scholarly journals Природні детоксиканти в раціоні та їх вплив на продуктивність і якість продуктів забою свиней на відгодівлі

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
L.S. Dyachenko ◽  
T.L. Syvyc ◽  
O.M. Tytariova ◽  
O.A. Kuzmenko ◽  
V.V. Bilkevich
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Beet Pulp

<p> </p><p>Among the pollutants one of the main factor is heavy metals. Cadmium, a typical representative of this group has a very toxic effect on both the animal and the human. It is not involved in the vital processes of living organisms. Instead, exceeding the maximum permissible levels of cadmium has negative affects on animal, and accumulation in the tissues, is a threat to human life - the consumer of animal products. The results of research show efficiency of dry apple pulp and dry beet pulp as natural detoxicant of heavy metals, including cadmium, in the body of young pigs. Experimentally proved that the cadmium content in complete feed with the maximum permissible level (1 mg/kg) predetermined decrease of average daily gain of pigs experimental group, compared with the control, by 10.8% and increase of feed conversion by 9.8%. The introduction to the mixed fodder of dry apple pulp (45 g/kg) or dry beet pulp (45 g/kg) with of the same cadmium content contributed that the productivity of animals, the cost of feed for 1 kg of growth, slaughter weight, carcass yield, weight mascara and economic efficiency of fattening young pigs approaching to the level of control. In addition, the use of dry apple pulp and dry beet pulp as natural forage detoxicant in diets of young pigs helps significantly (P &lt;0.05-0.001), reduction of heavy metals, including cadmium in products of slaughter (meat, bacon, liver, kidney, heart), which increases their purity, environmental safety and competitiveness.</p>

The effectiveness of use of enterosorbent Shelltic Es when rearing of young pigs

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
S. Grikshas ◽  
N. Kulmakova ◽  
K. Spitsyna ◽  
A. Dar’in ◽  
T. Mittelshtein
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Experimental Group

Mycotoxins have been formed in feed are secondary metabolites of fungi and are quite stable substances that have teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. An effective way to combat mycotoxins in feed is the use of feed additives that adsorb toxins, prevent their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal and are excreted from the body. The infl uence of coconut enterosorbent Shelltic Es on fattening and meat qualities of young pigs has been studied. It has been found in the process of fattening that the highest feed digestibility was in pigs of the experimental group, in the diet of which enterosorbent has been added. The results of studies of the chemical composition and technological properties of pork have been provided. The positive eff ect of enterosorbent on precocity, absolute average daily gain of live weight and reduction of feed expenditures per 1 kg of gain has been revealed. In pigs from the experimental group the average thickness of the fat was higher and the area of the “muscle eye” was lower compared with animals of the control group, which indicates that higher rates of carcass yield have been obtained due to faster accumulation of fat tissue. The weight of internal organs of pigs indicates the intensity of metabolic processes in the body. In experimental animals the weight of the lungs was 0,1 kg lower, and the liver and heart were higher by 0,13 and 0,01 kg, respectively. Enterosorbent had no effect on the content of vitamins in the liver of pigs of the compared groups. The content of impurities of organochlorine toxicants and toxic elements in the meat and liver of animals of the experimental group was lower than that of control analogues. Therefore, the use of enterosorbent Shelltic Es promotes more active excretion of them from the body.

scholarly journals PSX-32 Prediction of energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 453-454
Author(s):  
Jinwook Lee ◽  
Sang Hoon Lee ◽  
Sung Soo Lee ◽  
Dong Kyo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Improving Accuracy

Abstract The consumption of goat has changed from medicinal to meat in Korea. Thus, the population of Korean black goats (KBG) are continuously increased in recent years. However, the nutrition requirement of KBG has not been clearly defined. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats during their growth and pregnancy phases. Fifty female goats (18.7±0.27 kg) in their growth phase with an average age of 5 months were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in metabolic energy (ME) [2.32 (G1), 2.49 (G2), 2.74 (G3), 2.99 (G4), and 3.24 (G5) Mcal/kg] until they were 9-month-old. After natural breeding, 50 female goats (30.7±0.59 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in ME [2.32 (P1), 2.43 (P2), 2.55 (P3), 2.66 (P4), and 2.78 (P5) Mcal/kg]. The average feed intake ranged between 1.5 and 2.0% of the body weight (BW), and there was no significant difference between the treatment groups with goats in growth or pregnancy phases. Average daily gain (ADG) in diet demand during the growth phase increased with an increasing ME density and ranged from 46 to 69 g/d (P &lt; 0.01). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with the ME density during the growth phase (P &lt; 0.01). The intercept of the regression equation between ME intake and ADG indicated that energy requirement for maintenance of goats during growth and pregnancy phases was 103.53 kcal/BW0.75 and 102.7 kcal/BW0.75, respectively. These results may serve as a basis for the establishment of goat feeding standards in Korea. Further studies are required to assess the nutrient requirement of goats using various methods for improving accuracy.

