scholarly journals Antibiotic Use and Resistance Pattern in Ethiopia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oumer Abdu Muhie
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Bacterial Detection

Background. In the last decades, medicines have had an unprecedented positive effect on health, leading to reduced mortality and disease burden and consequently to an improved quality of life. The rapid and ongoing spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms threatens our ability to successfully treat a growing number of infectious diseases. In the absence of the development of new generations of antibiotic drugs, appropriate use of existing antibiotics is needed to ensure the long-term availability of effective treatment for bacterial infections. Irrational use of antibiotics is an ongoing global public health problem that deserves more attention. This review is conducted to evaluate the prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic utilization and resistance to antibiotics in Ethiopia. Methods. Electronic search in PubMed/MEDLINE and Google was used to find published literature with reference lists of relevant articles searched manually. Titles and abstracts were initially screened for eligibility. The full texts of articles judged to be eligible were reviewed if they meet the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted on important variables like the sample size, region of the study, the inappropriate antibiotic use, bacterial detection rate, multidrug resistance pattern, and more other variables. Microsoft Excel was used for data extraction. Quantitative analysis was performed using STATA version 11. Results. The electronic searches identified 193 articles of which 33 were found eligible. The random-effects model was used to provide point estimates (with 95% confidence interval (CI)) of bacterial detection rate, inappropriate antibiotic use, and multidrug resistance rate to account for heterogeneity. The pooled bacteria detection rate was 29.1 with 95% CI (16.6–41.7). The pooled prevalence of multidrug resistant strains identified was 59.7% (95% CI: 43.5–75.9). The pooled estimate of inappropriate antibiotic use was 49.2% (95% CI: 32.2–66.2). The pooled proportion of self-antibiotic prescription was 43.3% (95% CI: 15.7–70.9). Other reasons for inappropriate antibiotic use included a wrong indication, wrong duration, improper route of administration, use of leftover antibiotics from a family member, and immature discontinuation of antibiotics. Conclusion and Recommendations. Inappropriate antibiotic use is a huge problem in Ethiopia, and many bacteria were resistant to commonly used antibiotics and similarly, multidrug-resistant bacterial strains are numerous. Appropriate antibiotic use should be ensured by prohibiting over-the-counter sale of antibiotics and strengthening antimicrobial stewardship.

scholarly journals Harnessing the Intriguing Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Detect and Treat Bacterial Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Lingchao Xiang ◽  
Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru ◽  
Chen Xu ◽  
Aiguo Wu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Detection ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Further Development

Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, especially multidrug-resistant bacteria, have become a serious worldwide public health problem. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively prevent the adverse effects of such infections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective methods for the early detection, prevention, and treatment of diseases that are caused by bacterial infections. So far, magnetic material nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used in the detection and treatment of bacterial infections as detection agents and therapeutics. Therefore, this review describes the recent research on MNPs in bacterial detection and treatment. Finally, a brief discussion of challenges and perspectives in this field is provided, which is expected to guide the further development of MNPs for bacterial detection and treatment.

Nanotechnologies in the Light of Modern Antibacterial Strategies: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
BG Andryukov
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Alternative Means

Introduction: The emergence and growth of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains in recent decades is associated with the widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics, as well as a decrease in the number of effective studies and discoveries of new classes of antibacterial drugs. These alarming trends are recognized as a major threat to global public health. They stimulate and increase the relevance of a large-scale search and study of new antimicrobial strategies, alternative to traditional antibiotic therapy. The purpose of the review is a critical analysis of advantages and limitations of modern antimicrobial platforms with an emphasis on innovative techniques of using nanoparticles for a direct or indirect effect on pathogenic bacteria, including the MDR ones. Materials and methods: The search for literary sources published in 2017–2021 was carried out in the resources of the Cochrane Library (Wiley Online Library directory), EMBASE (EMBASE.com), CINAHL, and Web of Science. Results: Most positive therapeutic effects for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases were obtained by implementing fundamentally new mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of nanosized particles and other nanomaterials. When assessing future prospects of nanotechnology as the most dynamically and actively developing and promising recent antimicrobial strategy, it should be concluded that these innovative platforms certainly merit attention and further study as alternative means of preventing and treating bacterial infections. The main limitation for the clinical use of modern nanomaterials is the need for further assessment of their safety and cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Tackling antibiotic resistance requires the concerted action of community and government institutions. The development of safe and effective antibacterial technologies should be accompanied by adoption of an international program of strict regulation and tough measures of control over validity and rational use of antibiotics and other antibacterial drugs in medicine, cosmetology, and agriculture.

