Comparison of antimicrobial properties of two spices commonly consumed in Nigeria and effect of temperature on their antioxidant properties

Apart from being the primary source of food to other living things, plants also have medicinal value to treat various kinds of diseases. In recent years, it has been proposed that the extract from plants may be used as natural antioxidants which can help to prevent the generation of carcinogens in human body. In addition, plants also have antimicrobial agents to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes. This study was intended to investigate the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Tinospora crispa stems extracted using soxhlet extraction method. The antimicrobial properties of T. crispa stems extract were tested using disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans IMR C S23/11 A and Saccharomyces cerevisiae IMR S 617/068. The antioxidant properties of the extract were investigated by using Total Phenolics Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC), DPPH free radical scavenging and b–carotene bleaching assays. The TPC value was 6.12 g GAE/100 g of dried extract while the TFC value was 55.58 g QE/100 g of dried extract. The IC50 of DPPH scavenging assay for the extract and ascorbic acid were 0.21 and 0.04 mg/mL, respectively. The average percentage of b–carotene bleaching assay was 38.3 % as compared to BHT, which was 45.1%. The disc diffusion method showed no inhibition zone against all the strains of microorganisms at all concentrations of the extracts (0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/disc).

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Potential of Mulberry Leaf Biomass and Its Flavonoids to Improve Production and Health in Ruminants: Mechanistic Insights and Prospects

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10112076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2076

Author(s):

Faiz-ul Hassan ◽

Muhammad Adeel Arshad ◽

Mengwei Li ◽

Muhammad Saif-ur Rehman ◽

Juan J. Loor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Leaf Biomass ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽

High Dry Matter ◽

Mulberry Leaf

Leaf biomass from the mulberry plant (genus Morus and family Moraceae) is considered a potential resource for livestock feeding. Mulberry leaves (MLs) contain high protein (14.0–34.2%) and metabolizable energy (1130–2240 kcal/kg) with high dry matter (DM) digestibility (75–85%) and palatability. Flavonoid contents of MLs confer unique antioxidant properties and can potentially help alleviate oxidative stress in animals during stressful periods, such as neonatal, weaning, and periparturient periods. In addition, mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLFs) possess antimicrobial properties and can effectively decrease the population of ruminal methanogens and protozoa to reduce enteric methane (CH4) production. Owing to its rich flavonoid content, feeding MLs increases fiber digestion and utilization leading to enhanced milk production in ruminants. Dietary supplementation with MLFs alters ruminal fermentation kinetics by increasing total volatile fatty acids, propionate, and ammonia concentrations. Furthermore, they can substantially increase the population of specific cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. Owing to their structural homology with steroid hormones, the MLFs can potentially modulate different metabolic pathways particularly those linked with energy homeostasis. This review aims to highlight the potential of ML and its flavonoids to modulate the ruminal microbiome, fermentation, and metabolic status to enhance productive performance and health in ruminants while reducing CH4 emission.

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Saponins and Flavonoids from Ludwigia leptocarpa (Nutt) Hara (Onagraceae): Isolation, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities

Medical & Clinical Research ◽

10.33140/mcr.04.07.01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Shigella Flexneri ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Spectra Analysis

Diarrhea continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among infants and children in developing countries. The most common microorganisms responsible for diarrhoeal diseases are Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts and compounds from Ludwigia leptocarpa, a plant traditionally used for its vermifugal, anti-dysenteric and antimicrobial properties. The MeOH extract was prepared by maceration from dried whole plant and successively extracted with ethyl acetate and n-butanol to obtain EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts respectively. The column chromatography of the EtOAc and n-BuOH extracts followed by purification of different fractions led to the isolation of six known compounds. Structures of isolated compounds were assigned on the basis of spectra analysis, and by comparison with those from the literature. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. The antibacterial activity was assessed by performing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against the strains of Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (a major cause of community and hospital-associated infection), and Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria, Vibrio cholerae (causative agent of cholera) and Shigella flexneri (causative agent of shigellosis). All of the extracts showed different degrees of antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Compounds 2, 3 and 6 displayed the largest antibacterial and antioxidant properties which were in some cases equal or higher than those of reference drugs. The overall results of the present study shows that L. leptocarpa has potentials as a source of natural anti-diarrhoeal and anti-free radical products, given further investigations.

