Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (12) ◽  
pp. H1476-H1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Golbidi ◽  
Jefferson C. Frisbee ◽  
Ismail Laher
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Random Fashion ◽  
Human Stress ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Psychosomatic Diseases

Psychological stresses are associated with cardiovascular diseases to the extent that cardiovascular diseases are among the most important group of psychosomatic diseases. The longstanding association between stress and cardiovascular disease exists despite a large ambiguity about the underlying mechanisms. An array of possibilities have been proposed including overactivity of the autonomic nervous system and humoral changes, which then converge on endothelial dysfunction that initiates unwanted cardiovascular consequences. We review some of the features of the two most important stress-activated systems, i.e., the humoral and nervous systems, and focus on alterations in endothelial function that could ensue as a result of these changes. Cardiac and hematologic consequences of stress are also addressed briefly. It is likely that activation of the inflammatory cascade in association with oxidative imbalance represents key pathophysiological components of stress-induced cardiovascular changes. We also review some of the commonly used animal models of stress and discuss the cardiovascular outcomes reported in these models of stress. The unique ability of animals for adaptation under stressful conditions lessens the extrapolation of laboratory findings to conditions of human stress. An animal model of unpredictable chronic stress, which applies various stress modules in a random fashion, might be a useful solution to this predicament. The use of stress markers as indicators of stress intensity is also discussed in various models of animal stress and in clinical studies.

scholarly journals Chronic and acute effects of stress on energy balance: are there appropriate animal models?

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (4) ◽  
pp. R250-R265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth B. S. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Human Stress ◽  
Integrated Response

Stress activates multiple neural and endocrine systems to allow an animal to respond to and survive in a threatening environment. The corticotropin-releasing factor system is a primary initiator of this integrated response, which includes activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The energetic response to acute stress is determined by the nature and severity of the stressor, but a typical response to an acute stressor is inhibition of food intake, increased heat production, and increased activity with sustained changes in body weight, behavior, and HPA reactivity. The effect of chronic psychological stress is more variable. In humans, chronic stress may cause weight gain in restrained eaters who show increased HPA reactivity to acute stress. This phenotype is difficult to replicate in rodent models where chronic psychological stress is more likely to cause weight loss than weight gain. An exception may be hamsters subjected to repeated bouts of social defeat or foot shock, but the data are limited. Recent reports on the food intake and body composition of subordinate members of group-housed female monkeys indicate that these animals have a similar phenotype to human stress-induced eaters, but there are a limited number of investigators with access to the model. Few stress experiments focus on energy balance, but more information on the phenotype of both humans and animal models during and after exposure to acute or chronic stress may provide novel insight into mechanisms that normally control body weight.

scholarly journals Chronic stress and endothelial dysfunction: mechanisms, experimental challenges, and the way ahead

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (2) ◽  
pp. H488-H506
Author(s):  
Lucien Derek Sher ◽  
Hannah Geddie ◽  
Lukas Olivier ◽  
Megan Cairns ◽  
Nina Truter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Vascular Endothelium ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Primary Target ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Although chronic stress is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) onset, the underlying mechanisms driving such pathophysiological complications remain relatively unknown. Here, dysregulation of innate stress response systems and the effects of downstream mediators are strongly implicated, with the vascular endothelium emerging as a primary target of excessive glucocorticoid and catecholamine action. Therefore, this review article explores the development of stress-related endothelial dysfunction by focusing on the following: 1) assessing the phenomenon of stress and complexities surrounding this notion, 2) discussing mechanistic links between chronic stress and endothelial dysfunction, and 3) evaluating the utility of various preclinical models currently employed to study mechanisms underlying the onset of stress-mediated complications such as endothelial dysfunction. The data reveal that preclinical models play an important role in our efforts to gain an increased understanding of mechanisms underlying stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction. It is our understanding that this provides a good foundation going forward, and we propose that further efforts should be made to 1) more clearly define the concept of stress and 2) standardize protocols of animal models with specific guidelines to better indicate the mental complications that are simulated.

