scholarly journals A STUDY OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY JAPANESE LITERARY PROCESSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 832-836
Author(s):  
Nasirova Z.H. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Japanese Literature ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Literary Relations ◽  
Human Psyche

This article describes the peculiarities of twentieth-century Japanese literary processes. Methodological and formal changes in the literature are analyzed. At the heart of scientific research is the problem of deeper study of man in the literature of this period, the role of man in society, the role of society in human life, the spiritual world of people, to the smallest detail of their experiences. Japanese writers are distinguished by their ability to skillfully apply internal monologues, symbols and national traditions in depicting the human psyche in their works. In fiction, the inner intrigue, interpretation, collision in the revelation of the human psyche is skillfully revealed. In the context of world literature, the peculiarities in the structure and plot of Japanese literature are studied comparatively. The role of Japanese literature in the content of the work carried out on the basis of typological, historical-analytical methods of analysis in the field of comparative literature, literary influence and international literary relations is incomparable.

Geopolitics of Comparison: World Literature Avant la Lettre

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Waïl S. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of

Abstract According to a well-known narrative, the concept of Weltliteratur and its academic correlative, the discipline of comparative literature, originated in Germany and France in the early nineteenth century, influenced by the spread of scientism and nationalism. But there is another genesis story that begins in the late eighteenth century in Spain and Italy, countries with histories entangled with the Arab presence in Europe during the medieval period. Emphasizing the role of Arabic in the formation of European literatures, Juan Andrés wrote the first comparative history of “all literature,” before the concepts of Weltliteratur and comparative literature gained currency. The divergence of the two genesis stories is the result of competing geopolitical interests, which determine which literatures enter into the sphere of comparison, on what terms, within which paradigms, and under what ideological and discursive conditions.

scholarly journals Soul and psyche: The Bible in psychological perspective

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The Bible ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Psyche

During the last third of the twentieth century a discipline that applies psychological and psychoanalytic insight to the study of the Bible, has resurfaced within biblical studies. In his book, Soul and Psyche, Wayne Rollins offers a psychological biblical approach as one of the new approaches to Scripture since the 1960’s. This approach tends to bring a renewed appreciation for the role of the human psyche or soul in the history of the Bible and its interpretation.

scholarly journals Unelõiv ja Saarepiiga: Jüri Talveti kirjanduslik "Kalevipoeg" / The Rhisomes of „Kalevipoeg“: Literary Interpretation of the Estonian National Epic by Jüri Talvet

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (17/18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marin Laak
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Interpretation ◽  
Literary Scholarship ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Heroic Epic ◽  
Literary Relations ◽  
The One

