Metabolic changes in colorectal carcinomas are key factors for the early detection of neoplastic change

Potential metabolic biomarkers have been developed by the use of modern analytical techniques and nanotechnology in metabolomics, providing insight into the pathophysiological basis and changes, tumorigenesis, and molecular mechanisms that underpin better therapeutic, monitoring, and prognostic evaluations of colon malignancies. This would allow early detection and characterization of malignant colon tumors and could reduce the risk of mortality and morbidity of colorectal carcinomas. Based on their association with certain metabolic pathways linked to malignancies, a number of tumor markers have been designed. Whereas some have been associated with only one cancer type, while others are associated with many different forms of cancer. No tumor marker has been found to have universal application as a metabolism-related marker; although some are circulating tumor markers found in blood, urine, stool, or other body fluids, others may be found in the specific tumors themselves. This paper addresses a number of associated metabolic changes linked to colorectal cancers and potential applications for disease condition diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and prognosis.

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Unmasking the Therapeutic Potential of Biomarkers in Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac115.1318713201 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 13187-13201

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Early Detection ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Therapeutic Monitoring ◽

Future Directions ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Novel Biomarkers ◽

Biomarker Research

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widely spread disorders affecting millions of people every year. Uncontrolled or chronic diabetes may lead to diabetes-associated complications. Conventional therapies often fail to define clear parameters and do not provide early detection of diabetes and pre-diabetes. Thus, there is a need to find a diagnostic method that can non-invasively help detect and prevent diabetes and associated complications. To combat this challenge, biomarkers' use has gained importance in the early detection of pre-diabetes and diabetes-associated complications. Detailed analyses from research and review articles were performed to elucidate the true potential of biomarkers in early detection, disease pathogenesis, risk prediction, and therapeutic monitoring in diabetes and associated complications. This review discusses the type of biomarkers, the progress, challenges, and short-coming related to biomarkers implications. This review also discusses the future directions in developing type-1 diabetes biomarkers focusing on genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic aspects. From the findings from the available data on research and development carried out in biomarker research, significant improvements and conclusive studies have been conducted to confirm the beneficial clinical effect in early detection of diabetes using the biomarkers. The data from these studies promise novel biomarkers' implication in detecting pre-diabetes, which may help reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with diabetes and associated complications.

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Nanocomposite scaffolds for accelerating chronic wound healing by enhancing angiogenesis

Journal of Nanobiotechnology ◽

10.1186/s12951-020-00755-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hamed Nosrati ◽

Reza Aramideh Khouy ◽

Ali Nosrati ◽

Mohammad Khodaei ◽

Mehdi Banitalebi-Dehkordi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Wound Healing ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Healing Process ◽

The Body ◽

Key Factors ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Nanocomposite Scaffolds

AbstractSkin is the body’s first barrier against external pathogens that maintains the homeostasis of the body. Any serious damage to the skin could have an impact on human health and quality of life. Tissue engineering aims to improve the quality of damaged tissue regeneration. One of the most effective treatments for skin tissue regeneration is to improve angiogenesis during the healing period. Over the last decade, there has been an impressive growth of new potential applications for nanobiomaterials in tissue engineering. Various approaches have been developed to improve the rate and quality of the healing process using angiogenic nanomaterials. In this review, we focused on molecular mechanisms and key factors in angiogenesis, the role of nanobiomaterials in angiogenesis, and scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches for accelerated wound healing based on improved angiogenesis.

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Identification of Biomolecules Involved in the Adaptation to the Environment of Cold-Loving Microorganisms and Metabolic Pathways for Their Production

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11081155 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1155

Author(s):

Eva Garcia-Lopez ◽

Paula Alcazar ◽

Cristina Cid

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Light Protection ◽

Domains Of Life ◽

Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽

Resistance To Stress ◽

Function Discovery

Cold-loving microorganisms of all three domains of life have unique and special abilities that allow them to live in harsh environments. They have acquired structural and molecular mechanisms of adaptation to the cold that include the production of anti-freeze proteins, carbohydrate-based extracellular polymeric substances and lipids which serve as cryo- and osmoprotectants by maintaining the fluidity of their membranes. They also produce a wide diversity of pigmented molecules to obtain energy, carry out photosynthesis, increase their resistance to stress and provide them with ultraviolet light protection. Recently developed analytical techniques have been applied as high-throughoutput technologies for function discovery and for reconstructing functional networks in psychrophiles. Among them, omics deserve special mention, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, glycomics, lipidomics and metabolomics. These techniques have allowed the identification of microorganisms and the study of their biogeochemical activities. They have also made it possible to infer their metabolic capacities and identify the biomolecules that are parts of their structures or that they secrete into the environment, which can be useful in various fields of biotechnology. This Review summarizes current knowledge on psychrophiles as sources of biomolecules and the metabolic pathways for their production. New strategies and next-generation approaches are needed to increase the chances of discovering new biomolecules.

