DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF SOIL IMPURITIES REMOVING APPARATUS FOR POTATO

Aiming at the problem that contain more soil impurities of potato post-harvest, which affects subsequent deep processing, an apparatus for removing soil impurities from potato was developed. The whole structure is mainly composed of frame, feeding port, flexible rubber finger conveying mechanism, slender filament rotary brushing mechanism, discharging port and the like. The research and analysis determined that the main parameters influencing the soil impurities removal performance were the movement speed of conveying mechanism, the movement speed of brushing mechanism and the clearance between conveying mechanism and brushing mechanism (hereinafter referred to as the mechanism clearance). Taking the main influencing parameters as test factors, and the soil impurities removal rate and potato damage rate as indexes, the orthogonal test with three factors and three levels was carried out. The optimal parameter combination was obtained as follows: the movement speed of conveying mechanism was 0.35m/s, the movement speed of brushing mechanism was 0.40m/s, and the mechanism clearance was 55mm. At this time, the average soil impurities removal rate was 87.18%, and the potato average damage rate was 1.95%, which met the requirements of potato cleaning operation.

Place and Role of Some Mass Bird Species in Biological Damage in the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan

The article provides data on the place and role of some common bird species in the Fergana Valley in biological damage. The reasons for the occurrence of biological damage in birds are discussed, the nature and degree of biological damage caused by white storks, green bee-eaters, myna, Indian and field sparrows on fish farms, power grid enterprises, viticulture and grain crops (wheat and rice) are discussed. Building their huge nests on the poles of high-voltage power lines during the year, white storks make short circuits, which lead to an interruption in the power supply. In the post-nesting period, large flocks of white storks arrive at fish farms. One bird eats an average of 600–800 g of fish per day. During spring and autumn migrations, green bee-eaters gathering at beekeeping farms, one pair per day destroys about 350–400 worker bees. Mynas, after the chicks leave the nests, together with fledglings, flies into the vineyards and, on average, damage 18.5% of the grape harvest. Field and Indian sparrows consume an average of 16.95% of the crop during the milky-wax ripeness of wheat. In rice fields during autumn migrations, the harm from sparrows is 2.1–13.4%. The article also provides data on some of the repellents used in preventing and reducing bio-damage caused by birds, discusses their effectiveness.

Performance Evaluation of DBSKKV Developed Fruit harvesters for Matured Nutmeg Harvesting

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) is an important tree spice which produces two different spices. Harvesting should be done at proper stage of maturity in order to maintain their nutrients level as attaining desirable quality. Presently, the method adopted for harvesting nutmeg in Konkan region is done manually. The DBSKKV, Dapoli has developed four different fruit harvesters. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the field performance and check feasibility for harvesting of matured Nutmeg fruits with DBSKKV, Dapoli developed fruit harvesters. The performance of the DBSKKV developed fruit harvesters for matured Nutmeg fruit were evaluated in terms of harvesting capacity (kg/h), damage fruit per cent, total harvesting time (h), labour requirement and economics of Nutmeg harvesting. The average harvesting capacity of Naveen Mango harvester, Nutan Mango harvester, Atul Sapota harvester and Multi fruit harvester foe matured Nutmeg harvesting was found to be 51.33 Nos./h (2.79 kg/h), 61 Nos./h (2.78 kg/h), 51.33 Nos./h (2.92 kg/h) and 144.66 nos./h (5.63 kg/h) respectively. The average damage fruit per cent for Naveen Mango harvester, Nutan Mango harvester, Atul Sapota harvester and Multi fruit harvester for matured Nutmeg harvesting were found to be 25.73%, 25.79%, 17.02% and 7.76% respectively. The cost of operation of Naveen Mango harvester, Nutan Mango harvester, Atul Saopta harvester and Multi fruit harvester for matured Nutmeg harvesting was found to be Rs 18.21/kg, Rs 18.44/kg, Rs 17.53/kg and Rs 9.01/kg respectively. Among the evaluated DBSKKV, Dapoli fruit harvesters for matured Nutmeg harvesting, Multi fruit harvester perform better with minimum damage of fruits.

Pareto-Improving Carbon-Risk Taxation

Anthropogenic climate change produces two conceptually distinct negative economic externalities. The first is an expected path of climate damage. The second, the focus of this paper, is an expected path of economic risk. To isolate the climate-risk problem, we consider three mean-zero, symmetric shocks in our 12-period, overlapping generations model. These shocks impact dirty energy usage (carbon emissions), the relationship between carbon concentration and temperature, and the connection between temperature and damages. By construction, Our model exhibits a de minimis climate problem absent its shocks. However, due to non-linearities, symmetric shocks deliver negatively skewed impacts, including the potential for climate disasters. As we show, Pareto-improving carbon taxation can dramatically lower climate risk, in general, and disaster risk, in particular. The associated climate-risk tax, which is focused exclusively on limiting climate risk, can be as large as, or larger than, the carbon average-damage tax, which is focused exclusively on limiting average damage.

