scholarly journals Starch Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through Supraoptimal Temperature in a Pilot-Scale Photobioreactor

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Ivan N. Ivanov ◽  
Vilém Zachleder ◽  
Milada Vítová ◽  
Maria J. Barbosa ◽  
Kateřina Bišová
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Control Culture ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Starch Production

An increase in temperature can have a profound effect on the cell cycle and cell division in green algae, whereas growth and the synthesis of energy storage compounds are less influenced. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, laboratory experiments have shown that exposure to a supraoptimal temperature (39 °C) causes a complete block of nuclear and cellular division accompanied by an increased accumulation of starch. In this work we explore the potential of supraoptimal temperature as a method to promote starch production in C. reinhardtii in a pilot-scale photobioreactor. The method was successfully applied and resulted in an almost 3-fold increase in the starch content of C. reinhardtii dry matter. Moreover, a maximum starch content at the supraoptimal temperature was reached within 1–2 days, compared with 5 days for the control culture at the optimal temperature (30 °C). Therefore, supraoptimal temperature treatment promotes rapid starch accumulation and suggests a viable alternative to other starch-inducing methods, such as nutrient depletion. Nevertheless, technical challenges, such as bioreactor design and light availability within the culture, still need to be dealt with.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanism underlying the effect of maleic hydrazide treatment on starch accumulation in S. polyrrhiza 7498 fronds

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yerong Zhu ◽  
Xiaoxue Li ◽  
Xuan Gao ◽  
Jiqi Sun ◽  
Xiaoyuan Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Starch Production

Abstract Background Duckweed is considered a promising feedstock for bioethanol production due to its high biomass and starch production. The starch content can be promoted by plant growth regulators after the vegetative reproduction being inhibited. Maleic hydrazide (MH) has been reported to inhibit plant growth, meantime to increase biomass and starch content in some plants. However, the molecular explanation on the mechanism of MH action is still unclear. Results To know the effect and action mode of MH on the growth and starch accumulation in Spirodela polyrrhiza 7498, the plants were treated with different concentrations of MH. Our results showed a substantial inhibition of the growth in both fronds and roots, and increase in starch contents of plants after MH treatment. And with 75 µg/mL MH treatment and on the 8th day of the experiment, starch content was the highest, about 40 mg/g fresh weight, which is about 20-fold higher than the control. The I2-KI staining and TEM results confirmed that 75 µg/mL MH-treated fronds possessed more starch and big starch granules than that of the control. No significant difference for both in the photosynthetic pigment content and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of PII was found. Differentially expressed transcripts were analyzed in S. polyrrhiza 7498 after 75 µg/mL MH treatment. The results showed that the expression of some genes related to auxin response reaction was down-regulated; while, expression of some genes involved in carbon fixation, C4 pathway of photosynthesis, starch biosynthesis and ABA signal transduction pathway was up-regulated. Conclusion The results provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of growth inhibition and starch accumulation by MH treatment, and provide a selective way for the improvement of starch production in duckweed.

scholarly journals Sulfur limitation increases duckweed starch accumulation without compromising growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuoliang Sun ◽  
Wenjun Guo ◽  
Xuyao Zhao ◽  
Jingjing Yang ◽  
Pengfei Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Limitation ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Starch Yield ◽  
Starch Production

AbstractDuckweeds contain relatively high levels of starch and are a potential biomass feedstock for biofuel production. Here, the biomass and starch yield of duckweed under three different nutrient-limited conditions were analyzed to investigate possible ways of further increasing the efficiency of starch production. The results showed that sulfur limitation resulted in the highest starch yield, which was 42% and 73% higher than in nitrogen or phosphorus limitation, respectively. The high yield of sulfur-limited duckweed is largely due to the combinations of little effects on biomass and high accumulations of starch. Although nitrogen limitation led to higher starch content (67.4%), it severely reduced biomass production. The photosynthetic performance indicator Fv/Fm was a simple and sensitive indicator of starch content in nutrient-limited duckweed. Taken together, this study demonstrates that sulfur limitation is a simple and efficient way to increase starch yield, highlighting the great potential of duckweed for biofuel production. We report that sulfur limitation is a practical approach to increase starch yields in duckweed without affecting growth or biomass.HighlightsSulfur limitation induces starch production in a duckweed specie.Nitrogen limitation triggers the highest starch content, but limits growth.Sulfur limitation results in the highest starch yield.Fv/Fm is a rapid and robust proxy of starch content in nutrient-limited duckweed.

