scholarly journals NILAI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DALAM KARYA SASTRA MODERN

AKADEMIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miftakhul Muthoharoh
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Educational Values ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Religion In Literature ◽  
Constituent Elements

Abstract: Literature is a work that describes the problems of life. Literature in describing human life is inseparable from human and humanitarian problems. The problems in human life are inseparable from the lives of its author and readers, so literature is an effective means of translating the inner world of human beings. Literary works are basically the embodiment of the lives of writers' observations of their surrounding lives. Aside from being entertainment, literary works are also a means conveying the ideas and thoughts in terms of culture, social, and even religion. In literature there are constituent elements, namely themes, mandates, figures, characrers, and languages which are all packaged in aesthetic and imaginative forms. These elements contain ideas related to, among others, religious values. Religious values that are able to color the author's creativity, aesthetics, and imagination include the values of faith, scientific, moral, and social values. These values are the basic ones that form the main foothold in the world of Islamic religious education. This proves that literary works can be a means of transforming written and implied values of life in addition to contributing to the readers and the connoisseurs of literature.Keywords: Educational values, literary values, character

scholarly journals NILAI-NILAI RELIGIUS ISLAM DALAM ANTOLOGI CERPEN �CARAKU MENCINTAI KANG ALFI (ALFIYAH LATIN)� KARYA LIA HIMMATUL ULYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Asngadi Rofiq ◽  
Moh. Syamsul Ma�arif
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Mutual Help ◽  
Objective Description

Literary works, especially short stories, are one of the teaching tools to develop the soul, humanize humans, and increase literary appreciation in depth and love, coloring short stories as a form of manifestation of life. As a form of literary work, the short story also tells about various human lives and their interactions with the environment and each other. One of the literary works in the form of short stories that really builds the soul and character of Indonesian children, one of which is a short story entitled "CARAKU MENCINTAI KANG ALFI (ALFIYAH LATIN)'' by Lia Himmatul Ulya. This short story genre is very different from other short stories. The author is very good at presenting the contents of this short story so that it is neat and touching when read. This short story also presents religious values related to God and between humans themselves. This anthology of short stories in addition to providing entertainment also instills religious values with familiar language so that it can be easily understood and implemented by readers in everyday life.The general purpose of this study is to examine Islamic religious values in the short story CARAKU MENCINTAI KANG ALFI (ALFIYAH LATIN) by Lia Himmatul Ulya, which is sourced from the Qur'an and Al-Hadith. The specific objectives of this study are (1) to obtain an objective description of religious values in relation to God (vertical) and (2) to obtain an objective description of religious values in relation to fellow human beings (horizontally). This study uses a qualitative approach, with the characteristics of (1) using a natural setting as a direct data source and as the main instrument, (2) descriptive, (3) paying more attention to the process than the result, (4) analyzing the data inductively and meaning. . This research is classified into descriptive qualitative research. The data in this study are the religious values of the short story text CARAKU MENCINTAI KANG ALFI (ALFIYAH LATIN).Based on the results of this descriptive research, it was found that the Islamic religious values contained in the short story CARAKU MENCINTAI KANG ALFI (ALFIYAH LATIN) include "Hablum minallah and Hablum minan-nas". In relation to God, seven religious values are found, namely: (1) the value of faith (2) the value of endeavor, (3) the value of tawakkal, (4) the value of patience, (5) the value of guidance, (6) the value of monotheism, (7 ) God's help, while in relation to fellow human beings three religious values are found, namely: (1) mutual help among human beings, (2) mutual respect and respect for fellow human beings, (3) tolerance between religious communities. From some of the religious values presented by the author in this short story, he voiced the concept of Islamic Aqeedah which can be used as a good role model for readers. Because the contents of this short story include many religious teachings sourced from the Qur'an and Al-Hadith. And from here also the author emphasizes the importance of human relationships with God and human relationships with fellow human beings.

scholarly journals Religious Education Values in Gita Savitri Devi's Rentang Kasih and Andori Andriani's Doriyaki Novels

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-565
Author(s):  
Oktaviana Aminta Putriyanti ◽  
Retno Winarni ◽  
Muhammad Rohmadi
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Modern Novels

Religious education is one pillar in human life. This article aims to determine the values of religious education contained in literary works, one of which is a novel. Novels are literary works that attract the readers’ attentions the most because of the plot. Many modern novels containing the values of religious education can be imitated. The RentangKisah by Gita Savitri Devi and Doriyaki by AndoriAndriani are modern novels which contain the values of religious education. These can be seen in the life stories of both. Different family life and social environment make these two novels have different religious education values in their stories. This study is a qualitative descriptive study. The data were collected by taking a note the excerpts of Gita and Dori which contain religious education values. This study aims to determine the values of religious education in the RentangKisah and Doriyaki novels. The results of this study are the values of religious education shown by Gita and Dori.