Study of Multidrug Resistance Pattern among Escherichia coli isolated from patients with Urinary tract infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Soniya Goyal ◽  
Vikas Beniwal
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections encountered in community and cause of significant morbidity and high medical cost. Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family responsible for majority of UTI infections. Antimicrobial drugs have been routinely prescribed for empirical treatment of UTIs which has led to a dramatic increase in antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli. The aim of present study was to analyse the multidrug resistance patterns (MDR) of E. coli isolated from UTI patients.Methods: A total of 80 urine samples collected from the patients suspected of having UTI attending Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MMIMSR), Mullana, Ambala were cultured using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of E.coli was done by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC of tetracycline, doxycycline, azithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ampicillin, amoxicillin and amikacin was done by agar dilution method.Results: Of the total 46 isolates contributing 33 females and 13 males were confirmed as E. coli. About 51.34% of the female patients belonged to the age group 21-40 yr and 53.84% of the male population belonged to 41-80 yr were found to be more susceptible to UTI infection. All isolates confirmed as E.coli were found to be multidrug resistant. 80% of the isolates exhibited MICs higher than 1000mg/L against β-lactams. 20% of the E. coli isolates exhibited MICs higher than 1000mg/L against ciprofloxacin, amikacin and erythromycin. 23% and 95% of E. coli isolates exhibited MICs less than 128 mg/L against doxycycline and levofloxacin respectively.Conclusion: The present study revealed the decreased susceptibility of the E.coli to all drugs. E. coli resistance profile to beta lactams, quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines and aminoglycosides were also found to be quite high in this study emphasizing the need to educate public about appropriate use of antibiotics.NA

Modulation of the drug resistance by Platonia insignis Mart. extract, ethyl acetate fraction and Morelloflavone/Volkensiflavone (biflavonoids) in Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa Kelly Ferreira e Silva ◽  
Antonielly Campinho dos Reis ◽  
Emanuelly Elanny Andrade Pinheiroc ◽  
Jonas Nascimento de Sousa ◽  
Felipe Araújo de Alcântara Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Subinhibitory Concentrations

Background: Microbial resistance to antibiotics is a global public health problem, which requires urgent attention. Platonia insignis is a native species from the eastern Brazilian Amazon, used in the treatment of burns and wounds. Objectives: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of P. insignis (PIHA), the ethyl acetate fraction (PIAE), and its subfraction containing a mixture of biflavonoids (BF). Moreover, the effect of these natural products on the antibiotic activity against S. aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes was also evaluated. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined against different species of microorganisms. To evaluate the modulatory effect on the Norfloxacin-resistance, the MIC of this antibiotic was determined in the absence and presence of the natural products at subinhibitory concentrations. Inhibition of the EtBr efflux assays were conducted in the absence or presence of the natural products. Results: PIHA showed a microbicidal effect against S. aureus and C. albicans, while PIAE was bacteriosctatic for S. aureus. PIAE and BF at subinhibitory concentrations were able to reduce the MIC of Norfloxacin acting as modulating agents. BF was able to inhibit the efflux of EtBr efflux in S. aureus strains overexpressing specific efflux pump genes. Conclusion: P. inignisis a source of efflux pump inhibitors, including volkensiflavone and morelloflavone which were able to potentiate the Norfloxacin activity by NorA inhibition, being also able to inhibit QacA/B, TetK and MsrA. Volkensiflavone and morelloflavone could be used as adjuvant in the antibiotic therapy of multidrug resistant S. aureus strains overexpressing efflux pumps.