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Differences in Bioactive Protein and Vitamin Status of Milk Obtained from Polish Local Breeds of Cows

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2019-0069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 287-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aneta Brodziak ◽

Jolanta Król ◽

Joanna Barłowska ◽

Zygmunt Litwińczuk ◽

Anna Teter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Whey Proteins ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Processing Plant ◽

Vitamin Status ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Health Promoting ◽

Β Lactoglobulin ◽

Β Carotene

AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the content of selected bioactive whey proteins and lipophilic vitamins, which largely determine the bioactive status of milk, in milk obtained from local breeds of cows raised in Poland (Polish Red, White-Backed and Simmental) and Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Basic chemical composition and content of selected bioactive compounds (β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, bovine serum albumin, and vitamins: E, A, D3 and β-carotene) in 550 milk samples were analysed. The milk produced by local breeds proved to be a more valuable source of whey proteins and lipophilic vitamins than that of the Polish Holstein-Friesians. It was distinguished by its content of all bioactive compounds, including those with antioxidant properties, i.e. vitamins E, A and D3 and β-lactoglobulin, and antimicrobial properties, mainly lactoferrin. Therefore, the milk of cows of local breeds should be considered a valuable material for processing, especially at the level of the farm or small local processing plant, to produce products that are richer in health-promoting compounds. The promotion of milk from local breeds can therefore be an opportunity for the farms that raise them.

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Different drying temperatures modulate chemical and antioxidant properties of mandai cempedak (Artocarpus integer)

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.16617.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 1706 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anton Rahmadi ◽

Yuliana Sabarina ◽

Sukmiyati Agustin

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Total Phenolic Content ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Ph Value ◽

Starter Culture ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Drying Temperature ◽

Phenolic Components

Background: Mandai, the fermented inner skin of cempedak (Artocarpus integer), may have further use as industrial ingredient while maintaining its antioxidative capacity. To promote fermentation, Lactobacillus casei was induced as the starter culture. This research was carried out (i) to investigate the effect of temperature on yield, chemical properties, and antioxidant activity of starter induced fermented mandai powder, (ii) to find the best drying temperature for the powder, and (iii) to find correlations between phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of the powder. Methods: The drying temperature was used as the variable, and was set at 45, 50, and 55°C at a fixed duration of 18 hours. The control was spontaneously fermented mandai dried at 50°C for 18 hours. Total phenolic content (TPC), hydrolyzed tannic content (HTC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were spectrophotometrically measured, expressed gallic acid (GAE), tannic acid (TAE), and catechin (CAE) equivalents. Antioxidant capacity was measured by DPPH assay. Results: The best mandai powder had total phenolic content of 348.8±55.6 mg GAE kg-1, HTC of 143.8±9.3 mg TAE kg-1, TFC of 17.5±1.3 mg CAE kg-1, antioxidant activity (IC50) of 56.96 ppm, ash content of 4.0±0.7%, pH value of 5.0±0.8, and yield of 9.3±0.8%. There was a strong correlation between TPC, HTC, TFC, and the antioxidant activity. Conclusions: Drying temperature affected all observed parameters but not ash and pH. Temperature of 45°C emerged as the best treatment to produce mandai powder from L. casei-inoculated mandai cempedak fermentation. The antioxidant activity of mandai cempedak was contributed by the phenolic components.