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Modeling Gastrointestinal Diseases Using Organoids to Understand Healing and Regenerative Processes

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10061331 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1331

Author(s):

Alexane Ollivier ◽

Maxime M. Mahe ◽

Géraldine Guasch

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Gastrointestinal Disease ◽

3D Culture ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

Continuous Series ◽

Regenerative Therapy ◽

Disease Mechanisms ◽

Epithelial Wound Healing ◽

Potential Applications

The gastrointestinal tract is a continuous series of organs from the mouth to the esophagus, stomach, intestine and anus that allows digestion to occur. These organs are frequently associated with chronic stress and injury during life, subjecting these tissues to frequent regeneration and to the risk of developing disease-associated cancers. The possibility of generating human 3D culture systems, named organoids, that resemble histologically and functionally specific organs, has opened up potential applications in the analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in epithelial wound healing and regenerative therapy. Here, we review how during normal development homeostasis takes place, and the role of the microenvironmental niche cells in the intestinal stem cell crypt as an example. Then, we introduce the notion of a perturbed niche during disease conditions affecting the esophageal–stomach junction and the colon, and describe the potential applications of organoid models in the analysis of human gastrointestinal disease mechanisms. Finally, we highlight the perspectives of organoid-based regenerative therapy to improve the repair of the epithelial barrier.

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Hepatitis B Virus Pre-S Gene Deletions and Pre-S Deleted Proteins: Clinical and Molecular Implications in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13050862 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 862

Author(s):

Yueh-Te Lin ◽

Long-Bin Jeng ◽

Wen-Ling Chan ◽

Ih-Jen Su ◽

Chiao-Fang Teng

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Gene Deletions ◽

S Gene ◽

B Virus ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Prevention And Therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent and fatal human cancers worldwide and its development and prognosis are intimately associated with chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The identification of genetic mutations and molecular mechanisms that mediate HBV-induced tumorigenesis therefore holds promise for the development of potential biomarkers and targets for HCC prevention and therapy. The presence of HBV pre-S gene deletions in the blood and the expression of pre-S deleted proteins in the liver tissues of patients with chronic hepatitis B and HBV-related HCC have emerged as valuable biomarkers for higher incidence rates of HCC development and a higher risk of HCC recurrence after curative surgical resection, respectively. Moreover, pre-S deleted proteins are regarded as important oncoproteins that activate multiple signaling pathways to induce DNA damage and promote growth and proliferation in hepatocytes, leading to HCC development. The signaling molecules dysregulated by pre-S deleted proteins have also been validated as potential targets for the prevention of HCC development. In this review, we summarize the clinical and molecular implications of HBV pre-S gene deletions and pre-S deleted proteins in HCC development and recurrence and highlight their potential applications in HCC prevention and therapy.

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Abdominal surgery in autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases: A review

Journal of Clinical and Investigative Surgery ◽

10.25083/2559.5555/6.2.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 76-87

Author(s):

Erdal Uysal ◽

◽

Mehmet Dokur ◽

Gokturk Maralcan

Keyword(s):

Autoimmune Disease ◽

Early Detection ◽

Abdominal Surgery ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

High Mortality ◽

Indirect Effects ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Abdominal Organs ◽

The Relationship ◽

Significant Mortality

Autoimmune diseases can have a widespread effect throughout the system and can cause high mortality and morbidity, depending on their involvement in the abdominal organs and systems. Most of the abdominal organs are damaged as a result of the direct or/ and indirect effects of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, abdominal surgeries should be performed to eliminate any complications related to these effects. There could be a significant relationship between abdominal surgery and autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases. The aim of this study was to reveal the possible relationship between autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases that cause significant mortality and morbidity. In this way, we further aimed at increasing the awareness of clinicians on this subject, along with providing them with the related publications on autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases and abdominal surgery. Taking all these into consideration, autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases can also influence the abdominal organs. The influence may be directly related to the involvement of the organ and system as a result of the autoimmune disease or indirectly related to the influence of the organs and systems. Such influence leading to complications may require urgent or elective abdominal surgery, which can further cause high mortality and morbidity. Therefore, it is significant for all clinicians, especially surgeons, to be aware of the relationship between autoimmune diseases and abdominal surgery. The early detection and treatment of the complications related to the abdominal involvement of autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases could decrease mortality and morbidity.