ANALISIS NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN DALAM NOVEL UHIBBUKA FILLAH (AKU MENCINTAIMU KARENA ALLAH) KARYA RIRIN RAHAYU ASTUTI NINGRUM: KAJIAN SOSIOLOGI SASTRA

Jurnal KATA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Dwi Warry Octaviana
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Educational Values ◽  
Cultural Education ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Implied Meaning

<p><em>Educational values are closely related to literary works. Literary works (including novel) always reveal good values that are beneficial to its readers. Educational values can also be referred to a message. The element of message becomes the idea underlying the creation of the literary works. It is expected to be interpreted by the readers to be used as educational values as well as social control that can be used as a guide to interact in real life. Therefore, the aim of the study was to describe the educational values contained in the novel </em><em>Uhibbuka Fillah (Aku Mencintaimu Karena Allah) </em><em>by Ririn Rahayu Astuti Ningrum with the approach of literary sociology. Data collection techniques were documentation techniques. </em><em>The data were analyzed using the</em><em> content analysis. </em><em>The results showed that</em><em> the educational values found in the novel </em><em>Uhibbuka Fillah (Aku Mencintaimu Karena Allah)</em><em> by Ririn Rahayu Astuti Ningrum consisted of religious, moral, social, and cultural. (1) The values of religious education, encompassing about loving all things must be due to Allah, having resignation, increasing the knowledge of religion, accustoming to fasting and sunnah prayer, covering aurat, and ghadhdhul bashar (holding sight). (2) The values of moral education, including about obedience to parents, good morals, sincerity and honesty. (3) The values of social education, including about love to orphans, help, and keep promises to others. (4) The value of cultural education is about the palace building that has implied meaning. The findings are very well used as the example in shaping positive values in real life.</em></p><p> </p><p>Nilai-nilai pendidikan sangat erat kaitannya dengan karya sastra. Setiap karya sastra yang baik (termasuk novel) selalu mengungkapkan nilai-nilai luhur yang bermanfaat bagi pembacanya. Nilai-nilai pendidikan dalam karya sastra dapat disebut juga sebagai amanat atau pesan. Unsur amanat atau pesan menjadi gagasan yang mendasari diciptakannya karya sastra tersebut. Hal tersebut diharapkan dapat ditafsirkan oleh pembaca agar bisa dijadikan sebagai ilmu atau nilai pendidikan sekaligus kontrol sosial yang bisa dijadikan pedoman berinteraksi dalam kehidupan yang nyata. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai pendidikan yang terkandung dalam novel Uhibbuka Fillah (Aku Mencintaimu Karena Allah) karya Ririn Rahayu Astuti Ningrum dengan pendekatan sosiologi sastra. Data dalam penelitian kualitatif deskriptif ini berupa kata, kalimat, atau wacana yang bersumber dari novel Uhibbuka Fillah (Aku Mencintaimu Karena Allah) karya Ririn Rahayu Astuti Ningrum. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik dokumentasi, simak, dan catat. Analisis data dilakukan dengan content analysis. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai-nilai pendidikan yang ditemukan dalam novel Uhibbuka Fillah (Aku Mencintaimu Karena Allah) karya Ririn Rahayu Astuti Ningrum terdiri dari nilai pendidikan agama, moral, sosial, dan budaya. (1) Nilai-nilai pendidikan agama, mencakup ajaran untuk mencintai segala sesuatu harus karena Allah, tawakkal hanya kepada Allah, mendalami ilmu agama, membiasakan puasa dan sholat sunnah, menutup aurat, dan ghadhdhul bashar (menundukkan atau menahan pandangan). (2) Nilai-nilai pendidikan moral, mencakup ajaran untuk taat dan patuh kepada orang tua, berakhlak baik, berbuat tulus dan jujur. (3) Nilai-nilai pendidikan sosial, mencakup ajaran untuk mencintai anak yatim, tolong menolong, dan menepati janji kepada orang lain. (4) Nilai pendidikan budaya antaranya mengenai bangunan keraton yang memiliki makna tersirat. Dari keseluruhan nilai-nilai pendidikan yang terdapat dalam novel ini, sangatlah baik digunakan sebagai contoh dalam membentuk dan menanamkan nilai-nilai positif dalam kehidupan nyata</p>