Teesid: Artikkel keskendub eepose „Kalevipoeg“ käsitlusele võrdleva kirjandusteaduse vaatepunktist. „Kalevipoja“ uurimine ilukirjandusliku teosena muutis paradigmaatiliselt rahvuseepose senist tõlgendust ja seda tänu Jüri Talveti käsitlustele „Kalevipojast“ kui suurest Euroopa eeposest, silmapaistavast maailmakirjanduse kunsteeposte seas. Eepose teksti ja poeetika kirjandusteaduslik uurimine on selgitanud, kuidas eepose tekst on üles ehitatud sisemistele, intratekstuaalsetele seostele, mis korduvad gradatsiooniliselt ja toetuvad teatud kindlatele tekstuaalsetele sõlmpunktidele, näiteks „Saarepiiga“, „uni“ jpt. Enam kui autentsed allikad, on „Kalevipoja“ kui kirjandusliku teksti puhul oluline eepose toimimine pidevalt uusi tekste ärgitava tüvitekstina. Eepose analüüs näitab, kuidas selliste seoste alusel tekivad uued kultuurilised ühikud, kauneid näiteid selliste motiivikordustele rajatud seosteahelate kohta leidub ka Jüri Talveti luules. The article focuses on the treatment of the epic The Kalevipoeg from the viewpoint of comparative literature. This approach is a continuation of the study of literary relations of the epic which, on the one hand is opposite to, but on the other hand continues the present folkloristic approach to The Kalevipoeg as a folklore-based epic, which is based on the comparative-historical method of studying folklore. F. R. Kreutzwald’s role in creating the national epic was enormous; the epic can be conceived as a fictional and intentional piece, emphasising the role of its author. Although different genres of genuine folklore can be recognised in the epic, works of fiction of European and world classics have also been used in its construction, and the text of the epic has itself become an intertextual foundation for new works of fiction. The paradigm of discussing the epic changed due to Jüri Talvet’s groundbreaking treatment of The Kalevipoeg as a great European epic and one of the most remarkable representatives of the genre of literary epic in world literature. Literary scholarship of the text and poetics of the epic has demonstrated how the text is constructed by gradational internal intertextual relations, based on certain textual nodal points such as, e.g., ’island maid’, ’stone’, ’sleep’, etc. For example, the figure of Island Maid is intertextually related to many earlier archetexts and fundamental texts and has, in its turn, inspired other fictional texts. The author intentionally allowed for ambiguous interpretation of the death of a young girl – the girl slipped into water, but was it an accident or a suicide? The Estonian heroic epic differs from other literary epics by a gradational motif of ’sleep’, occurring through the text; by using this motif, the author develops the heroic epic into a tragedy of fate. The hero is informed about his fatal guilt in sleep long before it occurred in real life. Jüri Talvet has discovered such rhizomes of relations in the text of The Kalevipoeg due to his studies of world literature, but he has also written about them in his poetry.

scholarly journals Islam Kemodernan dan Keadilan Sosial dalam Pandangan Nurcholish Madjid

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Sulbi Sulbi
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Data Processing ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Processing Stage ◽  
Library Research

Abstract[English]:This research is a library research It means that this research is carried out through tracing and reviewing scientific works, both those contained in books, journals, magazines, encyclopedias, papers, and media covering various topics of this research. This research was conducted through several stages such as the data collection stage, the data processing stage, and the data analysis stage using certain analytical methods. As a subject that is discussed in Nurcholish Madjid's thinking, to be able to find the role of an inclusive Islam in encouraging the unity of the ummah, including addressing modernism issues and issues, social justice, plurality and even Pancasila. Nurcholish Madjid optimistically sees Islam as a religion that is in line with humanitarian principles, so that it is able to respond to all universal human problems. Islam is not an exclusive and static religion, but a religion that encourages the orientation of human life towards common good values for all human civilization. Islam also does not reject various forms of progress and development of thoughts originating from other civilizations. This is the form of Islamic modernity which according to Nurcholis Madjid is related to Islam which is open (inclusive) and belongs to all mankind on earth.Abstrak[Indonesia]: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pustaka melalui penelusuran dan telaah terhadap karya-karya ilmiah, baik yang tertuang dalam buku, jurnal, majalah, ensiklopedi, makalah, maupun media yang mengulas berbagai topik penelitian ini. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan seperti tahap pengumpulan data, tahap pengelolahan data, dan tahap analisis data dengan menggunakan metode analisis tertentu. Pokok pembahasan dalam penelitian ini adalah menemukan peran agama Islam yang inklusif dalam mendorong persatuan umat, juga dalam menyikapi persoalan komedernan, keadilan sosial, pluralitas, dan pancasila dalam pemikiran Nurcholish Madjid. Nurcholish Madjid secara optimis melihat agama Islam sebagai agama yang sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip kemanusiaan, sehingga mampu merespon segala permasalahan kemanusiaan universal. Islam bukan agama yang ekslusif dan statis, melainkan agama yang mendorong orientasi hidup manusia kepada nilai-nilai kebaikan umum bagi seluruh peradaban umat manusia. Islam juga tidak menolak berbagai bentuk kemajuan dan perkembangan pemikiran-pemikiran yang berasal dari peradaban lain. Inilai bentuk kemodernan Islam yang menurut Nurcholis Madjid adalah berkaitan dengan agama Islam yang terbuka (inklusif) dan menjadi milik semua umat manusia di atas bumi