Civilization stress, cardiovascular risk, evidence based medicine, guideline

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (19) ◽  
pp. 895-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornél Simon
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Pole Position ◽  
Ethical Question ◽  
Drug Sale ◽  
Target Values

Cardiovascular diseases have the pole-position on the list of morbidity and mortality statistics. Despite the great advances have been made in management of cardiovascular diseases, prevalence of these disorders increases worldwide, and even younger and younger ages are threatened. This phenomenon is strongly related to obesity and type 2 diabetes pandemic, which shows an unequivocal association with expansion of modernized life-style. The pathomechanism proposed to have central role is the chronic stress induced by civilized life-conduct. The authors criticizes the everyday practice suggested for management of cardiovascular diseases, focusing on normalization of cardiovascular risk factors, instead of fighting against the primary cause ie. chronic stress. There is growing evidence, that achieving the target values defined in guide-lines will not necessarily result in improvement of patient related clinical outcomes. The statistical approach generally practiced in randomized clinical trials is primarily striving for the drug-sale, instead of discovering novel pathophysiological relations. Pharmaceutical industry having decisive role in research and patient-care is mainly interested in profit-sharing, therefore patients’ interest can not be optimally realized, and costs are unnecessarily augmented. Separation of patient-, and business-oriented medical care is an ethical question of fundamental importance.

scholarly journals Translational approaches to understanding metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences of obstructive sleep apnea

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (7) ◽  
pp. H1101-H1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano F. Drager ◽  
Vsevolod Y. Polotsky ◽  
Christopher P. O'Donnell ◽  
Sergio L. Cravo ◽  
Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Made In

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be independently associated with several cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke. To determine how OSA can increase cardiovascular risk, animal models have been developed to explore the underlying mechanisms and the cellular and end-organ targets of the predominant pathophysiological disturbance in OSA–intermittent hypoxia. Despite several limitations in translating data from animal models to the clinical arena, significant progress has been made in our understanding of how OSA confers increased cardiovascular risk. It is clear now that the hypoxic stress associated with OSA can elicit a broad spectrum of pathological systemic events including sympathetic activation, systemic inflammation, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, and endothelial dysfunction, among others. This review provides an update of the basic, clinical, and translational advances in our understanding of the metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular consequences of OSA and highlights the most recent findings and perspectives in the field.

Review of the biological activity of maslinic acid1

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Jing ◽  
Wang Rui ◽  
Li Ruihua ◽  
Yu Hao ◽  
Fang Hengtong
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Maslinic Acid ◽  
Animal Models Of Disease ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cancer Inflammation ◽  
Models Of Disease

: Since the discovery of (2α,3β)-2,3-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, also known as maslinic acid, many studies have examined its biological activity, which has been shown to promote health and resist various diseases. This article focuses on previous research on maslinic acid and mainly reviews its reported effects on cardiovascular diseases, neuroprotection, diabetes, cancer, inflammation, and pathogens. Maslinic acid exerts positive effects on both cell and animal models of disease. Although its mechanism of action has not yet been completely elucidated, maslinic acid is feasible as a nutritional additive and has the potential to be developed as a drug.

scholarly journals Antiartherosclerotic Effects of Plant Flavonoids

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamala Salvamani ◽  
Baskaran Gunasekaran ◽  
Noor Azmi Shaharuddin ◽  
Siti Aqlima Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Yunus Shukor
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Heart Attacks ◽  
Synthetic Drug

Atherosclerosis is the process of hardening and narrowing the arteries. Atherosclerosis is generally associated with cardiovascular diseases such as strokes, heart attacks, and peripheral vascular diseases. Since the usage of the synthetic drug, statins, leads to various side effects, the plants flavonoids with antiartherosclerotic activity gained much attention and were proven to reduce the risk of atherosclerosisin vitroandin vivobased on different animal models. The flavonoids compounds also exhibit lipid lowering effects and anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic properties. The future development of flavonoids-based drugs is believed to provide significant effects on atherosclerosis and its related diseases. This paper discusses the antiatherosclerotic effects of selected plant flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, rutin, naringenin, catechin, fisetin, and gossypetin.

