Physico-mechanical properties of cattle hide leather for working gloves with flame retardant addition

Objective: Indonesian metal casting industry is a labor-oriented industry which involves thermal application in the workplace. Thus, it is essential to protect the workers for any risks during their activity. Leather gloves, as personal protective equipment, need to be manufactured that can prevent the workers from burn injured. The study aimed to analyze the effect of flame retardant addition on finished leather’s physical and mechanical properties for a specific article, i.e. working gloves.Methods: The research used pickled cattle hides and commercial flame retardant as main materials. The leather chemicals used in the process are those which is commonly used to manufacture working gloves leather article. The treatments involved the addition of commercial flame retardant in fatliquoring (2%, 4%, 6% w/w) and finishing process (100 parts, 200 parts, 300 parts). The effect of flame retardant addition on shrinkage percentage, thickness, rub fastness, tensile strength, and elongation at break, were evaluated. Descriptive analysis is applied to describe the properties of the resulted finished leather.Results: The result shows that the addition of flame retardant in fatliquoring and finishing process indicates a variation in the leather’s physical-mechanical properties. The leather, manufactured with the addition of 4% (w/w) in fatliquoring, shrunk 7.65±1.42%, had tensile strength value at 520.48±13.79 kg/cm2, good rub fastness at dry and wet basis (5 and 4/5), elongation value at 52.9±4.09%, and thickness 0.87±0.02 mm.Conclusions: it can be concluded that the use of 4% (w/w) flame retardant in fatliquoring is suggested to be the best formulation to produce working gloves leather.

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Effect of Castor Oil Impregnation on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Cellulose

Polymers from Renewable Resources ◽

10.1177/204124791200300102 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 13-26

Author(s):

Myrtha Karina ◽

Lucia Indrarti ◽

Rike Yudianti ◽

Indriyati

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Young’S Modulus ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Young's Modulus ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Acetone Water

The effect of castor oil on the physical and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose is described. Bacterial cellulose (BC) was impregnated with 0.5–2% (w/v) castor oil (CO) in acetone–water, providing BCCO films. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the castor oil penetrated the pores of the bacterial cellulose, resulting in a smoother morphology and enhanced hydrophilicity. Castor oil caused a slight change in crystallinity indices and resulted in reduced tensile strength and Young's modulus but increased elongation at break. A significant reduction in tensile strength and Young's modulus was achieved in BCCO films with 2% castor oil, and there was an improvement in elongation at break and hydrophilicity. Impregnation with castor oil, a biodegradable and safe plasticiser, resulted in less rigid and more ductile composites.

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Physical and mechanical properties of agar based edible film with glycerol plasticizer

10.31227/osf.io/tq2pf ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Arham Rusli

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Film Thickness ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Base Material ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Edible Film ◽

Glycerol Concentration ◽

Elongation At Break

Appropriate concentration of base material and plasticizer is required to obtain good physical and mechanical properties of edible film for food packaging and preservation functions. The aim of this study was to obtain the best combination of the base material and plasticizer in the manufacture of agar films based on physical and mechanical properties. Results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of the agar edible film were affected by the agar and glycerol concentrations. Increasing agar concentrations resulted in the increase in the film thickness, tensile strength (TS), and elongation at break (EAB), but decreased the filmsolubility. While increasing glycerol concentration tended to increase the film thickness and solubility, but decrease the TS of the film. The best concentration combination of agar and glycerol in this study was 3 and 10%, respectively.

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The influence of functional ingredients on the physico-mechanical and operational properties of rubbers for water-oil-swelling sealing elements

Butlerov Communications ◽

10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-57-2-68 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 68-73

Author(s):

Evgeny N. Egorov ◽

◽

Nikolay F. Ushmarin ◽

Sergey I. Sandalov ◽

Ivan S. Spiridonov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Functional Ingredients ◽

