Physical Responses of Pinctada fucata to Salinity Stress

This study was conducted to understand the changes of physiological and biochemical indexes of black and red shell Pinctada fucata under acute high and low salt stress. In this study, the salinity of 35‰ was used as the control, while the salinities of 20 and 50% salinity were used as the low and high salt treatment groups, respectively. The osmotic pressure (OSM) and ion concentration in the hemolymph, Na+-K+ -ATPase (NKA) activity and respiratory metabolism in gills, and antioxidant and immune (non) enzymes in the hepatopancreas of P. fucata with two shell colors were compared and analyzed at the time periods of 1.5 and 3 h post-salinity stress. The results showed that the OSM and inorganic ion (Na+, Ca2+, and Cl–) concentration in the hemolymph of the black and red P. fucata increased significantly with the increase of salinity after the time periods of 1.5 and 3 h. At 3 h, the black P. fucata NKA activity decreased significantly with the increase of salinity, while red P. fucata reached the highest value at high salinity. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities of red P. fucata showed U-shaped and inverted U-shaped distributions with the increase of salinity after 1.5 h, respectively. With the increase of salinity, the phenoloxidase (POX) activity of red and black P. fucata showed inverted U-shaped and U-shaped distributions, respectively. The contents of glutathione (GSH) and vitamin C (VC) in black P. fucata decreased significantly with the increase of salinity at 1.5 and 3 h. Red P. fucata GSH and VC reached their maximum value in the 1.5-h low salinity group and 3-h high salinity group. The vitamin E (VE) content in black P. fucata increased significantly with the increase of salinity at 1.5 h, and reached the maximum at 3 h in the control group. Red P. fucata VE reached the maximum at 1.5 and 3 h in the control group. The results obtained from the present study revealed that the sensitivity of P. fucata to salinity varied in shell color. Compared to black P. fucata, red P. fucata responds more quickly to sharp salinity changes, thereby reducing more likely damage. Compared with a high salt environment, P. fucata was more adaptable to the changes of acute low salt environment. The results obtained from the present study provide the physical references for subsequent selective breeding of this species.

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A Comparative Study on Low and High Salinity Tolerance of Two Strains of Pinctada fucata

Frontiers in Marine Science ◽

10.3389/fmars.2021.704907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Sun ◽

Mingqiang Chen ◽

Zhengyi Fu ◽

Jingru Yang ◽

Shengjie Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

High Salinity ◽

Pinctada Fucata ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Environmental Salinity ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Inorganic Ion ◽

Ldh Activity

This study compares salinity tolerance between red and black shell Pinctada fucata salinity stress of 20 and 50‰, while 35‰ was used as a control. The hemolymph osmotic pressure, inorganic ion concentration, the activities of Na+-K+ -ATPase, respiratory metabolism related enzymes and liver tissue antioxidant related enzymes were measured at 12 and 24 h after salinity stress. The osmotic pressure and inorganic ion concentration of hemolymph of two strains P. fucata increased significantly with the increase of salinity. The activity of Na+-K+ -ATPase of red P. fucata only decreased under low salinity at 24 h, and was significantly higher than that the control under low salinity at 12 h and high salinity at 12 and 24 h. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities of the P. fucata treatment groups were significantly higher than those the control at 12 h. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity increased significantly with salinity at 12 h. and the black P. fucata LDH activity was significantly higher than the control at 24 h, while the LDH activity of red P. fucata was significantly lower than that the control in 50‰ salinity. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of black P. fucata was significantly lower than that the control, while that of red P. fucata was significantly higher than that the control within 24. At 12 h, the catalase (CAT) activity of red P. fucata increased significantly with salinity, but decreased significantly with salinity at 24 h. The CAT activity of black P. fucata was highest at 24 h under low salinity. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities of red P. fucata were significantly higher than those the control under low or high salinity. At high salinity for 24 h, the GSH-Px activity was lowest in black P. fucata, AKP activity was highest. The present study indicates that the physical responses of P. fucata to the salinity stress vary with shell colors. The red P. fucata can quickly respond positively to the change of environmental salinity and reduce the damage caused by the change of environmental salinity.