Validity of the use of presumptive moral damage by expert psychologists

The purpose of the article is to consider the scientific validity and legal viability of the use of presumed (average) damage proposed by Mr. Erdelevsky A.N. The presumed moral damage continues to be the basis on which the expert psychologists of Ukraine conclude the amount of a personal moral injury. The authors of the article consider this approach unreasonable, unscientific, and erroneous. The appearance of presumed harm was conditioned by Mr. Erdelevsky’s view on justice, which should take place: average justice for an average person. The authors of the article believe that the rationality and justice principle in the legislation of Ukraine has a different meaning, namely: a reasonable and fair solution approach in a specific particular case of causing moral damage.The article considers and analyze the facts demonstrating the irrelevant use of presumed damage in the Ukrainian legal space: 1) Mr. Erdelevsky’s approach is opposed (antagonistic) to the Ukrainian legislation since the author determined certain average damage (presumptive) indicators, however the Ukrainian lawmaker refused regulating the clear amount of compensation and has provided this right to the Court. Meanwhile, the fact that the average compensation amounts are not established by the Ukrainian legislation demonstrates the current position of the legislator in regard to this issue. 2) Mr. Erdelevsky’s attitude was accepted neither by the lawmakers nor by the judicial system of Ukraine and Russia. At the same time, the author himself never talked about the practical nature of his formula, he did not insist on its efficiency exactly in such a form, did not offer its implementation to psychologists. Presumptive damage was developed by the author on the basis of analysis of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a theoretical proposal for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, therefore, its application is outrageously unwarranted with respect to the legislation and fundamentally wrong. 3) At his own discretion, very approximately, without any psychological education, Mr. Erdelevsky A.N. supposes (or thinks up) the cases where the suffering of a person is analogous. The author is very free to interpret the legislation of the Russian Federation. In one case, he takes the Criminal Code and the degree of punishment established in it as a basis, in the other he independently decides to depart from the Criminal Code article and increase the amount of compensation for presumptive damage. The methodology, which appeared in 2019 in the Register of methods for conducting forensic examinations of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine under number 14.1.75, in imitation of Mr. Erdelevsky A.N., suggests the use of presumptive damage, but does not contain any justification for its use. The article substantiates the proposal to solve the problem of establishing an indicative amount of compensation for the moral suffering of a person, taking into account only psychological components and using exclusively qualitative criteria for analysis. Key words: moral damage, presumptive damage, compensation, suffering, sequence of expert actions.

Aplikasi Metode PCI (Pavement Condition Index) Dalam Mengukur Tingkat Kerusakan Jalan dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kecepatan Kendaraan

The existence of a smooth highway is needed to speed up the process of transporting people, goods and services and shortening the travel time. If the road is damaged, it will result in a decline in the economy in an area. In an effort to improve road performance, it is necessary to know the level of damage and the type of damage to the road. This study will discuss the existing conditions of Durian Anduonohu and Manunggal roads based on visual observations and analyzed using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method, specifically for measuring vehicle speed, the moving car observer method is used. The final result of this research is the level of damage and type of road damage on Durian Anduonohu road, quite severe with a PCI value ranging from 30-67 with an average damage of 39% meaning bad conditions, with the equation from the regression analysis the following regression model results are obtained: Y = (1,390)*(0.056) x which means that there is an effect of the level of damage to the road on the speed of the vehicle at each additional PCI value. Analysis of the level of damage and types of damage to the Manunggal road segment with PCI values ranging from 41-55 with an average damage of 42%, which means that the road damage is in moderate condition (Fair), with the equation of the regression analysis the following Regression model results are: Y=(1.356))(0.044) x which means that there is an effect of the level of damage to the road on the speed of the vehicle at each additional PCI value. This research is expected to be a barometer of the Kendari city government or related agencies in trying to overcome or repair the two roads so that the flow of people, goods and services runs smoothly and the economy of the city of Kendari can continue to increase.

Damage caused by cattle to Eucalyptus benthamii trees in pruned and unpruned silvopastoral systems

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of tree pruning on the incidence and intensity of the damages caused by cattle to 26-month-old Eucalyptus benthamii, in a silvopastoral system, in the municipality of Pinhais, in the state Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design, with two treatments - livestock and forest with pruned eucalyptus (WP), and livestock and forest with unpruned eucalyptus (UP) - and three replicates, characterizing six types of damages and five damage intensities. There were significant differences between the WP and UP treatments for the different types of damages. Cattle entry in the silvopastoral system at 26 months after the planting of eucalyptus causes low-intensity damages to the trees, in the treatment with pruning, and medium-intensity damages to the trees in the treatment without pruning. Damages of stronger intensities were detected in the UP treatment, in which class-two damages (d2 = average damage) were verified in approximately 91% of the trees. The silvicultural practice of pruning E. benthamii trees does not affect the diameter at breast height or the total height of trees. Pruning can be recommended, as it does not affect tree development; moreover, this practice enables the production of knot-free, better-quality wood.