scholarly journals Implementation of Islamic Religious Education in Building Religious Values for Elementary School Students IT Al Istiqomah Puri Kosambi Karawang

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Irwanto Firmansyah ◽  
Amirudin ◽  
Achmad Junaedi Sitika
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
School Students ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach

To form human beings who are religious and have religious values ​​in themselves, directed education is needed. An educational institution should introduce and instill monotheism or faith to students as the initial foundation before students get to know many other disciplines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the process of implementing Islamic religious education in building religious values ​​for students at SD IT Al Istiqamah Puri Kosambi Karawang. This research is field research using a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of Islamic religious education in building religious values ​​in the SD IT Al Istiqamah Puri Kosambi environment is carried out well and effectively by applying it in daily activities such as getting used to saying greetings, shaking hands, polite in speaking, polite in attitude, and mutual respect both with teachers and fellow friends. In addition, intra-curricular learning activities are also carried out centered on students and maximized on aspects of conceptual and illustration material and contextual examples.

scholarly journals THE LOCAL WISDOM BASED ON RELIGIOUS VALUES A CASE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1395-1404
Author(s):  
M. Rachmat Effendi ◽  
Edi Setiadi ◽  
Malki Ahmad Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Library Studies ◽  
Ecological Methods ◽  
Conservation Model

Purpose of the study: The aim is to obtain the original religious data based on local wisdom according to the character and reality of the life of the indigenous people of Dukuh Village. Data collected includes the data on social situations, religious patterns, and nature conservation. Methodology: The approach used is a qualitative approach with interpretive and ecological methods. Data collection is done through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, library studies, as well as previous studies. Main Findings: This study finds the reflection of local wisdom of indigenous people at Dukuh Village was built on the platform of "Kasuaran Karuhun", the Islamic religious values, which is collaborated with local cultural values ​​(adat). Subjectively, the output of karuhun is recognised by them as the values of "Islamic custom", so that in managing their environment, their theological awareness should be described in the form of interrelation between God, humans, and nature. Applications of this study: The relationship between God, humans, and nature refers to the purpose of human life to serve God's willingness at the same time to realise the function of human beings as caliphs on earth in order to build a just and equitable civilisation. Religious-based local wisdom can be an ideal answer to environmental issues by providing a conservation model that favours equality and social welfare and the harmony of an ecologically equitable environment. Novelty/Originality of this study: Scientifically, this research can contribute to the development of various scientific disciplines, especially to Fiqh al-Bi-ah (Islamic jurisprudence on the environment).

scholarly journals ANALISIS NILAI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA HINDU DALAM KAKAWIN NITISASTRA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Karismayani ◽  
I Wayan Darna ◽  
. Marsono
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Leadership Education ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Educational Values ◽  
Educational Value