Sealing Elements

The article investigated the effect of caoutchoucs, sevilen 11808-340, vulcanizing groups, fillers, plasticizers, ingredients of directional actions on the physical and mechanical properties (conditional tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, rebound elasticity, tear resistance) and operational properties (changes of conditional tensile strength of rubbers after exposure to oil, weight changes after aging of rubbers in a solution of citric and hydrochloric acids, changes in the volume of rubbers after exposure to a mixture of oil and water) of two rubbers. These rubbers are developed for the manufacture of the outer and inner layers of water-oil-swellable sealing elements (WSOE) for the oil and gas industry. It has been established that rubber for the outer layer of WSOE based on butadiene-nitrile BNKS-18AMN, isoprene SKI-3 and butadiene CKD caoutchoucs, as well as rubber for the inner layer of UEN based on butadiene-nitrile BNKS-18AMN, butadiene methylstyrene SKMS-30ARK and butadiene CKD caoutchoucs possess the required physicomechanical and operational properties. It was shown that these rubbers containing a vulcanizing group sulfur + thiazole 2 MBS, sevilen 11808-340, a combination of carbon black T 900 with rosil 175, talc and chalk, petroleum resin “Sibplast”, vermiculite and igloprobivnoe cloth, are characterized by improved physical-mechanical and operational properties. These rubber can be recommended as the basis for the manufacture of outer and inner layers of water-oil-swelling sealing elements.

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PENGARUH LIMBAH ABU PEMBAKARAN BIOMASSA KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIK HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v4i3.1477 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 23-28

Author(s):

Fadhilla Asyri ◽

Kartini Noor Hafni ◽

A. Haris Simamora

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Mechanical Properties ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

High Impact ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Scanning Electron

This study aims was to determine the effect of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) composite as filler on the physical and mechanical properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites. The research methodology included preparation of raw materials, treatment POFA (hydration process of POFA), mixing using tumbler and then extruder, molding composite specimens, and testing. The variables used were weight ratio of HIPS with 140 mesh POFA at 95/5; 92.5/7.5; 90/10. The composites were tested by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), ash content, specific gravity, tensile strength, elongation at break, impact strength, hardness test, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results of FTIR characterization shows the formation of –OH bonding that was suspected as Si-OH or Si-hydrat. Results of physical and mechanical properties of the composites shows that increase of the filler composition in HIPS-POFA composites until the ratio of 90/10, increase the specific gravity to 7.2% of the original, tensile strength did not change significantly to 28.4 MPa, elongation at break decreased to 2.7%, impact strength decreased to 3.183 KJ/m2, and the hardness increased to 110.5, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) test show the transformation of POFA structure on treated POFA and intercalation between the matrix and POFA.

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Improving the surface quality and mechanical properties of selective laser sintered PA2200 components by the vibratory surface finishing process

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-021-04371-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Hamaid M. Khan ◽

Tolga B. Sirin ◽

Gurkan Tarakci ◽

Mustafa E. Bulduk ◽

Mert Coskun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Microstructural Analysis ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Surface Finishing ◽

Finishing Process ◽

Wide Range

Abstract This paper attempts to improve the physical and mechanical properties of selective laser sintered polyamide PA2200 components through a vibratory surface finishing process by inducing severe plastic deformation at the outer surface layers. The industrial target of additive manufacturing components is to obtain structures having surface roughness, hardness, and other mechanical properties equivalent to or better than those produced conventionally. Compared to the as-built SLS PA2200 samples, vibratory surface finishing treated specimens exhibited a smooth surface microstructure and more favorable roughness, hardness, and tensile strength. Also, the duration of the vibratory surface finishing process showed a further improvement in the surface roughness and hardness of the SLS samples. Compared to the as-built state, the roughness and hardness of the surface-treated samples improved by almost 90% and 15%, respectively. Consequently, microstructural analysis indicates that lower surface roughness and enhanced surface hardness is a crucial factor in influencing the overall tensile strength of SLS-PA2200 components. We consider that the combination of VSF and SLS processes can successfully handle a wide range of potential applications. This study also highlights the efficiency and applicability of the vibratory surface finishing process to other additive manufacturing processes and materials. Graphic abstract

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The influence of technological additives and peroxides on the properties of rubber mixtures based on ethylene propylene caoutchouc

Butlerov Communications ◽

10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-10-81 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 60 (10) ◽

pp. 81-87

Author(s):

Nikolay F. Ushmarin ◽

◽

Lyudmila Yu. Tsareva ◽

Ksenia A. Konnova ◽

Maria V. Yakimova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Tensile Elongation ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Physicomechanical Properties ◽

Dicumyl Peroxide ◽

Rubber Mixture ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Ethylene Propylene ◽