scholarly journals Physiological state and productivity of young pigs for probiotic action

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (92) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
V. V. Voronyak ◽  
K. Y. Leskiv ◽  
V. O. Huberuk
Keyword(s):  
Physiological State ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large White ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
White Breed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

Due to the impact of adverse environmental factors, unsatisfactory conditions of pig population, deterioration of food supply, abuse of antibiotics, lack of preventive measures, leads to the development of diseases among pigs, especially young, which leads to a decrease in resistance, body performance, reproduction and reduction of livestock, as well as large economic losses. The use of bacterial preparations from living microorganisms can significantly reduce or even eliminate the use of antibiotics and hormones in the cultivation of healthy animals, to obtain high-quality and safe high-grade products. The aim of the work is to study the effect of probiotic EM – 1 on the physiological state and productivity of young pigs of large white breed. The experiment was conducted on two groups (6 heads each) of animals-analogues, starting from 60 days of age, for 2 months. Animals of the control group received feed produced in the farm. Piglets of the experimental group in addition to the main diet received 5% of feed fermented with em-1. Evaluation of the physiological state and productivity of young pigs was carried out on 60, 90 and 120 days of experience according to the methods adopted in clinical practice. Hygienic, hematological, biochemical, zootechnical and statistical methods of research were used in the performance of the work. The use of probiotic EM-1 in animals of the experimental group led to an increase in hemoglobine concentration by 7.7%, an increase in the number of red blood cells by 13.7%, the total number of leukocytes by 9.52%, and glucose concentration by 11.4%. The advantage of the viability of these pigs for the content of total protein (P < 0.05), γ–globulins by 18.6%, the activity of aminotransferases (AlАT, AsAT; P < 0.05), the average daily gain increased by 12.3% at the end of the experiment. For feeding piglets feed with probiotic EM-1 increased metabolic processes, resistance and productivity of the body, which indicates a higher level of redox reactions in their body.

scholarly journals Penampilan Produksi Sapi PO dan PFH Jantan yang Mendapat Pakan Konsentrat dan ”Hay” Rumput Gajah

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
R Adiwinarti ◽  
I P Kusuma ◽  
C M Sri Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Hay

This research has been done during August 2004 - January 2005 at Laboratorium Ilmu Ternak Potong dan Kerja, Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Diponegoro Semarang. The study was set up to investigate the performance of ongole crossbred and Friesian Holstein crossbred young bulls fed concentrate and Napier grass hay. This research used 4 yearling ongole crossbred (PO) bulls with the initial body weight: 228,17 + 14,77 kg (CV = 6,47%) and 4 yearling friesian holstein crossbred (PFH) bulls with the body weight: 196,34 + 7,64 kg (CV = 3,89%). The Independent Sample Comparisons was used in this study. Those bulls were fed 30% hay of Napier grass and 70% concentrate made of “bungkil kelapa sawit” (80%) and rice bran (20%). The ration was given based on dry matter need, 2.5% of the body weight. Parameters observed were the average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (dry matter intake, crude protein intake, Total Digestible Nutrients’ 2 Sains Peternakan Vol.8 (1), Maret 2010 intake) and feed conversion. Data were analyzed using t-test; except for feed conversion was analyzed deskriptifely.The result indicated that those cattle fed concentrate and Napier grass had ADG and feed intake relatively similar. The average of ADG PO bulls were 0.21 kg and PFH bulls were 0.22 kg. Dry matter intakes of PO and PFH bulls were 3.33 kg/day and 2.83 kg/day. Crude protein intake of PO bulls were 0,45 kg/day and that of PFH bulls were 0,38 kg/day, whereas TDN intake of PO bulls were 1,93 kg/day and PFH bulls were 1,20 kg/day. Feed conversion of PO bulls was 15.86 and that of PFH bulls was 12.86. It can be concluded that the performance of Ongole crossbred and Friesian Holstein crossbred young bulls fed concentrate and Napier grass hay was similar. Those indicated that PFH bulls had productivity that was the same as PO bulls. Key words : Bulls, performance, feed intake, feed conversion

