Hypothesis: Relationship between Coronavirus Disease-19 and Periodontal status

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic affecting 185 countries and >18.8 million patients worldwide as of July 2020. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-2) and majorly manifesting as a hypoxic condition in the affected patients. It has shown to multiply rapidly among patients showing other debilities, majorly hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Periodontitis is defined as a multifactorial disease predominantly governed by microbial dysbiosis and having risk factors as the presence of systemic pathology, decline in immunity, and increased stress. Keeping these factors as a plausible threat for periodontitis, there can be a postulation made that periodontitis can act as a probable risk factor for COVID-19. Limited resources and novelty of the disease hold back any confirmation of the co-relation.

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Knowledge, awareness and perceptions of diabetes mellitus among the Saudi population

Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research ◽

10.2217/cer-2019-0137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 413-422

Author(s):

Muhammad H Mujammami ◽

Abdulaziz A Alodhayani ◽

Mohammad Ibrahim AlJabri ◽

Ahmad Alhumaidi Alanazi ◽

Sultan Sayyaf Alanazi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Social Media ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Health Workers ◽

Saudi Population ◽

Limited Data ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background: High prevalence of undiagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased over the last two decades, most patients with DM only become aware of their condition once they develop a complication. Limited data are available regarding the knowledge and awareness about DM and the associated risk factors, complications and management in Saudi society. Aim: This study aimed to assess knowledge of DM in general Saudi society and among Saudi healthcare workers. Results: Only 37.3% of the participants were aware of the current DM prevalence. Obesity was the most frequently identified risk factor for DM. Most comparisons indicated better awareness among health workers. Conclusion: A significant lack of knowledge about DM in Saudi society was identified. Social media and educational curriculum can improve knowledge and awareness of DM.

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Prevalence and prognostic impact of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1796 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

T.J Jernberg ◽

E.O Omerovic ◽

E.H Hamilton ◽

K.L Lindmark ◽

L.D Desta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Reperfusion Therapy ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Funding Source ◽

Additional Risk Factor ◽

Additional Risk

Abstract Background Left ventricular dysfunction after an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with poor outcome. The PARADISE-MI trial is examining whether an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor reduces the risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure (HF) in this population. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and prognosis of different subsets of post-MI patients in a real-world setting. Additionally, the prognostic importance of some common risk factors used as risk enrichment criteria in the PARADISE-MI trial were specifically examined. Methods In a nationwide myocardial infarction registry (SWEDEHEART), including 87 177 patients with type 1 MI between 2011–2018, 3 subsets of patients were identified in the overall MI cohort (where patients with previous HF were excluded); population 1 (n=27 568 (32%)) with signs of acute HF or an ejection fraction (EF) <50%, population 2 (n=13 038 (15%)) with signs of acute HF or an EF <40%, and population 3 (PARADISE-MI like) (n=11 175 (13%)) with signs of acute HF or an EF <40% and at least one risk factor (Age ≥70, eGFR <60, diabetes mellitus, prior MI, atrial fibrillation, EF <30%, Killip III-IV and STEMI without reperfusion therapy). Results When all MIs, population 1 (HF or EF <50%), 2 (HF or EF <40%) and 3 (HF or EF <40% + additional risk factor (PARADISE-MI like)) were compared, the median (IQR) age increased from 70 (61–79) to 77 (70–84). Also, the proportion of diabetes (22% to 33%), STEMI (38% to 50%), atrial fibrillation (10% to 24%) and Killip-class >2 (1% to 7%) increased. After 3 years of follow-up, the cumulative probability of death or readmission because of heart failure in the overall MI population and in population 1 to 3 was 17.4%, 26.9%, 37.6% and 41.8%, respectively. In population 2, all risk factors were independently associated with death or readmission because of HF (Age ≥70 (HR (95% CI): 1.80 (1.66–1.95)), eGFR <60 (1.62 (1.52–1.74)), diabetes mellitus (1.35 (1.26–1.44)), prior MI (1.16 (1.07–1.25)), atrial fibrillation (1.35 (1.26–1.45)), EF <30% (1.69 (1.58–1.81)), Killip III-IV (1.34 (1.19–1.51)) and STEMI without reperfusion therapy (1.34 (1.21–1.48))) in a multivariable Cox regression analysis. The risk increased with increasing number of risk factors (Figure 1). Conclusion Depending on definition, post MI HF is present in 13–32% of all MI patients and is associated with a high risk of subsequent death or readmission because of HF. The risk increases significantly with every additional risk factor. There is a need to optimize management and improve outcomes for this high risk population. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Novartis