<p><em>As a creature known as homo sosius, humans have an obligation to always live side by side with others. Man will be able to live as well as possible and can mempuyai meaning if he can live together in society. It is inconceivable that humans who live in isolation without intercourse and associate with other human beings. In order to foster a harmony of social relationships or with other humans required a form of self-control in the association of living together called the ethics. Living in the era of globalization while maintaining ethical values is certainly not easy, many challenges and obstacles to be faced. Problems that become challenges and obstacles are increasing violence in society, extinction behavior and attitude in family life and society, decreasing pride of ancestral culture and tradition, increasing of self-destructive behavior such as suicide, alcoholism, drug use, and sex free, decreasing work ethic, low individual responsibility attitude, waning sense of honesty in every human being and many other cases. Seeing the phenomenon that occurs in today's society is more likely to behave with less ethics and morality then study Kakawin Nitisastra is highly recommended, but still many people who do not know the existence Kakawin Nitisastra. Therefore the author examines Kakawin Nitisastra so that later can contribute in the life of society in the era of globalization, in addition to preserving the classic works that many people do not know.</em></p><p><em>The problems to be discussed are (1) how is the structure of Kakawin Nitisastra? (2) what are the educational values contained in Kakawin Nitisastra? (3) how is the implementation of educational value in Kakawin Nitisastra in society ?. This study aims to determine (1) the structure in Kakawin Nitisastra (2) the educational values contained in Kakawin Nitisastra (3) the implementation of the educational value contained in Kakawin Nitisastra in the community.</em></p><p><em>Theories used to analyze problems are: Structuralism theory from Marsono, Value theory of Tarigan, Behavioral theory of Allport. The subject of this study is the community. Methods of data collection are observation, interview, literature, and documents. The collected data were analyzed by qualitative descriptive analysis method with reduction measures, data presentation, and conclusion.</em></p><p><em>The results showed (1) the structure in Kakawin Nitisastra divided into two forms of structure and narrative structure. (2) the educational values contained in Kakawin Nitisastra are the value of religious education, the value of ethical education, and the value of leadership education. (3) the implementation of educational value in Kakawin Nitisastra in society for example to do yadnya, socialize in society well, and become a leader capable of protecting society.</em></p><p><em> </em></p>

scholarly journals NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA HINDU YANG TERKANDUNG DALAM GEGURITAN LUBDAKA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Istri Dwi Wulandari ◽  
I Wayan Mandra ◽  
Gek Diah Desi Sentana
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Moral Education ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Analysis Methods

<p><em>Geguritan</em><em> Lubdaka</em><em> is one of the classic literary works containing a lot of moral knowledge and religion. The teachings in Geguritan</em><em> Lubdaka</em><em> provide motivation in improving the spiritual quality of human beings. Judging from its contents as a whole Geguritan</em><em> Lubdaka </em><em>contains many religious teachings as well</em><em> </em><em>as religiou</em><em> </em><em>ceremonies (rituals) and speech (advice). The problem will be discussed, among others, (1) How is the structure of Geguritan Lubdaka, as one of the traditional literary works of Bali, (2) What is the function of Geguritan Lubdaka when associated with the social and religious (religious) environment ?, (3) Values What kind of Hindu Religious Education is contained in Geguritan Lubdaka ?. Theories used to analyze problems are: structuralism theory, functional theory, and value theory. The method used is: Type of Research and research approach, Data Types and Data Sources, Data Collection Techniques which include Observation, Interview, Library Studies and Documentation, Data Analysis include descriptive analysis methods and hermeneutic analysis methods, and the last method of data analysis.</em><em></em></p><p><em>The function of Geguritan Lubdaka in social environment as the media of individual and group entertainer, giving message and meaning so that we can control ourselves from negative things, indirectly Geguritan Lubdaka also can be used as education media in teaching Dharma Gita especially Hindu religion, and can unite individual into one group (Sekaa Santi). While the function of divinity or religion can be seen through the figures of the gods that are found in Geguritan Lubdaka, such as Lord Shiva and God Yama. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the structure can be disclosed the values of Hindu religious education contained in Geguritan Lubdaka namely the value of tattwa education (philosophy of Religion), the value of moral education (ethics) and the value of education ceremony. The point between literature and religion has a very close relationship and has an important role in supporting religious activities, and does not leave its limitations. So philosophy, ethics and ceremony are the basic concepts of Hinduism that have an important role in the Geguritan Lubdaka.</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Sport and Ethics of Weak Thought: A New Manifesto for Sport Education

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Isidori ◽  
Claudia Maulini ◽  
Francisco Javier López Frías
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Sport Education ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Educational Values ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
Philosophical Structure