scholarly journals Genomic Characterization of New Variant of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)-Producing Escherichia coli with Multidrug Resistance Properties Carrying the mcr-1 Gene in China

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silpak Biswas ◽  
Mohammed Elbediwi ◽  
Guimin Gu ◽  
Min Yue
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Genomic Characterization ◽  
Human Infections

Colistin is considered to be a ‘last-resort’ antimicrobial for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, carrying the transferable colistin resistance gene mcr-1, has recently provoked a global health concern. This report presents the first detection of a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-producing Escherichia coli variant isolated from a human in China, with multidrug resistance (MDR) properties, including colistin resistance by the mcr-1 gene, which could have great implications for the treatment of human infections.

Identification of bacteriological quality and antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms isolated from animal foods collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
P. Vijayalakshmi ◽  
A. Rajani Chowdary ◽  
P. Vidyullatha ◽  
M. Sharon Sushma
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Butcher Shops

The current study aimed to isolate bacteria that harbour various animal food products like meat, chicken and seafoods collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolated pathogens which are responsible for various foodborne illnesses in human beings. A total of forty raw animal product samples were collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market of Visakhapatnam. The samples selected for the study include raw chicken, meat, crab, prawns and different varieties of fish. A classic random sampling technique was employed to collect the study samples. All the samples were processed immediately using standard microbiological protocols. The bacteria isolation and characterization were done by studying morphological characteristics with staining methods, cultural characteristics by isolating and growing the pathogenic microorganisms in various selective and differential culture media. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby -Bauer method by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. EDTA-Disc Potentiation Test and Imipenem-EDTA Double disc synergy test are used to detect the metallo beta-lactamase production of isolated pathogens. The highest number of isolates belong to Salmonella species (18), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18) followed by Vibrio species (14) and few isolates belong to Enterobacter species (4). Majority of the microbial isolates obtained in the current study were multidrug resistant. The isolates from the abattoir environments, slaughterhouses, fish markets were found to exhibit variable resistance pattern to aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, cephalosporins, quinolone antibiotics used in the present study and at the same time most of them were sensitive to carbapenem antibiotic imipenem. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) prevents the designing and assessment of effective interventions. If such a link can be established, then the tracking of antibiotic use and consumption data could be furthermore used as a surrogate indicator for the risk of potential antibiotic resistance (ABR) emergence.

scholarly journals Multidrug resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from broiler chickens at slaughter

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3813-3824
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Pacheco Ornellas ◽  
◽  
Hugo Peralva Lopes ◽  
Daniela de Queiroz Baptista ◽  
Thomas Salles Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Systemic Complications

Broiler chickens and derived products are a key source of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. This pathotype is responsible for causing severe episodes of diarrhea, which can progress to systemic complications. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease, and early treatment of the infection with antimicrobials, can prevent it worsening. However, multidrug-resistant strains have potentially negative implications for treatment success. In this context, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant STEC strains from broiler chickens and carcasses. Of 171 E. coli strains, isolated by conventional microbiological techniques and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 21.05% (36/171) were STEC pathotype, and most of them (66.67% - 24/36) carried both stx1 and eae genes. The multidrug resistance pattern was observed in 75% (27/36) of STEC strains. The presence of STEC in broiler chickens and carcasses reinforces that these sources may act as reservoirs for this pathotype. Multidrug-resistant bacteria contaminating animal products represent a public health issue because of the possibility of spread of multidrug-resistant determinants in the food chain and a higher risk of failure in human treatment when antimicrobials are needed.

scholarly journals Emergence of plasmid-mediated mcr genes from Gram-negative bacteria at the human-animal interface

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Humera Javed ◽  
Sidrah Saleem ◽  
Aizza Zafar ◽  
Aamir Ghafoor ◽  
Ahmad Bin Shahzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Animal Isolates ◽  
Animal Strains ◽  
Microbiological Procedures