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Abstract P146: Uric Acid is an Independent Risk Factor for Developing Hypertension From Prehypertension: A 5-year Japanese Cohort Study

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p146 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Masanari Kuwabara ◽

Shigeko Hara ◽

Koichiro Niwa ◽

Minoru Ohno ◽

Ichiro Hisatome

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Drinking Habits

Objectives: Prehypertension frequently progresses to hypertension and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, stroke, excess morbidity and mortality. However, the identical risk factors for developing hypertension from prehypertension are not clarified. This study is conducted to clarify the risks. Methods: We conducted a retrospective 5-year cohort study using the data from 3,584 prehypertensive Japanese adults (52.1±11.0 years, 2,081 men) in 2004 and reevaluated it 5 years later. We calculated the cumulative incidences of hypertension over 5 years, then, we detected the risk factors and calculated odds ratios (ORs) for developing hypertension by crude analysis and after adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, smoking and drinking habits, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and serum uric acid. We also evaluated whether serum uric acid (hyperuricemia) provided an independent risk for developing hypertension. Results: The cumulative incidence of hypertension from prehypertension over 5 years was 25.3%, but there were no significant differences between women and men (24.4% vs 26.0%, p=0.28). The cumulative incidence of hypertension in subjects with hyperuricemia (n=726) was significantly higher than those without hyperuricemia (n=2,858) (30.7% vs 24.0%, p<0.001). After multivariable adjustments, the risk factors for developing hypertension from prehypertension were age (OR per 1 year increased: 1.023; 95% CI, 1.015-1.032), women (OR versus men: 1.595; 95% CI, 1.269-2.005), higher body mass index (OR per 1 kg/m 2 increased: 1.051; 95% CI 1.021-1.081), higher baseline systolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg increased: 1.072; 95% CI, 1.055-1.089) and diastolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg increased: 1.085; 95% CI, 1.065-1.106), and higher serum uric acid (OR pre 1 mg/dL increased: 1.149; 95% CI, 1.066-1.238), but not smoking and drinking habits, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney diseases. Conclusions: Increased serum uric acid is an independent risk factor for developing hypertension from prehypertension. Intervention studies are needed to clarify whether the treatments for hyperuricemia in prehypertensive subjects are useful.

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Association of risk factors of GDM with outcome of GCT in obstetrical population

Annals of King Edward Medical University ◽

10.21649/akemu.v10i1.1141 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rubina Sohail ◽

Tahir Bashir ◽

Khalida Javaid ◽

Farrukh Zaman

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Challenge Test ◽

Antenatal Clinic ◽

Factor Group ◽

Glucose Challenge Test ◽

Glucose Challenge

Objective: To determine the association of risk factors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) to outcome of Glucose Challenge Test (GCT). Place and Duration of Study: From February 2000 to October 2000 at the antenatal clinic of Unit-II at Services Hospital. Subject and Methods: One thousand pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at 24-28 weeks of gestation at Services Hospital were included. Glucose challenge test was performed after a history with special reference to diabetic risk factors. Results: Risk factors were identified in 198 (19.8%); while there were no risk factors in 802 (80.2%) women. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out in all glucose challenge test positive patients. Out of 198 women with risk factors, 50 women were glucose challenge test positive while 148 were screen negative. Out of 802 women without risk factors 54 were GCT positive while 748 were screen negative. The positive predictive value was 48% and the negative predictive value was 83% Out of ten gestational diabetic women, six (3%) belonged to the risk factor group While four (0.5%) were in the no risk factor group. Conclusion: pregnant women with positive risk factors for diabetes mellitus were found to have a six times greater chance of developing gestational diabetes as compared to those with no risk factors.