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Calcium regulates K+/Na+ homeostasis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under saline conditions

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/374/2011-pse ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 121-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

G.Q. Wu ◽

S.M. Wang

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Salt Stress ◽

High Salinity ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

High Salt ◽

Selective Absorption ◽

Transport Capacity ◽

Low Salinity ◽

Low Salt ◽

Futile Cycling

To investigate the effects of Ca2+ on cation accumulation and K+/Na+ selectivity, in this study, two-week-old rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were exposed to 25 or 125 mmol/L NaCl with or without 10 mmol/L CaCl2. At low salinity (25 mmol/L NaCl), Ca2+ significantly decreased Na+ accumulation in roots, increased K+ accumulation in shoots, and maintained higher K+/Na+ ratios in both roots and shoots of rice plants. At high salinity (125 mmol/L NaCl), however, Ca2+ did not have any effects on Na+, K+ accumulation and K+/Na+ ratios in plants. Further analysis showed that, at low salinity, the addition of Ca2+ significantly enhanced the selective absorption and transport capacity for K+ over Na+ in rice. Although Na+ efflux and Na+ influx were remarkably reduced by Ca2+ under both low and high salt stresses, their ratio was lowered only under low salt stress. In summary, these results suggest that Ca2+ could regulate K+/Na+ homeostasis in rice at low salinity by enhancing the selectivity for K+ over Na+, reducing the Na+ influx and efflux, and lowering the futile cycling of Na+.

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Changes of IL-4 and IFN-g expression in monocytes and T-helper lymphocytes while modeling of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Wistar rats

ZHurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» ◽

10.25557/0031-2991.2018.02.61-69 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 61-69

Author(s):

В.Н. Сахаров ◽

П.Ф. Литвицкий ◽

Е.И. Алексеева ◽

Н.А. Маянский ◽

Р.Ш. Закиров

Keyword(s):

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽

Control Group ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽

T Helpers

Цель исследования - изучение перепрограммирования мононуклеарных лейкоцитов на модели системного ювенильного идиопатического артрита (сЮИА), воспроизводимой у крыс Wistar с использованием полного адъюванта Фрейнда и липополисахарида. Методика. сЮИА воспроизведен у 6-месячных крыс-самцов Wistar. На 40-е сут. эксперимента животные были разделены на 3 группы: 1-я группа - контроль; 2-я - группа доксициклина; 3-я - группа дексаметазона. Взятие проб крови у животных проводили на нулевые, 41-е и 55-е сут. Мононуклеарные клетки периферической крови выделяли гравиметрически, после чего окрашивали их на маркеры и внутриклеточные цитокины. Дифференцировали моноциты (CD3-CD4+) и Т-хелперы (CD3+CD4+). Анализировали динамику внутриклеточной экспрессии интерлейкина IL-4 (рассматривали как маркер про-М2 фенотипа, так как в случае выделения из клетки ИЛ-4 служит стимулятором М2 поляризации макрофагов) и IFN-g (как маркер про-М1 фенотипа) по данным проточной цитофлуориметрии. Применяли непараметрический статистический тест Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon в программе R для статистической обработки данных. Результаты и заключение. При моделировании сЮИА выявлено закономерное изменение фенотипа моноцитов. Применение же доксициклина и дексаметазона приводило к более ранней поляризации их по про-М2-пути в отношении моноцитов (на 41-е сут.) в сравнении с контролем. Про-М1 эффект (на 55-е сут., в сравнении с контролем) выявлен также в группах доксициклина и дексаметазона. У животных разных групп обнаружены характерные динамические изменения внутриклеточной экспрессии цитокинов. Важно, что различная направленность поляризации фенотипа при сЮИА и применении препаратов наблюдается не только у моноцитов, но и у Т-хелперов. The study objective was to evaluate targeted reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) modeled in 6-month-old male Wistar rats by co-administration of complete Freund’s adjuvant and lipopolysaccharide. Methods. On day 40 of the experiment, rats were divided into three groups: control, doxycycline, and dexamethasone groups. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 41, and 55. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated gravimetrically and stained for markers and cytokines. Monocytes (CD3-CD4+) and T-helpers (CD3+CD4+) were differentiated as target cells. IL-4 was considered a marker for the pro-M2 phenotype since IL-4 can activate M2 macrophage polarization; IFN-g was considered a marker for the pro-M1 phenotype. Time-related changes in the intracellular expression of IL-4 and IFN-g were studied using flow cytometry. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistical tests (Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon) in the R environment for statistical computing. Results and conclusions. Monocytes (like macrophages) underwent reprogramming during the development of modeled sJIA disease. In monocytes of doxycycline and dexamethasone treatment groups, pro-M2 effects were observed earlier (day 41) than in the control group. Pro-M1 effects were observed in monocytes of doxycycline and dexamethasone groups on day 55, as compared with the control group. Characteristic time-related changes of intracellular cytokine expression were described for different groups. Importantly, the differently directed phenotype polarization was observed in sJIA and treatment groups for both monocytes and T-helpers.

