Agricultural Fluctuations and the English Economy in the Eighteenth Century

1962 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gould

A notable difference of opinion exists among economic historians as to the effect of harvest fluctuations on general economic conditions. The question has arisen, specifically, in the interpretation of European experience in the eighteenth century. T. S. Ashton has suggested that good harvests, both by cheapening food and thus setting free purchasing power for others forms of expenditure, and by providing ampler supplies of agricultural products used as industrial raw materials, had a stimulating effect on the economy. J. D. Chambers and G. E. Mingay have taken the opposite view. According to them, bad harvests may have had the more beneficial effect, for the incomes of landowners and farmers were higher in lean years, and their prosperity or distress was of greater consequence than the dearth or cheapness of provisions.

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Mufida Diah Lestari

ABSTRAK Indonesia memiliki daerah pertanian yang luas, penduduk juga masih memiliki mata pencaharian sebagai petani, namun saat sekarang ini dunia pertanian mengalami nilai surut akan penghasilan yang diterima oleh para petani. Hal ini dikarenakan hasil dari pertanian tidak mendapatkan respon yang baik dari konsumen, karena harga jual di masyarakat saat sekarang mengalami penurunan nilai daya beli pada masyarakat. Era pandemic Covid-19 menjadi salah satu faktor utama, karena dari efek kondisi pandemic saat ini sangat berpengaruh di hampir seluruh lini sektor di masyarakat. Pertanian juga menjadi salah satu sektor yang mengalami penurunan nilai pendapatannya. Biaya operasional mengalami peningkatan nilai yang cukup tinggi sehingga membuat harga jual mengalami peningkatan, tetapi karena kondisi ekonomi di era pandemi sekarang ini sangat membuat masyarakat memiliki tingkat konsumsi yang cukup rendah sehingga banyak dari hasil pertanian yang tidak dapat terjual dengan maksimal. Oleh sebab itu sekarang diperlukan kelompok yang menjadi tangan panjang dari petanisehingga dapat menampung hasil pertanian dari masyarakat petani untuk dapat didistribusikan kepada masyarakat dengan harga yang baik bagi para petani. Peran kelompok tani cukup besar diantaranya adalah kelompok dapat memberikan Kata Kunci: kelompoktani,peningkatan ekonomi,covid-19   ABSTRACT Indonesia has a large agricultural area, the population also still has a livelihood as farmers, but currently the agricultural world is experiencing a receding value of the income received by farmers. This is because the results of agriculture do not get a good response from consumers, because the selling price in society is currently experiencing a decrease in the value of purchasing power in the community. The era of the Covid-19 pandemic is one of the main factors, because the effects of the current pandemic condition are very influential in almost all sectors of society. Agriculture is also one of the sectors experiencing a decline in the value of its income. Operational costs have increased in value which is high enough to make selling prices increase, but due to economic conditions in the current pandemic era, people have a fairly low level of consumption so that many agricultural products cannot be sold optimally.   Keywords: farmer groups, economic improvement, covid-19    


Modern processes of reforming the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine in the conditions of globalization of world economic processes in the agricultural market requires from the domestic agroholdings the improvement and rational management of production activity. So the tendencies of development of agroholdings and other agroformations in modern socio-economic conditions are relevant. In order to study the mechanism of their development, models of interconnection between the components of production of the main types of products of agricultural holdings and the availability of agricultural raw materials are constructed. The main approaches are the multivariate regression modeling of the dependence of production of agricultural holdings on components of agricultural production. The subject of the study in the article is the development of the agroholdings. The goal is researching of the tendencies of development of agroholdings and other agroformations in modern socio-economic conditions. Objectives: research of dynamics of the development of agroholdings of Ukraine in terms of its components in the conditions of globalization of world economic processes in the market of agricultural products. Common scientific methods are used: system analysis for to determine the peculiarities of the development of the agro-industrial production in Ukraine; the regression analysis for calculating of the dependence of production of agricultural holdings on components of agricultural production. The following results: on the basis of the analysis of the dynamics of changes in the main indices of domestic agricultural production were obtained analytical interdependence of factors influencing on development of agroholdings. Conclusions: the multivariate regression model of the dependence of production of agricultural holdings on components of agricultural production is calculated; obtained researchings are expedient to use in foreign economic activity as recommendations for definition of the strategy of Ukraine on the world market of agricultural products.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Ratner

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.