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Characterization of Phenolic Acid Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Structure–Property Relationships

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics12050419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 419 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jingyi Liu ◽

Changling Du ◽

Henry T. Beaman ◽

Mary Beth B. Monroe

Keyword(s):

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Acid Group ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Structure Property ◽

Carboxylic Acid Group ◽

Structure Property Relationships ◽

Methoxy Groups ◽

Selection Of

Plant-derived phenolic acids (PAs) are small molecules with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-coagulant properties. Their chemistry enables facile potential incorporation into biomaterial scaffolds to provide naturally-derived functionalities that could improve healing outcomes. While PAs have been previously characterized, their structure-property relationships in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties are not well-understood, particularly in the context of their use in medical applications. To that end, a library of PAs with varied pendant groups was characterized here. It was found that increasing the number of radical-scavenging hydroxyl and methoxy groups on PAs increased antioxidant properties. All PAs showed some antimicrobial activity against the selected bacteria strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis (native and drug-resistant), and Staphylococcus aureus (native and drug-resistant)) at concentrations that are feasible for incorporation into polymeric biomaterials. In general, a trend of slightly decreased antimicrobial efficacy with increased number of pendant hydroxyl and methoxy groups was observed. The carboxylic acid group of a selection of PAs was modified with a polyurethane monomer analog. Modification did not greatly affect antioxidant or antimicrobial properties in comparison to unmodified controls, indicating that the carboxylic acid group of PAs can be altered without losing functionality. These results could be utilized for rational selection of phenolic moieties for use as therapeutics on their own or as part of a biomaterial scaffold with desired healing outcomes.

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Ferulaldehyde and Lupeol as Direct and Indirect Antimicrobial Compounds from Cordia gilletii (Boraginaceae) Root Barks

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900506 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Philippe N. Okusa ◽

Caroline Stévigny ◽

Marie Névraumont ◽

Michel Gelbcke ◽

Pierre Van Anrwerpen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Democratic Republic ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Resistant Strains

Cordia gilletii De Wild (Boraginaceae), a medicinal plant used against infectious diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo, was investigated for direct and indirect antimicrobial properties. On one hand, the methanol extract is active against many pathogenic bacteria, including resistant strains. Its bio-guided fractionation led to the isolation of ferulaldehyde; this compound showed antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that may support the activity we observed for the methanol extract and some of the traditional uses of C. gilletii. On the other hand, the n-hexane extract of root barks possesses indirect antimicrobial properties, enhancing the activity of antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The fractionation of this extract led to the isolation of lupeol, which decreases the minimum inhibitory concentration of several antibiotics (4 to 8 fold) against MRSA and contributes to the effects observed for the raw n-hexane extract.

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Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9121309 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1309

Author(s):

Shokoh Parham ◽

Anousheh Zargar Kharazi ◽

Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad ◽

Hadi Nur ◽

Ahmad Fauzi Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Anticancer Agents ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antiviral Agent ◽

Radical Scavenger ◽

Active Components

Recently, increasing public concern about hygiene has been driving many studies to investigate antimicrobial and antiviral agents. However, the use of any antimicrobial agents must be limited due to their possible toxic or harmful effects. In recent years, due to previous antibiotics’ lesser side effects, the use of herbal materials instead of synthetic or chemical drugs is increasing. Herbal materials are found in medicines. Herbs can be used in the form of plant extracts or as their active components. Furthermore, most of the world’s populations used herbal materials due to their strong antimicrobial properties and primary healthcare benefits. For example, herbs are an excellent material to replace nanosilver as an antibiotic and antiviral agent. The use of nanosilver involves an ROS-mediated mechanism that might lead to oxidative stress-related cancer, cytotoxicity, and heart diseases. Oxidative stress further leads to increased ROS production and also delays the cellular processes involved in wound healing. Therefore, existing antibiotic drugs can be replaced with biomaterials such as herbal medicine with high antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity. This review paper highlights the antibacterial, antiviral, and radical scavenger (antioxidant) properties of herbal materials. Antimicrobial activity, radical scavenger ability, the potential for antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents, and efficacy in eliminating bacteria and viruses and scavenging free radicals in herbal materials are discussed in this review. The presented herbal antimicrobial agents in this review include clove, portulaca, tribulus, eryngium, cinnamon, turmeric, ginger, thyme, pennyroyal, mint, fennel, chamomile, burdock, eucalyptus, primrose, lemon balm, mallow, and garlic, which are all summarized.