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Mechanism Involved in Fortification by Berberine in CDDP-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Current Molecular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1874467213666200220142202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 342-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vipin K. Verma ◽

Salma Malik ◽

Ekta Mutneja ◽

Anil K. Sahu ◽

Kumari Rupashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Renal Tissue ◽

Isoquinoline Alkaloid ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Beclin 1 ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Single Intraperitoneal Injection ◽

Male Wistar Rats

Background: The activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway has been shown to protect against cisplatin- induced nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress. Berberine (Ber), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities in various experimental models. Aim: To check the effect of Ber on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and to explore the involved mechanism. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: Normal, cisplatin-control, treatment groups and per se group. Normal saline and Ber (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg; p.o.) was administered to rats for 10 days. A single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (8 mg/kg) was injected on 7th day to induced nephrotoxicity. On 10th day, rats were sacrificed, the kidney was removed and stored for the estimation of various parameters. Results: As compared to cisplatin-control group, Ber pretreatment improved renal function system and preserved renal architecture. It also diminished oxidative stress by upregulating the expression of Nrf2/HO-1 proteins. In addition, Ber attenuated the cisplatin mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, it also reduced the phosphorylation of p38/JNK and PARP/Beclin-1 expression in the kidney. Conclusion: Ber attenuated renal injury by activating Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibiting JNK/p38MAPKs/ PARP/Beclin-1 expression which prevented oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy in renal tissue.

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Efficacy of Ovsynch and Ovsynch Plus Protocol for Improvement of Fertility in Postpartum Sahiwal Cows

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.14.4.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (04) ◽

Author(s):

J. P. Lakher ◽

M. K. Awasthi ◽

J. R. Khan ◽

M. R. Poyam

Keyword(s):

Fixed Time ◽

Conception Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Group Iii ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Group I ◽

Early Postpartum ◽

The Status ◽

Sahiwal Cows ◽

And Control

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Ovsynch and Ovsynch plus protocol in postpartum (day 60) Sahiwal cows (n=18). Animals were randomly divided into three equal groups, viz., Ovsynch group Ovsynch plus group and Control group. Animals of group I (n = 6) were treated with traditional Ovsynch protocol. The animals (n = 6) of group II were treated with Ovsynch plus protocol which consisted of an initial intramuscular injection of eCG (Folligon) @ 250 IU on day 60 postpartum followed 3 days later by GPG (Ovsynch) protocol. In group-III Control, no treatment was given to animals (n = 6). Treated animals were inseminated at a fixed time between 14 and 20 hrs after second GnRH injection, irrespective of estrus detection. Blood samples were collected from each animal on days 50 and 60 postpartum to determine the status of cyclicity in animals based on serum concentrations of progesterone (P4). A third blood sample was collected on the day of prostaglandin treatment to determine the response of first GnRH injection. Four animals each were cyclic, and two were acyclic in both treatment groups. Four animals each responded to first GnRH treatment in both treatment groups. Similarly, two animals each got conceived giving conception rate of 50% (2/4) in each treatment. In the control group, one out of 6 animals got conceived yielding 16.66 % conception rate (1/6) during the study period. It may be thus concluded that Ovsynch and Ovsynch plus protocol may be used during the early postpartum period to improve the reproductive efficiency in postpartum Sahiwal cows.