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Clinical Evidence on the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Smoking-Mediated Cardiovascular Disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. BMI.S480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Csordas ◽  
Georg Wick ◽  
Günther Laufer ◽  
David Bernhard
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prevention Strategies

The number of fatalities due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be far ahead of loss of human life caused by any other type of disease worldwide. According to the WHO, the annual global tobacco death toll is already 8.4 million and will reach 10 million by the year 2025. However, in contrast to other modifiable primary risk factors for CVD such as obesity, primary prevention strategies for smokers unable to quit are not available to date. This Review, by adopting the principles of evidence-based medicine, summarizes the most recent clinical studies on CVD in smokers, and concludes by suggesting a novel primary prevention strategy for CVD in smokers unable to quit. Evidence gathered from mechanistic studies involving basic research as well as large population-based approaches point to oxidative stress as the major insult imposed by cigarette smoke (CS), and a state of systemic inflammation, as signified by increased hs (high sensitivity) CRP levels in smokers, as the decisive pro-atherogenic response of the body to the initial insult. Since we identified oxidative stress induced by heavy metals as a significant pro-atherogenic activity of CS, strategies aimed at detoxifying heavy metals and combating inflammation appear as plausible approaches to counteract the accelerated onset of CVD in smokers. For this purpose, we discuss metal chelating agents and statins as promising novel primary prevention strategies in smokers unable to quit.

scholarly journals ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA CAO CHIẾT CỦ NÉN (Allium schoenoprasum) LÊN ĐÁP ỨNG MIỄN DỊCH PHÒNG BỆNH NEWCASTLE VÀ SINH TRƯỞNG Ở GÀ THỊT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 2058-2064
Author(s):  
Phan Vũ Hải ◽  
Nguyễn Xuân Hòa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Allium Schoenoprasum

Nghiên cứu này nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng của việc bổ sung cao chiết củ nén (CPN) vào trong nước uống đối với đáp ứng miễn dịch dịch thể chống lại virus Newcastle và năng suất sinh trưởng của gà thịt. Tổng số 180 gà trống Ri lai được úm cùng nhau đến 7 ngày tuổi. Sau khi được chủng vaccine Newcastle vào ngày 7, gà được phân bố ngẫu nhiên vào 04 nghiệm thức với 03 lần lặp lại. Gà ở các nghiệm thức T1, T2 và T3 được bổ sung 0,3, 0,5 và 0,7% CPN vào nước uống, liên tục từ ngày 7 đến ngày 42 tuổi và nghiệm thức đối chứng (ĐC - không sử dụng CPN). Vaccine Newcastle được tiêm lặp lại vào ngày 28. Hiệu giá kháng thể (GMT) trong huyết thanh chống lại bệnh Newcastle được xác định bằng cách sử dụng xét nghiệm ngăn trở ngưng kết hồng cầu (HI) lúc 21, 35 và 42 ngày tuổi. Kết quả cho thấy lượng ăn vào, tăng trọng, hệ số chuyển hóa thức ăn (FCR) và tỉ lệ chết khi kết thúc thí nghiệm không sai khác giữa 04 nghiệm thức. Tuy nhiên, hiệu giá kháng thể và tỷ lệ khối lượng cơ quan của hệ miễn dịch so với khối lượng cơ thể cao hơn (P<0,05) ở T2 và T3 so với đối chứng. Như vậy, việc bổ sung CPN trong nước uống không ảnh hưởng đến sinh trưởng; tuy nhiên, bổ sung CPN ở mức 0,5% và 0,7% đã làm tăng hiệu giá kháng thể dịch thể chống lại virus Newcastle ở gà thịt. ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various levels of fresh chive’s bulb (Allium schoenoprasum) supplementation (CBE) in drinking water on immune status against Newcastle disease (ND) virus and productive performance of broiler chicken. A total of 180 Ri roosters were brooded at the same bath until 7 days  of age. After chickens had been vaccinated the Newcastle on day 7, they were randomly allocated into four treatments with 03 replicates as namely Control (no CBE), and T1, T2 and T3.  While a control group received no CBE, birds in groups T1, T2 and T3 received 0,3, 0,5 and 0,7 (w/v) CBE, respectively, continuously from day 7 to 42 years old. Newcastle vaccine was repeated on day 28. The geometric mean titer (GMT) against Newcastle disease virus was determined using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay at 21, 35 and 42 days of age. The results showed that at the end of the experiment, the feed intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and overall mortality rate did not significantly differ among 04 treatments. Whereas, in general the antibody titer and the ratio of organ mass of the immune system to the body weight were significantly higher (P <0,05) in T2 and T3 than in the Control. Therefore, the supplementation of CBE in drinking water did not affect the growth performance. However, the supplement of 0,5% and 0,7% increased the antibody titre against Newcastle virus in broiler chicken.  