Aging In Air

The article investigates the influence of technological additives and peroxides on the properties of two rubber mixtures based on ethylene-propylene caoutchouc of marking SKEPT-40. The main properties were: rheometric (maximum and minimum torques; start, optimum and maximum vulcanization rates; maximum vulcanization rates), physical and mechanical (conditional tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness) and operational (changes in conditional strength at tensile, elongation at break and hardness after aging in air). The resistance of rubbers to the action of high temperatures by methods of differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis was studied. As technological additives, MA-L22, Struktol WS180, Zincolet BB 222 and Struktol A89 were used. Vulcanizing agents were peroxides: Novoperox BP-40, Percodox BC-FF, Dicumyl Peroxide (DK), Chemanox PX1 and Dicumyl Peroxide DCP 99. The studies were carried out for two rubbers, one of which is intended for the manufacture of molded products, and the second rubber – for sealing profiles. It was shown that the technological additive Zincolet BB 222 increases the vulcanization rate of rubber mixture for molded products. All technological additives used have practically no effect on the conditional tensile strength and hardness vulcanizates of molded products, increasing their elongation at break. The smallest changes in the physical and mechanical properties are characterized by the vulcanizate, which contains the technological additive Zincolet BB 222. Technological additives practically do not affect the process of vulcanization of the rubber mixture and slightly affect the process of destruction of rubber during aging. Of the investigated technological additives Zincolet BB 222 is more conducive to improving the thermal properties of rubber. It has been established that Novoperox BP-40 and Chemanox PX1 peroxides increase the rate of vulcanization of the rubber mixture for sealing profiles. For vulcanizates of this rubber mixture, when Novoperox BP-40 and Chemanox PX1 is replaced with other peroxides, a decrease in the conditional tensile strength, hardness and an increase in the elongation at break are observed. With aging in air, changes in the physicomechanical properties of the vulcanizates of the rubber mixture variants containing Novoperox BP-40 and Chemanox PX1 are insignificant and close to each other.

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FIRE HAZARD AND PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR EPOXY-AMINE COMPOSITES CONTAINING THE [Cu(DETA)(H2O)]SO4·H2O FLAME RETARDANT-HARDENER

Fire Safety ◽

10.32447/20786662.38.2021.03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 18-23

Author(s):

P. Pastuhov ◽

V. Petrovskii ◽

O. Lavrenyuk ◽

B. Mykhalitchko

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Propagation ◽

Fire Hazard ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Propagation Rate ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Epoxy Amine

Introduction. The rapid growth of production rates and the use of polymer materials in various fields has brought about an increase in the number of fires caused by the ignition of polymer products. Among the most common polymer materials are materials based on epoxy resins. They are used in such industries as construction, electrical engineering and radio engineering, shipbuilding, mechanical engineering, including automotive, aerospace and rocketry, etc. Due to its organic structure, high content of carbon and hydrogen, epoxy polymers are very combustible. Their combustion is characterized by high temperature and more flame propagation rate. And it is accompanied by significant smoke formation and the release of large amounts of toxic products. Therefore, the search for new ways to reduce combustibility and maintain the proper level of performance is one of the priorities in the development and implementation of new epoxy polymer materials in various fields. Purpose. The work aims to obtain epoxy-amine composites and to discover the effect of flame retardant-hardener on their fire hazard and physical and mechanical properties.Methods. In work used Modern research methods. The flame propagation rate was determined by UL94, the coefficient of smoke was measured by ASTM E662-19, physical and mechanical properties were evaluated by measuring parameters such as surface hardness, tensile strength, water absorption and chemical resistance.Results. The parameters of fire danger of epoxy-amine composites with different content of flame retardant (0, 5, 16 and 80 mass parts) were studied. The results of experimental studies showed that the flame propagation rate and the smoke formation coefficient in the mode of smouldering and combustion are minimal for epoxy-amine composites containing 16 and 80 mass parts of flame retardant. Such compositions have higher surface hardness and tensile strength. And they also well as more resistant to water and aggressive environments compared to unmodified ones.Conclusion. The paper presents a simple and commercially attractive method of obtaining epoxy-amine composites con-taining different amounts of flame retardant – copper(II) sulfate. It is necessary, the obtained samples of the composites are homogeneous in structure. These should be considered as individual chemicals, not as mixtures. Chemical bonding of all components of the composites, namely the appearance of additional (compared to the unmodified composite) Cu(II)–N coordination bonds in the polymer framework DGEBA/DETA-CuSO4, is reflected in the enhanced physical and mechanical properties and fire hazard reduction for this type of composite materials.