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Emily Sun
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Republican China ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Disciplinary History ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

The Introduction situates the book’s approach to comparative literature in relation to recent debates in the field over the status of “world literature.” It historicizes the notion of world literature in terms of the global disciplinary history of literary studies, contextualizing redefinitions of literature and efforts to write literary modernity in terms of connected yet heterogeneous epistemic shifts in eighteenth-century Europe and early twentieth-century China. It introduces the design of the book and offers chapter summaries. And it explains how efforts to write literary modernity in the asynchronous periods of Romantic England and Republican China constitute experiments also with new socio-political forms of life in different cultural contexts.

Astrology

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-158
Author(s):  
Marek Tuszewicki
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Attributes Of God

This chapter discusses the role of astrology in Jewish medicine, which was another field of great significance for therapeutics. The Bible exhorted Israel not to fear 'portents in the sky' that caused the pagans to tremble. While they rejected the speculations of astrologers of other nations and doubted the accuracy of their predictions, the actual idea of astral influences recurred frequently in their own writings. Knowledge of basic astrological concepts was crucial to an understanding of many aspects of Jewish culture, above all the calendar and the rabbinic discussions surrounding it. The conviction that the seven planets influenced human life and health, in particular at the hour of one's birth, had put down deep roots in the popular consciousness. The Jews perceived a link between the movements of the heavenly bodies and the comparable phenomena of dying and returning to life that they observed in nature. In the folk imagination, the image of the sky was enriched by the conviction that everybody had a light, or lamp, up there which was extinguished with their death. It is pertinent to add that the sun, moon, and stars (and sometimes also the seven planets) featured extremely frequently in the texts of Jewish conjurations. They were mentioned above all in incantations, alongside the attributes of God and religious paraphernalia endowed with an aura of sanctity. Astrology was an intrinsic aspect of views on the rules governing the world that dominated thought in Jewish society until the early twentieth century.

scholarly journals THE BOOK OF JOB AS A DEPICTION OF A PERSON’S SPIRITUAL BIRTH PROCESS

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
Birth Process ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Mental Transformation ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Ancient Times

The article focuses on the eternal theme of human life: suffering and its cause, deeply revealed in the biblical Book of Job. Although from ancient times this problem and its disclosure were interpreted both in philosophy and in religion, it has remained unresolved until nowadays and therefore worries a lot of people. Researchers of the Book of Job focus on two problems: the problem of suffering and the problem of theodicy, which arises from the existence of evil and injustice in the world. However, according to the author of the article, the main idea of the Book of Job is not the problem of God’s justice, but the problem of a person’s spiritual birth. In the text of the article, the author, scrupulously analyzing every image and symbol of the Book of Job, shows and proves that the suffering sent by God to Job through Satan is an initiation through which the transformation of the Job psyche and his spiritual birth takes place. To prove this, the author analyzes the spiritual world-attitude and God-attitude of Job before the trials (God-fearing and law-abiding, life near God) and after the trial (deep vision and feeling of God’s wisdom and all His deeds, life in God and with God). The main author’s method is searching for images and symbols’ disclosure in the Book of Job, not only verbal, but also numerical ones. The article researches the main symbols of the Book of Job and their significance for understanding of this text. The author focuses on the ideas of numbers 3, 7, 10 and especially on the significance of number 10 as some kind of completeness. The author also analyzes the symbolic meaning of the ashes, images of the Leviathan and the Hippopotamus, and Satan as the messenger of God for human trials. The author reveales some key features of human psychology: the role of fear in the human life (Job’s fear of the fate of his sons), behaviour in an extreme situation (Job and his wife), and abandonment of the miserable man (friends and relatives of Job). Based on the disclosure of the symbolism of images and numbers, the author concludes that the problem of justice in the Book of Job is removed. God gives to everyone what he deserves, and suffering and deprivation are not a punishment, not ends in themselves, as in asceticism, but a means of spiritual and mental transformation and spiritual development of person.