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Do New Chiefs Mean Fresh Perspectives? The Institutionalization of the Police Executive Environment

Criminal Justice and Behavior ◽

10.1177/00938548211006753 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 009385482110067

Author(s):

Matthew C. Matusiak

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Regression Models ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Control Group ◽

Multivariate Methods ◽

Environmental Perceptions ◽

Police Organizations ◽

Law Enforcement Agency ◽

Time Periods

Research suggests policing is a highly institutionalized field. Limited attention has been paid, however, to the institutionalization of leaders’ views. Assessing turnover in 71 Texas police organizations between October, 2011, and July, 2015, this research evaluates whether there is consistency (i.e., institutional homogenization) after turnover in chiefs’ perceptions of their environments and agency priorities. The research is unique in that it assesses two chiefs’ perceptions that have both led the same law enforcement agency in successive time periods. Assessments of environment and priorities from former chiefs and those replacing them are evaluated utilizing descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate methods. These assessments are also compared with a control group of chiefs from agencies not experiencing turnover. Bivariate results suggest little variation across current and former chiefs, whereas ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models suggest differing relationships across chiefs groups between environmental perceptions and agency priorities. Discussion of the findings is framed by institutional theory.

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Effects of long-acting, broad spectra anthelmintic treatments on the rumen microbial community compositions of grazing sheep

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82815-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Christina D. Moon ◽

Luis Carvalho ◽

Michelle R. Kirk ◽

Alan F. McCulloch ◽

Sandra Kittelmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Archaeal Community ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Control Group ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Rumen Microbiota ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Methanobrevibacter Ruminantium ◽

Group 12 ◽

Relative Abundances ◽

Long Acting

AbstractAnthelmintic treatment of adult ewes is widely practiced to remove parasite burdens in the expectation of increased ruminant productivity. However, the broad activity spectra of many anthelmintic compounds raises the possibility of impacts on the rumen microbiota. To investigate this, 300 grazing ewes were allocated to treatment groups that included a 100-day controlled release capsule (CRC) containing albendazole and abamectin, a long-acting moxidectin injection (LAI), and a non-treated control group (CON). Rumen bacterial, archaeal and protozoal communities at day 0 were analysed to identify 36 sheep per treatment with similar starting compositions. Microbiota profiles, including those for the rumen fungi, were then generated for the selected sheep at days 0, 35 and 77. The CRC treatment significantly impacted the archaeal community, and was associated with increased relative abundances of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanosphaera sp. ISO3-F5, and Methanomassiliicoccaceae Group 12 sp. ISO4-H5 compared to the control group. In contrast, the LAI treatment increased the relative abundances of members of the Veillonellaceae and resulted in minor changes to the bacterial and fungal communities by day 77. Overall, the anthelmintic treatments resulted in few, but highly significant, changes to the rumen microbiota composition.

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Safety Study on Ketoprofen in Pigs: Evaluating the Effects of Different Dosing and Treatment Scheme on Hematological, Hepatic, and Renal Parameters

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci8020030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Luis Emilio Fazzio ◽

Santiago José Raggio ◽

Juan Facundo Romero ◽

Juver Membrebe ◽

Antonio Humberto Hamad Minervino

Keyword(s):

Body Condition Score ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Study Groups ◽

Control Group ◽

Safety Study ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Treatment Scheme ◽

Condition Score ◽

Biochemical Evaluation ◽

Different Doses

A safety study on ketoprofen 10% was carried out on pigs using a different dosing and treatment scheme. Forty healthy crossbreed pigs with similar age, weight, and body condition score were distributed into five treatment groups. The pigs were intramuscularly injected once with different doses of ketoprofen: 3 mg/kg (group 1X), 6 mg/kg (group 2X), 9 mg/kg (group 3X). In addition, the 3 mg/kg dosis was administered on three consecutive days (group 1X ext.). Intramuscular injections of saline solution were used in control group (CTL). The pigs were clinically examined throughout the trial and blood samples were taken for hematological and biochemical evaluation on days −4 (before treatment), +3, +7, and +14 (the end of the trial). Any unusual behaviour or clinical signs were reported as potential toxic effects of ketoprofen. Serum measurements showed that none of the ketoprofen doses produced changes in renal or hepatic biochemical parameters, liver enzymes, or total bilirubin. Likewise, hematological assessment indicated no altered parameters or hematocrit percentage in the study groups. These results demonstrate that ketoprofen has no adverse effects in pigs when the doses and scheme evaluated in this study are applied.