Abstract The so-called “weak thought”, theorized by the Italian postmodernist philosopher Gianni Vattimo (born in 1936), considered one of the most important Italian philosophers, has dismantled the main concepts on which Western philosophy was based (that is, the notion of Truth, God, Reason, an absolute foundation to thought, etc.). This philosophy, which is inspired by Nietzsche’s nihilism, by Heidegger, and by the philosophy of hermeneutics and deconstruction, offers a critical starting point not only to rethink, in a less rigid way, our Western culture, its philosophy, and its problems, but also the ethical principles and educational values that guide human life. Sport - as a human phenomenon and philosophical problem characterized by the presence of values, norms, behaviors, and rules that involves the action of human beings who interact and communicate “in” and “by” the game - can also be read in the light of this emerging philosophical theory. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that weak thought and its fundamental categories can be used and applied from a theoretical point of view in order to interpret and understand sport, deconstructing its meanings and its sociocultural and educational values. Using the critical contribution of weak thought, in this study we will reflect on and rethink in a new way some of the main concepts considered absolute and fundamental to sport’s logical and philosophical structure, such as “winning” and “losing”, “referee” (which embodies the principle of “authority”), “opponent”, “freedom” in the game, “rules”, and respect when one plays. The purpose of this study is to undertake a critical reflection on the limits of the concept of sport proposed by the Western tradition and to lay the foundations for a new model of ethics and education for the sports of the future.

scholarly journals Reorientasi Kurikulum dan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Pada Era Disrupsi Teknologi

QUALITY ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Anwar Rosadi ◽  
Mohamad Erihadiana
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Critical Power ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Library Research

The era of technological disruption is one of the characteristics and challenges of human life and civilization in the 21st century. So that it has an impact on the urgency of reorienting the curriculum and learning of Islamic Religious Education. The purpose of this study is to reveal the challenges, facts and phenomena of curriculum disorientation and learning in Islamic Religious Education. The research method in this article uses a qualitative approach to library research, which is descriptive and radical in which the researcher describes and explores the topic of program reorientation or curriculum formulation and learning of Islamic religious education which is full of challenges during this technological disruption. The results of this study are the need to strengthen and formulate Islamic Religious Education curriculum and learning that focuses on strengthening the goal of fostering human beings and affirming two human dimensions as caliph fil ard and Abdullah. As well as the need for the formulation and embodiment of curriculum and learning that trains the critical power of the nation's generation.

scholarly journals ANALISIS NILAI-NILAI RELIGIUS DALAM NOVEL MENCINTAIMU SEPERTI KUCINTAI QUR’AN KARYA WAHYU SUJANI

ALAYASASTRA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Mulyati Mulyati
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Relationship With God ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRAKNovel merupakan karya fiksi imajinatif  ekspresi pengarang tentang fenomena kehidupan manusia    yang mengandung unsur ekstrinsik. Salah satu unsur ekstrinsik tersebut adalah nilai-nilai religius. Novel Mencintaimu Seperti Kucintai Qur’an adalah salah satu ekspresi  Wahyu Sujani yang memiliki nilai-nilai religius yang kental.  Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai religius tersebut melalui teknik dokumentasi dan analisis karya melalui pendekatan pragmatik. Data yang dianalisis bersumber dari novel  Mencintaimu Seperti Kucintai Qur’an karya Wahyu Sujani yang menjadi pusat kajian. Hasil analisis nilai religius yang ditemukan dalam novel Mencintaimu Seperti Kucintai Qur’an  karya Wahyu Sujani adalah: 1) Hubungan manusia dengan Allah (beribadah kepada-Nya, mensyukuri nikmat-Nya, bersabar menerima cobaan Allah, dan memohon ampun dan taubat kepada Allah);  2) Hubungan manusia dengan hati nurani atau diri sendiri (sabar, memegang amanah, pemaaf,  ikhlas); 3) Hubungan manusia dengan sesama manusia (tolong menolong, menegakkan keadilan); dan 4) Hubungan manusia dengan lingkungan hidup (tumbuh-tumbuhan).Kata kunci: analisis, nilai religius, novelABSTRACTThe novel is an imaginative work of fiction author expression about the phenomenon of human life that contains extrinsic elements. One of the extrinsic elements is religious values. The Novel Mencintaimu Seperti Kucintai Qur’an is one of the revelations of Wahyu Sujani which has thick religious values. This study aims to describe these religious values through documentation techniques and analysis of works through a pragmatic approach. The data analyzed were sourced from the novel Mencintaimu Seperti Kucintai Qur’an by Wahyu Sujani, which became the center of the study. The results of the analysis of religious values found in this novel are: 1) relationship with God (worshiping Him, giving thanks for His blessings, being patient in accepting God's trials, and asking God for forgiveness and repentance); 2) Human relationship with conscience or self (patient, holding trust, forgiving, sincere); 3) Human relations with fellow human beings (please help, uphold justice); and 4) The relationship between humans and the environment (plants).Keywords: analysis,, religious values, novel

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