Co-expression of AGPS and AGPL genes encoded for AGPase from cassava to enhance starch accumulation in transgenic tobacco

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-293
Author(s):  
Nguyễn Văn Đoài ◽  
Nguyễn Minh Hồng ◽  
Lê Thu Ngọc ◽  
Nguyễn Thị Thơm ◽  
Nguyễn Đình Trọng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Plant Expression Vector ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Cassava Varieties

The AGPase (ADP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase) is one of the ubiquitous enzymes catalyzing the first step in starch biosynthesis. It plays an important role in regulation and adjusts the speed of the entire cycle of glycogen biosynthesis in bacteria and starch in plants. In higher plants, it is a heterotetramer and tetrameric enzyme consisting two large subunits (AGPL) and two small subunits (AGPS) and encoded by two genes. In this paper, both AGPS and AGPL genes were sucessfully isolated from cassava varieties KM140 and deposited in Genbank with accession numbers KU243124 (AGPS) and KU243122 (AGPL), these two genes were fused with P2a and inserted into plant expression vector pBI121 under the control of 35S promoter. The efficient of this construct was tested in transgenic N. tabacum. The presence and expression of AGPS and AGPL in transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR and Western hybridization. The starch content was quantified by the Anthrone method. Transgenic plant analysis indicated that that two targeted genes were expressed simultaneously in several transgenic tobacco lines under the control of CaMV 35S promoter.  The starch contents in 4 analyzed tobacco transgenic lines displays the increase 13-116%  compared to WT plants. These results indicated that the co-expression of AGPS and AGPL is one of effective strategies for enhanced starch production in plant. These results can provide a foundation for developing other genetically modified crops to increase starch accumulation capacity.

scholarly journals Antioxidant gene expression, chlorophyll, and starch content in Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka Ex Q. Jiménez) trees with HLB by application of elicitors of plant resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-102
Author(s):  
Felipe Roberto Flores-de la Rosa ◽  
◽  
Ricardo Santillán-Mendoza ◽  
Cynthia Guadalupe Rodríguez-Quibrera ◽  
Antonio Martínez-Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Total Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Randomized Design

Persian lime is economically important for Mexico. However, the disease known as Huanglongbing (HLB) causes chlorosis symptoms in the foliage that affect the growth and decreases the yield of the trees. The expression of chlorosis symptoms is associated with starch accumulation and inhibition of antioxidant activity. The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of the application of three resistance elicitors on the expression of three antioxidant genes and on starch and chlorophyll content in Persian lime trees with HLB. Salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were applied every eight days for nine weeks using a completely randomized design and a one-way ANOVA was performed for the analysis. Expression of APX, CAT and SOD genes was quantified at week nine at four different times. Starch and total chlorophyll content was estimated every three weeks by spectrophotometric methods. The application of the elicitors significantly increased the expression of the three genes, with SA and GABA generating the greatest increase at different times of application. No difference was found in starch and total chlorophyll content at most of the times evaluated. The use of resistance elicitors is promising in the management of HLB in plots already infected, seeking to extend the productive life of the orchards and thus counteract the economic losses caused by HLB.

Comparative Study of Pilot Scale Rice Starch Production by an Alkaline and an Enzymatic Process

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 134-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatairat Puchongkavarin ◽  
Saiyavit Varavinit ◽  
Wolfgang Bergthaller
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Enzymatic Process ◽  
Starch Production

Turions and dormancy states in Utricularia vulgaris

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (24) ◽  
pp. 2740-2749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Winston ◽  
Paul R. Gorham
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
H 20 ◽  
Utricularia Vulgaris

Phenology and states of dormancy of Utricularia vulgaris were studied using plants and turions collected at intervals throughout the growing season of 1977 from a shallow eutrophic pond in central Alberta located at 53°25′ N, 113°46′ W. States of dormancy and the effects of photoperiod and temperature were determined by the potential for sprouting and subsequent apical growth under long-day (18 h, 20 °C), short-day (12 h, 20 °C), and high-temperature (16 h, 30 °C) conditions, with and without varying periods of chilling at 2–3 °C. Physiological changes associated with different states of dormancy such as frost hardiness, starch content, and dark respiration were also investigated. Turions were formed 1 month after summer solstice and entered a state of innate dormancy during which only a high-temperature treatment at 30 °C would induce sprouting. Plants from innately dormant turions that were forced to sprout and were then cultured at 20 °C invariably reentered dormancy by the production of new turions. Turions collected in the late stages of innate dormancy could withstand −8 °C but not −12 °C. As temperatures dropped and ice cover became continuous, turions entered an imposed state of dormancy during which immediate sprouting and continued vegetative growth occurred under all conditions. Starch content reached a maximum of 49 mg g−1 fresh weight during early innate dormancy and declined steadily thereafter. Dark respiration in response to temperature of plants obtained from turions collected during innate and imposed dormancy states differed above 25 °C but was similar below.