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Clinical Importance of Wnt5a in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer

Journal of Oncology ◽

10.1155/2021/3136508 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Mehran Pashirzad ◽

Thozhukat Sathyapalan ◽

Amirhossein Sahebkar

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Potential Role ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Signaling Cascades ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Invasion And Metastasis ◽

Cellular Processes ◽

Wnt5a Expression ◽

Noncanonical Signaling

Wnt5a is one of the potent signaling molecules that initiates responses involved in cancer through activation of both canonical and noncanonical signaling cascades. Wnt5a both directly and indirectly triggers cancer-associated signaling pathways based on the cancer type. In colorectal cancer (CRC), altering Wnt5a expression can influence several cellular processes of tumor cells, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and clinical importance of Wnt5a in the pathogenesis of CRC for better understanding the pathogenesis and its potential role as a prognostic marker and as an appropriate therapeutic target in the treatment of this disease in the future.

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Latest Insights on Novel Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Sustainable Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Natural Sources

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26165037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (16) ◽

pp. 5037

Author(s):

Julio Serna-Vázquez ◽

Mohd Zamidi Ahmad ◽

Grzegorz Boczkaj ◽

Roberto Castro-Muñoz

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Extraction Solvent ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Extraction Processes ◽

Phenolic Extraction ◽

Sustainable Extraction ◽

By Products

Phenolic compounds have long been of great importance in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Unfortunately, conventional extraction procedures have a high cost and are time consuming, and the solvents used can represent a safety risk for operators, consumers, and the environment. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green alternatives for extraction processes, given their low or non-toxicity, biodegradability, and reusability. This review discusses the latest research (in the last two years) employing DESs for phenolic extraction, solvent components, extraction yields, extraction method characteristics, and reviewing the phenolic sources (natural products, by-products, wastes, etc.). This work also analyzes and discusses the most relevant DES-based studies for phenolic extraction from natural sources, their extraction strategies using DESs, their molecular mechanisms, and potential applications.

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Diagnostic Value of Imaging Combined With Tumor Markers in Early Detection of Lung Cancer

Frontiers in Surgery ◽

10.3389/fsurg.2021.694210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Su-Ju Wei ◽

Li-Ping Wang ◽

Jun-Yan Wang ◽

Jing-Xu Ma ◽

Feng-Bin Chuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Early Detection ◽

Tumor Markers ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Lung Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Early Lung Cancer ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Objective: The objective of this research is to explore the diagnostic value of imaging plus tumor markers in the early detection of lung cancer.Methods: Sixty patients with lung cancer treated in our hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were selected as group A. They were matched with 60 patients with benign lung disease as group B and 60 healthy subjects examined in our hospital as group C. The carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), CYFRA21-1, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were assessed, and the diagnostic value of tumor markers plus imaging in lung cancer diagnosis was explored.Results: The CEA, CYFRA21-1, and NSE in group A were evidently superior to those in groups B and C, and those in group B were superior to those in group C (all P < 0.001). CEA had the highest sensitivity (56.7%), and NSE had the highest specificity (93.3%). The tumor markers plus imaging had the highest sensitivity for different types of lung cancer, and the sensitivity to early lung cancer (90%) was superior to other diagnostic methods (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The tumor markers plus imaging is of great significance in early lung cancer diagnosis and provides a reference for judging the pathological classification.

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Long Non-Coding RNA (lncRNA) in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Biological Function and Clinical Application

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13235944 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 5944

Author(s):

Jianfei Tang ◽

Xiaodan Fang ◽

Juan Chen ◽

Haixia Zhang ◽

Zhangui Tang

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Non Coding Rna ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Long Non Coding Rna

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a type of malignancy with high mortality, leading to poor prognosis worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying OSCC carcinogenesis have not been fully understood. Recently, the discovery and characterization of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have revealed their regulatory importance in OSCC. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs has been broadly implicated in the initiation and progress of tumors. In this review, we summarize the functions and molecular mechanisms regarding these lncRNAs in OSCC. In addition, we highlight the crosstalk between lncRNA and tumor microenvironment (TME), and discuss the potential applications of lncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic tools and therapeutic targets in OSCC. Notably, we also discuss lncRNA-targeted therapeutic techniques including CRISPR-Cas9 as well as immune checkpoint therapies to target lncRNA and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Therefore, this review presents the future perspectives of lncRNAs in OSCC therapy, but more research is needed to allow the applications of these findings to the clinic.

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