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Capsular closure versus unrepaired interportal capsulotomy after hip arthroscopy in patients with femoroacetabular impingement, results of a patient-blinded randomised controlled trial

Hip International ◽

10.1177/11207000211005762 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 112070002110057

Author(s):

Niels H Bech ◽

Inger N Sierevelt ◽

Sheryl de Waard ◽

Boudijn S H Joling ◽

Gino M M J Kerkhoffs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomised Controlled Trial ◽

Femoroacetabular Impingement ◽

Hip Arthroscopy ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Randomised Controlled

Background: Hip capsular management after hip arthroscopy remains a topic of debate. Most available current literature is of poor quality and are retrospective or cohort studies. As of today, no clear consensus exists on capsular management after hip arthroscopy. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of routine capsular closure versus unrepaired capsulotomy after interportal capsulotomy measured with NRS pain and the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS). Materials and methods: All eligible patients with femoroacetabular impingement who opt for hip arthroscopy ( n = 116) were randomly assigned to one of both treatment groups and were operated by a single surgeon. Postoperative pain was measured with the NRS score weekly the first 12 weeks after surgery. The HAGOS questionnaire was measured at 12 and 52 weeks postoperatively. Results: Baseline characteristics and operation details were comparable between treatment groups. Regarding the NRS pain no significant difference was found between groups at any point the first 12 weeks after surgery ( p = 0.67). Both groups significantly improved after surgery ( p < 0.001). After 3 months follow-up there were no differences between groups for the HAGOS questionnaire except for the domain sport ( p = 0.02) in favour of the control group. After 12 months follow-up there were no differences between both treatment groups on all HAGOS domains ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this randomised controlled trial show highest possible evidence that there is no reason for routinely capsular closure after interportal capsulotomy at the end of hip arthroscopy. Trial Registration: This trial was registered at the CCMO Dutch Trial Register: NL55669.048.15.

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Randomized, controlled trial of lasmiditan over four migraine attacks: Findings from the CENTURION study

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1177/0333102421989232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 294-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Messoud Ashina ◽

Uwe Reuter ◽

Timothy Smith ◽

Judith Krikke-Workel ◽

Suzanne R Klise ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Trial ◽

Study Drug ◽

Statistical Testing ◽

Control Group ◽

Double Blind ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Primary Endpoints ◽

Registration Number ◽

Secondary Endpoints ◽

Common Teaes

Background We present findings from the multicenter, double-blind Phase 3 study, CENTURION. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of and consistency of response to lasmiditan in the acute treatment of migraine across four attacks. Methods Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to one of three treatment groups – lasmiditan 200 mg; lasmiditan 100 mg; or a control group that received placebo for three attacks and lasmiditan 50 mg for either the third or fourth attack. The primary endpoints were pain freedom at 2 h (first attack) and pain freedom at 2 h in ≥2/3 attacks. Secondary endpoints included pain relief, sustained pain freedom and disability freedom. Statistical testing used a logistic regression model and graphical methodology to control for multiplicity. Results Overall, 1471 patients treated ≥1 migraine attack with the study drug. Both primary endpoints were met for lasmiditan 100 mg and 200 mg ( p < 0.001). All gated secondary endpoints were met. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was highest during the first attack. The most common TEAEs with lasmiditan were dizziness, paresthesia, fatigue, and nausea; these were generally mild or moderate in severity. Conclusions These results confirm the early and sustained efficacy of lasmiditan 100 mg and 200 mg and demonstrate consistency of response across multiple attacks. Trial Registration Number: NCT03670810

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