Reduced Starch Content and Sucrose Synthase Activity in Developing Endosperm of Barley Plants Grown at Elevated Temperatures

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
LC MacLeod ◽  
CM Duffus
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Irreversible Reduction ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Cleavage Enzyme ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Sucrose Cleavage

Starch accumulation is reduced when endosperms develop at elevated temperatures. Reduced starch deposition does not appear to be due to limiting assimilate levels during the grain filling period; on the contrary, endosperm sucrose may even be increased at the elevated temperature. Results indicate that elevated temperatures significantly reduce the activity of the sucrose cleavage enzyme UDPsucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13), found in the endosperm during grain development, and that these effects may be initiated by a relatively short period of thermal stress applied close to anthesis. It would appear that, when developing barley ears are exposed to elevated temperatures, there is an irreversible reduction in the capacity of the endosperm to convert sucrose to starch, caused by a decrease in the activity of at least one of the enzymes involved in this conversion pathway.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Genes Associated with Starch Metabolism in Castanea henryi Seed (Fagaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Ruqiang Lin ◽  
Yuting Jiang ◽  
Shuzhen Jiang ◽  
Yuanfang Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Starch Metabolism ◽  
Carbohydrate Storage

Starch is the most important form of carbohydrate storage and is the major energy reserve in some seeds, especially Castanea henryi. Seed germination is the beginning of the plant’s life cycle, and starch metabolism is important for seed germination. As a complex metabolic pathway, the regulation of starch metabolism in C. henryi is still poorly understood. To explore the mechanism of starch metabolism during the germination of C. henryi, we conducted a comparative gene expression analysis at the transcriptional level using RNA-seq across four different germination stages, and analyzed the changes in the starch and soluble sugar contents. The results showed that the starch content increased in 0–10 days and decreased in 10–35 days, while the soluble sugar content continuously decreased in 0–30 days and increased in 30–35 days. We identified 49 candidate genes that may be associated with starch and sucrose metabolism. Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) genes, two nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPS) genes and three starch synthases (SS) genes may be related to starch accumulation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the expression levels of these genes. Our study combined transcriptome data with physiological and biochemical data, revealing potential candidate genes that affect starch metabolism during seed germination, and provides important data about starch metabolism and seed germination in seed plants.

scholarly journals Anthocyanin Accumulation in Black Kernel Mutant Rice and its Contribution to ROS Detoxification in Response to High Temperature at the Filling Stage

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 510
Author(s):  
Syed Hassan Raza Zaidi ◽  
Shamsu Ado Zakari ◽  
Qian Zhao ◽  
Ali Raza Khan ◽  
Jawad Munawar Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Kernel Development

Effect of high temperature (HT) on anthocyanin (ANS) accumulation and its relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in color rice kernel was investigated by using a black kernel mutant (9311bk) and its wildtype (WT). 9311bk showed strikingly higher ANS content in the kernel than WT. Just like the starch accumulation in rice kernels, ANS accumulation in the 9311bk kernel increased progressively along with kernel development, with the highest level of ANS at kernel maturity. HT exposure evidently decreased ANS accumulation in 9311bk kernel, but it increased ROS and MDA concentrations. The extent of HT-induced decline in kernel starch accumulation was genotype-dependent, which was much larger for WT than 9311bk. Under HT exposure, 9311bk had a relatively lower increase in ROS and MDA contents than its WT. This occurrence was just opposite to the genotype-dependent alteration in the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and APX) in response to HT exposure, suggesting more efficiently ROS detoxification and relatively stronger heat tolerance for 9311bk than its WT. Hence, the extent of HT-induced declines in grain weight and kernel starch content was much smaller for 9311bk relative to its WT. HT exposure suppressed the transcripts of OsCHS, OsF3’H, OsDFR and OsANS and impaired the ANS biosynthesis in rice kernel, which was strongly responsible for HT-induced decline in the accumulation of ANS, C3G, and P3G in 9311bk kernels. These results could provide valuable information to cope with global warming and achieving high quality for color rice production.

Physical Properties of Thermoplastic Cassava Starches Extruded from Commercial Modified Derivatives in a Pilot Scale

2011 ◽  
Vol 117-119 ◽  
pp. 1007-1013
Author(s):  
Roung Rong Thongtan ◽  
Klana Rong Sriroth
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Thermoplastic Starch ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Humid Atmosphere ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Commercial Grade ◽  
Water Sensitivity ◽  
Pregelatinized Starch ◽  
Plastic Industry ◽  
Improve Water Resistance

Properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) produced from commercial-grade modified cassava starches were investigated in a pilot scale for future practical production in plastic industry. Five types of commercial cassava starches including native, oxidized, acetylated, octenyl succinate and pregelatinized starches were transformed into TPS by extrusion. The morphology implied that degree of destructuration could be manipulated by adjusting amount of glycerol of the starch melt. All types of TPS exhibited strong water sensitivity especially when exposed to humid atmosphere (>0.75 water activity). Compared among these selected five commercial cassava starches, there were no significant differences in sorption properties. Tensile strength of the thermoplastic starches increased with increasing starch content, and a drastic gain was recorded for 80% starch content for all types of starches. The elongation at break seemed to reach a maximum value for native TPS and pregelatinized TPS when composition of starch was 70%. The concavity of elongation at break of both TPS’s could arise from greater mobility of starch molecules during deformation due to the presence of glycerol and water, so that the properties shifted from glassy to more fluid-like. When compared among the types of modification, pregelatinized starch produced a highly elongated TPS with lowest strength due to its complete destructuration of starch granules, and the octenyl succinate starch yielded the highest strength and most brittle TPS. This study proved that cassava starch had a considerable potential to further developed for biodegradable applications but higher degree of modification than these of common commercial grade was required to improve water resistance of its thermoplastic starch.

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