Mouse Models of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

2013 ◽  
pp. 287-300
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Pletnikov ◽  
Christopher A. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Genetic Mouse Models

Despite the recent advances in research into schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, the neurobiology of these maladies remains poorly understood. Animal models can be instrumental in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Early animal models of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder used lesion methods, pharmacologic challenges or environmental interventions to mimic pathogenic features of the diseases. The recent progress in genetics has stimulated the development of etiological models that have begun to provide insight into pathogenesis. In this review, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the existing genetic mouse models of schizophrenia and discuss potential developments for the future.

scholarly journals Wireless, battery-free optoelectronic systems as subdermal implants for local tissue oximetry

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. eaaw0873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Philipp Gutruf ◽  
Kathleen Meacham ◽  
Michael C. Montana ◽  
Xingyue Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Tissue Oxygenation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Data Output ◽  
Subdermal Implants ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Tissue Oximetry

Monitoring regional tissue oxygenation in animal models and potentially in human subjects can yield insights into the underlying mechanisms of local O2-mediated physiological processes and provide diagnostic and therapeutic guidance for relevant disease states. Existing technologies for tissue oxygenation assessments involve some combination of disadvantages in requirements for physical tethers, anesthetics, and special apparatus, often with confounding effects on the natural behaviors of test subjects. This work introduces an entirely wireless and fully implantable platform incorporating (i) microscale optoelectronics for continuous sensing of local hemoglobin dynamics and (ii) advanced designs in continuous, wireless power delivery and data output for tether-free operation. These features support in vivo, highly localized tissue oximetry at sites of interest, including deep brain regions of mice, on untethered, awake animal models. The results create many opportunities for studying various O2-mediated processes in naturally behaving subjects, with implications in biomedical research and clinical practice.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117906951984402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd G Rubin ◽  
Michael L Lipton
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Models Of Injury ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly prevalent and there is currently no adequate treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanisms governing TBI and recovery remains an elusive goal. The heterogeneous nature of injury and individual’s response to injury have made understanding risk and susceptibility to TBI of great importance. Epidemiologic studies have provided evidence of sex-dependent differences following TBI. However, preclinical models of injury have largely focused on adult male animals. Here, we review 50 studies that have investigated TBI in both sexes using animal models. Results from these studies are highly variable and model dependent, but largely show females to have a protective advantage in behavioral outcomes and pathology following TBI. Further research of both sexes using newer models that better recapitulate mild and repetitive TBI is needed to characterize the nature of sex-dependent injury and recovery, and ultimately identifies targets for enhanced recovery.

scholarly journals The Cell Type–Specific Functions of miR-21 in Cardiovascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Dai ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Xiang Nie ◽  
Hengzhi Du ◽  
Yanru Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Pressure Overload ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Cardiovascular diseases are one of the prime reasons for disability and death worldwide. Diseases and conditions, such as hypoxia, pressure overload, infection, and hyperglycemia, might initiate cardiac remodeling and dysfunction by inducing hypertrophy or apoptosis in cardiomyocytes and by promoting proliferation in cardiac fibroblasts. In the vascular system, injuries decrease the endothelial nitric oxide levels and affect the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will be helpful for the development of a precise therapeutic approach. Various microRNAs are involved in mediating multiple pathological and physiological processes in the heart. A cardiac enriched microRNA, miR-21, which is essential for cardiac homeostasis, has been demonstrated to act as a cell–cell messenger with diverse functions. This review describes the cell type–specific functions of miR-21 in different cardiovascular diseases and its prospects in clinical therapy.

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