors, chills, and shortness of breath (grade IV) for the past 4 days. She was diagnosed with MDR IE, having a prior history of rheumatic heart disease. She was prescribed LNZ 600mg IV BD for MDR IE, against Staphylococcus coagulase-negative. The patient experienced flares of cutaneous reactions with multiple hyper-pigmented maculopapular lesions all over the body after one week of LNZ therapy. Upon causality assessment, she was found to be suffering from LNZ induced CADRs. LNZ dose was tapered gradually and discontinued. The patient was prescribed corticosteroids along with other supportive care. Her reactions completely subsided and infection got controlled following 1 month of therapy. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should be vigilant for rare CADRs, while monitoring the patients on LNZ therapy especially in MDR patients as they are exposed to multiple drugs. Moreover, strengthened spontaneous reporting is required for better quantification.

Alternative medicine as a treatment options for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Marzan ◽  
Md. Shahedur Rahman ◽  
Md. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal ◽  
Mohammad Hossain Shariare ◽  
Md. Anowar Khasru Parvez
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
High Infectivity

: COVID-19, a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is the reason of a global pandemic since the starting of the year 2020. The characteristic of the disease varies from mild common cold like symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure leading to death. World has already observed 213,453 deaths from this disease while 3,095,839 have been infected in 210 countries in total till 28 April, 2020. This disease has a devastating impact over the health care system because of its high infectivity, easy mode of transmission, lack of proper medicine and vaccine and deficiency of enough supportive healthcare arrangement. On verge of this situation scientists are searching the treatment options. However, nature has provided us with enormous herbs which have disease preventive as well as have medicinal properties. In this article we have reviewed several of these plants (ginger, clove, tea, black seed, tulsi, neem) and some vitamins (vitamin C and vitamin D) and zinc which have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-asthmatic properties with scientific evidence. The intake of these products regularly to keep the immune system active, to experience its positive aspects might be supportive to prevent infection with the new coronavirus or to treat COVID-19.

Recent developments and opportunities in fighting COVID-19

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Rao ◽  
Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Discharged Patients ◽  
Extensive Literature Search ◽  
Repurposed Drugs ◽  
Health Organization

Background: COVID-19, a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) was first diagnosed in the patients from Wuhan, China in December 2019. Within couple of months of infection, it was declared as pandemic by World health organization. COVID-19 has become the most contagious infection with a serious threat to global health. In this review, we aimed to discuss the pathogenesis, diagnostics, current treatments and potential vaccines for COVID-19. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using keywords “COVID-19”; “Coronavirus”; “SARS-Cov-2”; “SARS” in public domains of Google, Google scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Selected articles were used to construct this review. Results: SARS-Cov-2 uses the Spike (S) protein on its surface to recognize the receptor on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and bind with 10-folds greater affinity than SARS-Cov-1. Molecular assays and immunoassays are the most frequently used tests whereas computed tomography (CT) scans, Artificial intelligence enabled diagnostic tools were also used in patients. In therapeutic treatment, few drugs were repurposed and there are 23 therapeutic molecules including the repurposed drugs are in different stages of clinical trial. Similarly, development of vaccines is also in the pipeline. Few countries have managed well to contain the spread by rapid testing and identifying the clusters. Conclusion: Till now, the acute complications and mortality of COVID-19 has been linked to the pre-existing comorbid conditions or age. Besides the development of therapeutic strategies that includes drugs and vaccine, the long term implication of COVID-19 infection in terms of the disorder/disability in the cured/discharged patients is a new area to investigate.

Immunotherapy and potential predictive biomarkers in the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Xu ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Hushan Zhang ◽  
Xueke She ◽  
Jianjun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ablative Therapies ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Well Differentiated

Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors scattered throughout the body. Surgery, locoregional or ablative therapies as well as maintenance treatments are applied in well-differentiated, low-grade NENs, whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually applied in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic NENs are limited. Immunotherapy has provided new treatment approaches for many cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors, but predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of NENs have not been fully reported. By reviewing the literature and international congress abstracts, we summarize the current knowledge of ICIs, potential predicative biomarkers in the treatment of NENs, implications and efficacy of ICIs as well as biomarkers for NENs of gastroenteropancreatic system, lung NENs and Merkel cell carcinoma in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Polymer-Drug Conjugates as Nanotheranostic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Sajana Manandhar ◽  
Erica Sjöholm ◽  
Johan Bobacka ◽  
Jessica M. Rosenholm ◽  
Kuldeep K. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
The Stability

Since the last decade, the polymer-drug conjugate (PDC) approach has emerged as one of the most promising drug-delivery technologies owing to several benefits like circumventing premature drug release, offering controlled and targeted drug delivery, improving the stability, safety, and kinetics of conjugated drugs, and so forth. In recent years, PDC technology has advanced with the objective to further enhance the treatment outcomes by integrating nanotechnology and multifunctional characteristics into these systems. One such development is the ability of PDCs to act as theranostic agents, permitting simultaneous diagnosis and treatment options. Theranostic nanocarriers offer the opportunity to track the distribution of PDCs within the body and help to localize the diseased site. This characteristic is of particular interest, especially among those therapeutic approaches where external stimuli are supposed to be applied for abrupt drug release at the target site for localized delivery to avoid systemic side effects (e.g., Visudyne®). Thus, with the help of this review article, we are presenting the most recent updates in the domain of PDCs as nanotheranostic agents. Different methodologies utilized to design PDCs along with imaging characteristics and their applicability in a wide range of diseases, have been summarized in this article.

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