Analisis Nilai pH dan Tingkat Kerusakan Silase Pakan Komplit yang Diformulasi Dengan Daun Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) Sebagai Pakan Ternak Ruminasia

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding lamtoro leaves (leucaenanleucocephale) on pH values and the level of damage at different levels. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatment levels and 3 replications, namely J0= lamtoro leaf 0%, J1= addition of lamtoro leaves 40%, J2=addition of lamtoro leaves 30%, J3=addition of lamtoroleaves 20%. The results showed that the addition of lamtoro leaves to feed silage has a very real effect. on average the highest to lowest pH value is J0 is (5.16), J1 is (3.83), J2 is (4.67), and J3 is (4.73). Average damage to the highest to lewest is J0 is (6.67), J1 is (1.76), J2 is (4.38), and J3 is (4.78). From the results of the study, it is known that the best treatment and recommended defects are J1 treatment with the addition of lamtoro leaves 40%. Keywords: pH, damage rate, complete feed silage, lamtoro leaf, and rice strawid

Effect of Nanoherbal Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and Extra Virgin Olive Oil Combination on Preeclamptic Rats Liver Histology

BACKGROUND: Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a spice traditional Northen Sumatera, Indonesia and these fruits contain alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) contains antioxidants. Combination of this plant have activities to reduce preeclampsia. AIM: To know the safety of the combination of nano herbal andaliman and Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on preeclampsia patients’ liver. METHODS: Pregnant rats were made to have preeclampsia with 3 ml of NaCl 6% injections. This research consists of 5 groups: K- (negative control): normal pregnant rats, K+: preeclampsia rats; P1: PE rats were given nano herbal andaliman 1 ml EVOO / day / 20 gBW from the 13th to the 19th day of pregnancy, P2: PE rats were given nano herbal andaliman 100 mg/day / 200 gBW from the 13th to the 19th day of pregnancy, P3: PE was given the combination of 1 ml EVOO/day / 200 gBW and andaliman nano herbal 100 mg/day/200 gBW on the 13th day of pregnancy to the 19th day given orally. Then on the 20th day of pregnancy, the subjects were dissected. RESULTS: There were significant differences (p < 0.05) on the value of SGOT, SGPT, and the average damage of the hepatocyte cells except parenchymatous degeneration after being given the nano herbal andaliman and EVOO. The compared mean of normal hepatocytes cell, hydropic degeneration and necrosis value between all groups were p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 compared to (K-). The non-significant difference was found in the mean of parenchymatous degeneration between the groups (p = 0.058). CONCLUSION: The combination of nano herbal andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and EVOO affected the level of necrosis in hepatocyte cells on preeclampsia rats.

Surrogate Models for Estimating Failure in Brittle and Quasi-Brittle Materials

In brittle fracture applications, failure paths, regions where the failure occurs and damage statistics, are some of the key quantities of interest (QoI). High-fidelity models for brittle failure that accurately predict these QoI exist but are highly computationally intensive, making them infeasible to incorporate in upscaling and uncertainty quantification frameworks. The goal of this paper is to provide a fast heuristic to reasonably estimate quantities such as failure path and damage in the process of brittle failure. Towards this goal, we first present a method to predict failure paths under tensile loading conditions and low-strain rates. The method uses a k-nearest neighbors algorithm built on fracture process zone theory, and identifies the set of all possible pre-existing cracks that are likely to join early to form a large crack. The method then identifies zone of failure and failure paths using weighted graphs algorithms. We compare these failure paths to those computed with a high-fidelity fracture mechanics model called the Hybrid Optimization Software Simulation Suite (HOSS). A probabilistic evolution model for average damage in a system is also developed that is trained using 150 HOSS simulations and tested on 40 simulations. A non-parametric approach based on confidence intervals is used to determine the damage evolution over time along the dominant failure path. For upscaling, damage is the key QoI needed as an input by the continuum models. This needs to be informed accurately by the surrogate models for calculating effective moduli at continuum-scale. We show that for the proposed average damage evolution model, the prediction accuracy on the test data is more than 90%. In terms of the computational time, the proposed models are ≈ O ( 10 6 ) times faster compared to high-fidelity fracture simulations by HOSS. These aspects make the proposed surrogate model attractive for upscaling damage from micro-scale models to continuum models. We would like to emphasize that the surrogate models are not a replacement of physical understanding of fracture propagation. The proposed method in this paper is limited to tensile loading conditions at low-strain rates. This loading condition corresponds to a dominant fracture perpendicular to tensile direction. The proposed method is not applicable for in-plane shear, out-of-plane shear, and higher strain rate loading conditions.