scholarly journals Insights into the Deepest Recesses of Human Mind: A Comparative Analysis of Ghazalian Aql and Freudian Ego

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (101) ◽  
pp. 156-169
Author(s):  
Shumaila Mazhar ◽  
Shahzadi Pakeeza
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Logical Thinking ◽  
External Reality ◽  
Freudian Psychoanalysis ◽  
The Core ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Human Psyche

The core objective of this study is to provide a venue to the integration of the spiritual insights of Ghazalian thought with the deep knowledge resulted from Freudian psychoanalysis. A descriptive and analytical approach has been adopted to analyze Ghazalian concept of aq’l and Freudian ego. Zepetnek’s (1998) theory of comparative literature has provided guidelines for a thorough analysis of both the models. This analytical approach may guide us to an alternative critical agenda for having a better grasp of the human psyche. The findings of the study reveal that both aq’l and ego are the conscious parts of the psyche which use logical thinking and mediate between the deep levels of the psyche and the external reality. Freudian ego develops out of modification of the id, playing the role of a mediator between the id and external reality. Likewise, Ghazali gives a leading position to the intellect or aq’l which comprises reason, the capacity to discriminate vice and virtue. Besides, the current study proceeds from the postulation that despite the fact that Freudian psychoanalytic theory has brought forward insightful psychological considerations, equally appropriate readings will probably result from analyzing Ghazalian theory of soul. At the same time, it is also hoped that the insights brought forth by this study may open new vistas for the study of human nature.

Irish Poets: Keepers of National Lore

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Asst. Prof. Dr. Amal Nasser Frag
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Irish People ◽  
Literary Renaissance ◽  
Language Literature

This paper discusses three noteable Irish poets: Augustine Joseph Clarke (1896-1974), Richard Murphy  (1927- ), and Patrick  Kavanagh  (1904–1967), who are considered as keepers of national lore of Irland. It explains these poets’ contribution to world literature through the renewal of Irish myths, history, and culture. Irish poets tackle the problems of Irish people in the present in a realistic way by criticising the restrictions imposed on the Irish people in their society.Augustine Joseph Clarke’s poems present a deep invocation of Irish past and landscape. While Richard Murphy offers recurring images of islands and the sea. He explores the personal and communal legacies of history, as many of his poems reveal his attempts to reconcile his Anglo-Irish background and education with his boyhood desire to be, in his words, “truly Irish”. Patrick  Kavanagh was not interested in the Irish Literary Renaissance Movement that appeared and continued to influence many Irish writers during the twentieth century which called for the revival of ancient Irish culture, language, literature, and art. He, unlike the Irish revivalists who tried to revive the Gaelic language as the mother tongue of the Irish people like Dillon Johnston and Guinn Batten, uses a poetic language based on the day-to-day speech of the poet and his community rather than on an ideal of compensation for the fractures in his country’s linguistic heritage. The paper conculdes with the importance of the role of the Irish poet as a keeper and a gurdian of his national lore and tradition

On Not Knowing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gibbs Hill
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Academic Scholarship ◽  
Zheng Zhenduo ◽  
Translated Literature

It is common knowledge that translation and translated literature played an important role in Chinese literature in the first decades of the twentieth century. The lack of resources needed to train individuals in languages such as Russian or even English and French, however, meant that many translations were made by translators who did not know the original language in which a source was written. Two important methods emerged for producing this type of translation: “tandem translation” (duiyi) and relay translation or retranslation (zhuanyi). Through a survey of the translation practices of Lin Shu (1852–1924) and his later rivals, including Zheng Zhenduo (1898–1958) and Mao Dun (1896–1981), this chapter suggests that these practices offer an opportunity to think through not only some of the fundamental questions of translation in modern world literature but also the place of translation in academic scholarship on comparative literature.

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