scholarly journals Hereford and Simmental Cattle Breeds in Siberia: Implementation of the Adaptive and Productive Potential in the Cold Climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 9631-9636 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meat Productivity

This study was aimed at studying the biological characteristics of the calves of the Hereford and Simmental breeds, and crosses of these breeds in Siberia. The article discusses the peculiarities of metabolism and utilization of nutrients, growth rate, meat productivity and quality, feed conversion in groups of calves up to 15.5 months of age due to the breed identity in the keeping conditions in light facilities and cold climate. Similarity has been noted in the parameters of gas-and-energy metabolism in Hereford and crossbred calves, including their seasonal dynamics. During the experimental period, a seasonal downward trend was noted in the heart rate of Hereford calves by 11.4 %, and respiration rate — by 33.8 %. In the Simmental peers, these figures decreased by 12 and 37.2 %, respectively, in hybrids — by 6.1 and 29 %. The seasonal decrease in the body temperature in Hereford and crossbred animals by 2.4 – 2.5 %, in Simmentals — by 1.3 %, and increased heat production by Hereford animals and their crosses — by 20.9 and 20.1 % (P<0.01), compared to the Simmental peers, were noted. In terms of the content of hemoglobin, Hereford calves (116.5 ± 3.6 g/l) and Hereford × Simmental hybrids (114.0 ± 5.1 g/l) tended to be superior to Simmental calves (103.5 ± 5.4 g/l). No significant difference in the erythrocytes count in the blood of calves was found between the groups. In all ages, Simmental calves were inferior to their Hereford and crossbred peers in terms of the content of total protein and albumin in the blood serum. By the content of globulins in the blood serum, no differences were found between the groups. The coefficients of nutrients digestibility due to balanced feeding was relatively high in all groups. Hereford × Simmental hybrids were superior to their Simmental counterparts by the organic matter digestibility by 3.0 % (P<0.01). The most significant difference in the live weight was observed between Simmental and crossbred calves (P<0.01). The average daily gain of the hybrids over the entire study period was greater by 25.6 and 15.2 % than that of purebred Simmental and Hereford calves. Accordingly, Hereford × Simmental calves had an advantage over Herefords in terms of the slaughtering weight by 5.4 %, and over Simmentals — by 22.1 %. The energy value of the meat of purebred Herefords and crossbred calves was higher by 8.4 % than in purebred Simmentals. The conclusion has been made about the prospects of using Herefords and their crosses with Simmentals for the sustainable development of beef cattle breeding in the conditions of Siberia.

scholarly journals Removal of Toxic Metals from the Body of Cows by Using Antidote Substances, with its Impact on Milk Productivity and Environmental Safety of Agroecosystems around the Industrial City in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 154-177
Author(s):  
Serhii Portiannyk ◽  
◽  
Oleksii Mamenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
Experimental Group