Abstract Background The global emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (Col-R) conferred by mcr genes in gram-negative rods (GNRs) has jeopardized the last treatment option for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in humans. This study aimed to assess the emergence of mcr gene-mediated Col-R in GNRs isolated from humans and animals in Pakistan. Methods Animal and clinical specimens collected from various sources were prospectively analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Pathogens were identified using the API 20E and API 20NE systems (bioMerieux). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against colistin was determined using the MIC detection methods, and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes. Results We isolated 126 (88.1%) animal and 17 (11.9%) human Col-R phenotypes, among which there was a significant association (P < 0.01) of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis with animals and of Acinetobacter baumannii with humans. Animal strains exhibited statistically significant (P < 0.05) resistance to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and moxifloxacin, and the human pathogens exhibited statistically significant (P < 0.05) antibiotic resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, and piperacillin-tazobactam. For Col-R strains, MIC50 values were > 6 µg/mL and > 12 µg/mL for human and animal isolates, respectively. mcr genes were detected in 110 (76.9%) bacterial strains, of which 108 (98.2%) were mcr-1 and 2 (1.8%) were mcr-2. Conclusions The detection of a considerable number of mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes in animals is worrisome, as they are now being detected in clinical pathogens. The acquisition of mcr genes by colistin-susceptible bacteria could leave us in a post-antibiotic era.

scholarly journals Multidrug Resistant Enteric Bacterial Pathogens in a Psychiatric Hospital in Ghana: Implications for Control of Nosocomial Infections

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwabena O. Duedu ◽  
George Offei ◽  
Francis S. Codjoe ◽  
Eric S. Donkor
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Enteric bacteria are commonly implicated in hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections. In Ghana, these infections constitute an important public health problem but little is known about their contribution to antibiotic resistance. The aim of the study was to determine the extent and pattern of antibiotic resistance of enteric bacteria isolated from patients and environmental sources at the Accra Psychiatric Hospital. A total of 265 samples were collected from the study site including 142 stool and 82 urine samples from patients, 7 swab samples of door handle, and 3 samples of drinking water. Enteric bacteria were isolated using standard microbiological methods. Antibiograms of the isolates were determined using the disc diffusion method. Overall, 232 enteric bacteria were isolated. Escherichia coli was the most common (38.3%), followed by Proteus (19.8%), Klebsiella (17.7%), Citrobacter (14.7%), Morganella (8.2%), and Pseudomonas (1.3%). All isolates were resistant to ampicillin but sensitive to cefotaxime. The resistance ranged from 15.5% to 84.5%. Multidrug resistance was most prevalent (100%) among isolates of Proteus and Morganella and least prevalent among isolates of Pseudomonas (33.3%). Multidrug resistance among enteric bacteria at the study hospital is high and hence there is a need for screening before therapy to ensure prudent use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance ofSalmonella entericaSerovars Typhi and Paratyphi Isolates from a General Hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia: A Five-Year Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nata Pratama Hardjo Lugito ◽  
Cucunawangsih
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Prevalent Disease ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Resistance Rates

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever known as enteric fever pose important global public health problem, with 21.6 million cases and approximately 250,000 deaths annually. It is a prevalent disease in Indonesia, but data on the antimicrobial resistance pattern is limited. This study aim was to provide data on the antimicrobial resistance pattern ofS.Typhi andS.Paratyphi bloodstream isolates in a general hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, during the period of January 2011 to December 2015. Susceptibility against antimicrobials was detected according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Out of a total of 168 isolates 55.4% wereS.Typhi and 44.6%S.Paratyphi A. Most of the isolates, 92.9%, were from children aged 6–18 years and adult population. There was low resistance ofS.Typhi against ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin, similar to previous studies in Indonesia. In the 2011–2015 period, resistance rates against most antimicrobials and MDR rate ofS.Typhi andS.Paratyphi were low, emphasizing that there is a distinct epidemiological dynamic of the enteric fever in Indonesia.

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