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Damage Evolution of Granodiorite after Heating and Cooling Treatments

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11070779 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 779

Author(s):

Mohamed Gomah ◽

Guichen Li ◽

Salah Bader ◽

Mohamed Elkarmoty ◽

Mohamed Ismael

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Failure Mode ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

P Wave ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Slow Cooling ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Natural Rock ◽

The Impact

The awareness of the impact of high temperatures on rock properties is essential to the design of deep geotechnical applications. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of heating and cooling treatments on the physical and mechanical properties of Egyptian granodiorite as a degrading factor. The samples were heated to various temperatures (200, 400, 600, and 800 °C) and then cooled at different rates, either slowly cooled in the oven and air or quickly cooled in water. The porosity, water absorption, P-wave velocity, tensile strength, failure mode, and associated microstructural alterations due to thermal effect have been studied. The study revealed that the granodiorite has a slight drop in tensile strength, up to 400 °C, for slow cooling routes and that most of the physical attributes are comparable to natural rock. Despite this, granodiorite thermal deterioration is substantially higher for quick cooling than for slow cooling. Between 400:600 °C is ‘the transitional stage’, where the physical and mechanical characteristics degraded exponentially for all cooling pathways. Independent of the cooling method, the granodiorite showed a ductile failure mode associated with reduced peak tensile strengths. Additionally, the microstructure altered from predominantly intergranular cracking to more trans-granular cracking at 600 °C. The integrity of the granodiorite structure was compromised at 800 °C, the physical parameters deteriorated, and the rock tensile strength was negligible. In this research, the temperatures of 400, 600, and 800 °C were remarked to be typical of three divergent phases of granodiorite mechanical and physical properties evolution. Furthermore, 400 °C could be considered as the threshold limit for Egyptian granodiorite physical and mechanical properties for typical thermal underground applications.

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Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13142359 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 2359

Author(s):

Harmaen Ahmad Saffian ◽

Masayuki Yamaguchi ◽

Hidayah Ariffin ◽

Khalina Abdan ◽

Nur Kartinee Kassim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Loss Modulus ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Weight Percent Gain ◽

Weight Percent ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Butylene Succinate ◽

Kenaf Core ◽

Modified Lignin

In this study, Kraft lignin was esterified with phthalic anhydride and was served as reinforcing filler for poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Composites with different ratios of PBS, lignin (L), modified lignin (ML) and kenaf core fibers (KCF) were fabricated using a compounding method. The fabricated PBS composites and its counterparts were tested for thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Weight percent gain of 4.5% after lignin modification and the FTIR spectra has confirmed the occurrence of an esterification reaction. Better thermo-mechanical properties were observed in the PBS composites reinforced with modified lignin and KCF, as higher storage modulus and loss modulus were recorded using dynamic mechanical analysis. The density of the composites fabricated ranged from 1.26 to 1.43 g/cm3. Water absorption of the composites with the addition of modified lignin is higher than that of composites with unmodified lignin. Pure PBS exhibited the highest tensile strength of 18.62 MPa. Incorporation of lignin and KCF into PBS resulted in different extents of reduction in tensile strength (15.78 to 18.60 MPa). However, PBS composite reinforced with modified lignin exhibited better tensile and flexural strength compared to its unmodified lignin counterpart. PBS composite reinforced with 30 wt% ML and 20 wt% KCF had the highest Izod impact, as fibers could diverge the cracking propagation of the matrix. The thermal conductivity value of the composites ranged from 0.0903 to 0.0983 W/mK, showing great potential as a heat insulator.

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The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibers-Reinforced Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Composites Modified by Electron Beam Irradiation

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11125317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 5317

Author(s):

Rafał Malinowski ◽

Aneta Raszkowska-Kaczor ◽

Krzysztof Moraczewski ◽

Wojciech Głuszewski ◽

Volodymyr Krasinskyi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Flexural Modulus ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

High Energy ◽

Electron Radiation ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Hemp Fibers

The need for the development of new biodegradable materials and modification of the properties the current ones possess has essentially increased in recent years. The aim of this study was the comparison of changes occurring in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) due to its modification by high-energy electron beam derived from a linear electron accelerator, as well as the addition of natural fibers in the form of cut hemp fibers. Changes to the fibers structure in the obtained composites and the geometrical surface structure of sample fractures with the use of scanning electron microscopy were investigated. Moreover, the mechanical properties were examined, including tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural modulus and impact strength of the modified PCL. It was found that PCL, modified with hemp fibers and/or electron radiation, exhibited enhanced flexural modulus but the elongation at break and impact strength decreased. Depending on the electron radiation dose and the hemp fibers content, tensile strength decreased or increased. It was also found that hemp fibers caused greater changes to the mechanical properties of PCL than electron radiation. The prepared composites exhibited uniform distribution of the dispersed phase in the polymer matrix and adequate adhesion at the interface between the two components.

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