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From Ecology to Biotechnology, Study of the Defense Strategies of Algae and Halophytes (from Trapani Saltworks, NW Sicily) with a Focus on Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Properties

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20040881 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 881 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Concetta Messina ◽

Giuseppe Renda ◽

Vincenzo Laudicella ◽

Rozenn Trepos ◽

Marilyne Fauchon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Marine Fish ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Positive Control ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Defense Strategies ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Fish And Shellfish ◽

Fouling Bacteria

This study aimed at the characterization of the antioxidant power of polyphenol extracts (PE) obtained from the algae Cystoseira foeniculacea (CYS) (Phaeophyta) and from the halophyte Halocnemum strobilaceum (HAL), growing in the solar saltworks of western Sicily (Italy), and at the evaluation of their anti-microfouling properties, in order to correlate these activities to defense strategies in extreme environmental conditions. The antioxidant properties were assessed in the PE based on the total antioxidant activity test and the reducing power test; the anti-microfouling properties of the two PE were evaluated by measuring the growth inhibition of marine fish and shellfish pathogen bacteria as well as marine surface fouling bacteria and microalgae exposed to the fractions. Similar polyphenol content (CYS 5.88 ± 0.75 and HAL 6.03 ± 0.25 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g−1 dried weight, DW) and similar reducing power percentage (93.91 ± 4.34 and 90.03 ± 6.19) were recorded for both species, even if they exhibited a different total antioxidant power (measured by the percentage of inhibition of the radical 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH), with CYS (79.30) more active than HAL (59.90). Both PE showed anti-microfouling properties, being inhibitors of adhesion and growth of marine fish and shellfish pathogen bacteria (V. aestuarianus, V. carchariae, V. harveyi, P. elyakovii, H. aquamarina) and fouling bacteria (V. natriegens, V. proteolyticus, P. iirgensii, R. litoralis) with minimum inhibitory concentrations comparable to the commercial antifouling products used as a positive control (SEA-NINE™ 211N). Only CYS was a significant inhibitor of the microalgae strains tested, being able to reduce E. gayraliae and C. closterium growth (MIC 10 µg·mL−1) and the adhesion of all three strains tested (E. gayraliae, C. closterium and P. purpureum), suggesting its promise for use as an antifouling (AF) product.

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Study of the Properties of In Vitro Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (Family Orchidaceae) Extracts

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071330 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1330

Author(s):

Stanislav Sukhikh ◽

Svetlana Noskova ◽

Svetlana Ivanova ◽

Liubov Skrypnik ◽

Artem Pungin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Biologically Active Substances ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Bioactive Substances ◽

Limit Values ◽

Active Substances

The medicinal plant Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó (family Orchidaceae) is used to treat gastritis, colic, gastrointestinal tract, and bladder diseases. This study aimed to investigate the properties and characteristics of the in vitro Dactylorhiza maculata extract. The recommended parameters for producing Dactylorhiza maculata extract were determined: temperature 60 °C, process duration 60 min, hydro module 1:10. It is recommended to carry out the extraction using an aqueous ethyl alcohol solution with a mass fraction of the parent substance of 70%. It was found that such biologically active substances as rutin, quercetin, 3,3’,4’,5,5’,7-hexahydroxyflavonone, 3,3’,4’,5,5’,7-hexahydroxyflavonone-3-O-glycoside, gallic acid, and ferulic acid were dominant in Dactylorhiza maculata. A high phosphorus content was noted (2410.8 mg/kg dry matter). The studied Dactylorhiza maculata samples contained a large number of organic acids and water-soluble vitamins. The tested extracts were safe in terms of the content of heavy metals, pesticides, aflatoxin B1, and radionuclides, as well as pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms; the content was significantly lower than the threshold limit values. The studied complex of biologically active substances from Dactylorhiza maculata extract samples had antimicrobial properties. It was found that the antioxidant activity of the samples was 217.89 ± 10.89 mg AA/g (AA—ascorbic acid). The high content of bioactive substances and the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Dactylorhiza maculata extract samples determine the application potential of this plant as a substitute for growth stimulants and feed antibiotics in the production of feed additives, aiming to increase the physiological and immune status of livestock and poultry.

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