Toxic metals like Cd and Pb pose the greatest ecological threat to ecosystems, especially in and around the industrial cities. Four farms located around Kharkiv industrial city were chosen for scientific experiments carried out on cows feeding specially developed antidote (mineral-vitamin premix "MP-A") and subcutaneous injection of biologically active preparation "BP-9". These novelty products enhanced the urinary excretion of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn while ensuring the production of high quality environmentally safe milk. The toxicants are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood, travel across the body, accumulate in organs and tissues, and pass through urine and milk. The accumulation of Cd in the blood of tested cows in control group was, on average, from 77.94 to 101.20 nmol/L, and of Pb from 4.63 to 8.32 μmol/L. The transfer of Cd from blood to urine was, on average, 1.7%-2.0%, and of Pb 5.4-7.3%. The antidote substances contributed to the exacerbation of heavy metal extermination from the body of animals and the restoration of its homeostasis. The transfer of Cd from blood to urine averaged 3.9% to 9.5% and of Pb 37.7% to 103.5% in second experimental group of cows. The same for Cd was 7.1% to 12.7% and for Pb was 70.7% to 144.1% in third experimental group. The mineral-vitamin premix and biopreparation BP-9 blocked absorption of the pollutants into the gastrointestinal tract, strengthened the protective effects on organs, and facilitated the elimination of heavy metals through urine. Dairy productivity of animals also increased in cows of the second and third experimental groups by 17-22 kg per day compared to the control group having 14 kg per day (P<0.01).

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF LEAD AND CADMIUM INTOXICATION ON ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF BROILER CHICKENS AND ITS CORRECTION WITH SYNTHETIC PREPARATIONS

2022 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Yu. I. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lead And Cadmium

   The authors present the results of a study of the effects of long-term (1.5 MPa) and short-term (5, 10 and 15 MPa) intoxication with heavy metals on the antioxidant status of broiler chickens. The authors found that the addition of increased concentrations of toxicants to the diet leads to their accumulation in poultry’s muscle, fat tissues, and skin. According to the study, lead content increases by 2.25 times, cadmium content increases by 6.5 times. Lipophilic compounds Tiofan and Tiofan M have the most pronounced detoxifying effect in chronic intoxication. Fantox 11-1 is the most pronounced detoxifying effect among hydrophilic compounds, which are inferior to lipophilic ones. Accumulation of heavy metals in the body led to a decrease in the antioxidant status of poultry. There was an acceleration of oxidative processes in long-term experimental toxicosis up to 3.10, up to 21.00 times in the short-term. The addition of 100 mg of lipophilic antioxidants per 1 kg of live weight to the diet with 7.5 mg of lead and 0.75 mg of cadmium per 1 kg of feed resulted in a decrease in the rate of oxidation reactions. The presence of lead and cadmium ions in the tissues of poultry caused a reduction of induction periods in the temperature-stabilized samples to 90 %. Enrichment of the diet with Thiophan and Fantox 11-1 increased this indicator up to 12.40 times. The hydrophilic antioxidant Fantox 11-1 dosage of 15 mg per 1 kg of live weight had a pronounced effect. Its introduction into the diet will correct the lack of endogenous antioxidants and increase the body’s antioxidant status under the influence of heavy metals.

scholarly journals The efficacy of the probiotic feed additive Calsporin® (Bacillus subtilis C-3102) in broilers: combined analysis of four different studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Marubashi ◽  
M. I. Gracia ◽  
E. Esteve-Garcia ◽  
M. Piskoríková
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Inclusion Rate

SummaryThe efficacy of the probiotic feed additive, Calsporin® (CAL; Bacillus subtilis C-3102), included in broiler diets at 50 mg/kg was evaluated using statistical meta-analysis of data from four different studies conducted using broilers from day-old to market weight at 42 days of age. The body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, feed to gain ratio, mortality and European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) data from each experiment were tested for homogeneity between trials before being pooled and analysed in combination to determine whether benefits were consistent independent of trial site and conditions. CAL supplementation significantly improved weight gain (P = 0.0037) between 1 and 21 days of age (3.3%) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.0492) between 22 and 42 days of age (3.0%). Over the entire experimental period (day 1 to day 42 of age), broilers fed the CAL diets had significantly better (P = 0.0142) feed conversion (2.6%) and higher (P = 0.0062) EPEF (4.6%) compared to the controls. Birds fed diets supplemented with CAL were 1.6% heavier than controls at 42 days of age, a near-significant trend (P = 0.0558). The results demonstrated that CAL in broiler diets, added at an inclusion rate of 50 mg/kg, can be beneficial in terms of broiler performance.

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