Author(s):  
В.Н. СУРОВЦЕВ ◽  
Е.Н. ПАЮРОВА

Проанализированы проблемы на рынке молока и молочных продуктов России в условиях глобального экономического кризиса: перепроизводство молока в основных странах-экспортерах, снижение закупочных цен на сырое молоко, снижение цен на биржевые товары в мире и России в 2020 году, тренд на уменьшение спроса на молочные продукты на мировом рынке в среднесрочном периоде, снижение общего спроса на молочные продукты на внутрироссийском рынке при падении реальных доходов населения, изменение структуры потребления. Проведена оценка новых возможностей и угроз для развития отрасли: со стороны потребителей — рост цен на продовольствие, снижение доходов; с позиции производителей молока — снижение закупочных цен, рост требований к сырью для производства продукции с увеличенными сроками годности, дефицит рабочей силы, вероятное сокращение господдержки в результате снижения цен на углеводороды, попытки регулирования цен; со стороны перерабатывающих предприятий — сокращение спроса, снижение цен на готовую продукцию вслед за мировыми ценами. Обоснованы приоритеты инвестирования в молочном скотоводстве и основные формы совершенствования государственной поддержки отрасли, обеспечивающие эффективную адаптацию производителей молока к новым экономическим условиям, повышение устойчивости отрасли при усилении макроэкономических рисков. The article analyzes the problems in the Russian milk and dairy products market in the context of the global economic crisis: overproduction of milk in the main exporting countries, lower purchase prices for raw milk, lower prices for commodities in the world and in Russia in 2020, trend to reduce demand for dairy products on the world market in medium term, a decrease in total demand for dairy products in the Russian market with a decrease in the purchasing power of the population, a change in the structure of consumption. An assessment of new opportunities and threats to the development of the industry was carried out: on the part of consumers — rising food prices, lower incomes; from the perspective of dairy producers — reduction in purchase prices, increased requirements for raw materials for the production of products with extended periods, labor shortages, the likely reduction in state support as a result of lower prices for hydrocarbons, attempts to regulate prices; on the part of processing enterprises — reduction of demand, reduction of prices for finished goods following world prices. The investment priorities in dairy cattle breeding and the main forms of improving state support for the industry, ensuring the effective adaptation of milk producers to new economic conditions, increasing the sustainability of the industry with increasing macroeconomic risks, are substantiated.


2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Valle

The article deals with correspondence in natural history in the eighteenth century between England and North America. The corpus discussed consists of correspondence between John Bartram and Peter Collinson, and between Alexander Garden and John Ellis. The approach used in the study is qualitative and rhetorical; the main point considered is how the letters construct scientific centre and periphery in the eighteenth-century Atlantic world. A central concept is the “colonial exchange”, whereby “raw materials” from the colonies — in this case plant and animal specimens, along with proposed identifications and names — are exchanged for “finished products”, in this case codified scientific knowledge contained in publications.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1457-1476
Author(s):  
Valentina L. ZAZIMKO ◽  
Nadezhda V. SEDYKH

Subject. This article analyzes the implementation of the government programme of the Krasnodar Krai, Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets for Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food. Objectives. The article aims to assess the measures of budget support for the agricultural sector of the Krasnodar Krai. Methods. For the study, we used a correlation and regression analysis of official statistics. Results. The article finds that the government programme of the Krasnodar Krai, Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets for Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food has a positive impact on the progress of production in the agriculture of the region, but it does not contribute to the growth of investment in the industry. Conclusions. It is necessary to move from targeted support for individual agricultural producers to the creation of a modern sectoral infrastructure.


Author(s):  
Yongtao Shen ◽  
Boonsub Panichakarn

Agriculture is widely treated as a base of national economy. The product provides the basic need for human, and its safety and stability are exposed to the constant attention of everyone. With the progress of human science and technology, more and more resources can be extracted from nature, and agricultural products nowadays are not be limited to food, but also be used as raw materials for fuel or other products. Meanwhile, trade between the two regions is often due to a comparative advantage in the production of a product, such as better technology, easier access to raw materials and the like (Dollar & Kraay, 2004). Therefore, agricultural product trade is a very important topic. This study believes that supply chains are an effective way to increase the value of agricultural product trade, for example effectively collaborating makes agricultural products available to end-consumers as quickly as possible. Supply chain management aims to satisfy consumer demands and improve the competitiveness (Dias & Ierapetritou, 2017) in various industries (Oelze et al., 2018). However, there is still blank between agricultural product trade and supply chain academically, figuring out what is agricultural product trade supply chain and what is related to this chain would be essential.


Author(s):  
E. Dabagyan

The article deals with a number of problems associated with the growing presence of China in the Latin American continent. The author emphasizes that mutual interest is based on economic factors. In particular, the rapidly developing Chinese economy needs more raw materials and agricultural products, which are available in abundance in Latin America. At the same time, the countries of the continent are interested in freeing from orientation solely to the United States and in a diversification of external relations. The present bilateral and multilateral agreements and treaties between China and Latin America showed a strengthening of trade and economic cooperation. But Beijing's strategy is based on a model of exchange of raw materials to finished products. This causes some resentment on the part of Latin American experts and entrepreneurs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 307-322
Author(s):  
Soehardjoepri ◽  
Muslichah Erma Widiana ◽  
Mahmudah Enny Widyaningrum

The existence of women farmer groups in the use of land for agriculture, such as existing fruit and vegetables, deserves a response to the follow-up, considering that the activities of women farmer groups have great potential. However, the professions as farmers and agricultural laborers, the income of female farmers and agricultural laborers does not necessarily depend on the season. With the ability to manage further processed agricultural products, they can have reliable income and use a marketing system that is adjusted to the times. This research is a model trial with the title "Business Information Technology Models for Women Farmer Group in Indonesia" with the aim of minimizing disparities in the village. By utilizing knowledge, skills and technology, it is hoped that poverty and disparity can be minimized or even eliminated. This research at a macro level provides benefits to stakeholders, namely human resources who supply raw materials, female farmers who are metamorphosed into entrepreneurs, so that domestic and foreign consumers will get superior regional products with high quality.


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