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Sex difference in types and distribution of risk factors in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

International Journal of Stroke ◽

10.1177/1747493017724626 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 83-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alijan A Ahangar ◽

Payam Saadat ◽

Behzad Heidari ◽

Seyedeh T Taheri ◽

Shayan Alijanpour

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Sex Difference ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽

Age Group

Background Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with several risk factors with variable risk factor distribution by population. We report the types and frequency of the associated factors of stroke in north Iran. Methods Consecutive patients with stroke were recruited from 2014 to 2015. The two groups of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke were compared with respect to age, sex, the prevalence, and distribution of the risk factors. Results Among 230 patients (84.3% ischemic stroke) with mean age of 61.2 years, hypertension (73%), diabetes mellitus (53%), cardiovascular disease (51%), and dyslipidemia (47%) were the most frequent risk factors. Hypertension was significantly more prevalent in males compared with females (88% vs. 60%, OR = 4.91, 95% CI: 2.48–9.71). Hypertension, smoking, and opioid consumption were associated with hemorrhagic stroke. Dyslipidemia was significantly higher in ischemic stroke (OR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.21–5.8). Overall, 84.3% of stroke occurred in patients aged >50 years (92.8% of women vs. 74.5% of the men, OR = 4.43, 95% CI: 1.93–10.16, p = 0.001). Conclusion Stroke was more prevalent in females; hypertension was more prevalent in males. In the age group less than 50 years old, stroke is more prevalent in men.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Arterio-Venous Fistula Obstruction on Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease

ACI (Acta Cardiologia Indonesiana) ◽

10.22146/jaci.v7i2.3511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Muhamad Taufik Ismail ◽

Hariadi Hariawan ◽

Yulia Wardhani ◽

Metalia Puspitasari ◽

I Putu Aditio Artayasa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Doppler Ultrasound ◽

Duplex Ultrasound ◽

Smoking Habits ◽

Av Fistula ◽

Venous Fistula

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Arterio-Venous Fistula Obstruction on Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease Ismail MT1, Hariawan H1, Wardhani Y2, Puspitasari M2, Artayasa IPA1, Ramadhan G1, Tarigan T1, Triatmaja R1 1Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55284, Indonesia 2Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine Universitas Gadjah Mada-RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta Indonesia ABSTRACT Aim: AV fistula obstruction has become one of the main vascular access complications in patients undergoing haemodialysis. This complications have significant impacts on the morbidity and mortality of dialysis patients while also leading to higher medical costs. Clinical monitoring has been routinely used for early detection of AV fistula stenosis and obstruction, however screening with Doppler ultrasound is still not a routine recommendation. This study aims to know prevalence and risk factors of AV Fistula obstruction detected by Duplex ultrasound examination. Methods: This study was a hospital-based descriptive analytic study with cross sectional design conducted at the haemodialysis center of National General Hospital Dr. Sardjito, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Patient demographic and clinical risk factor were recorded using direct interview. AV fistula obstruction were assessed using Duplex ultrasound by professional sonographer. Results: Seventy four (74) patients are using AV fistula as entry access for hemodialysis in RSUP dr. Sardjito. It is consist of 39 male (53%) and 35 Female (47%). The mean age of patients is 50 years old. Surveillance using Doppler ultrasound found 20 patients (27%) have stenotic AV Fistula. Smoking habits (OR 5.37, 95% CI, 1.760 - 16.431, p=0.002) and diabetes mellitus (OR 5.00, 95% CI, 1.631 – 15.503, p=0.004) increase risk for having stenotic AV fistula. Only 4 patient (20 %) of all 20 patient with stenotic AV fistula were symptomatic, and needed for further vascular intervention Conclusion: Prevalence of AV fistula obstruction detected by Doppler ultrasound was 27% of all AV fistula patient with only 5% had symptomatic AV fistula failure. Smoking habits and diabetes mellitus are important risk factor for AV fistula obstruction. Asymptomatic AV fistula obstruction often goes undetected by clinical monitoring that can increase of risk of symptomatic AV fistula obstruction in the future. The further study is needed to determine level recommendation of routine AV fistula surveillance with Doppler Ultrasound. Key words: AV Fistula obstruction, CKD, Doppler ultrasound surveillance, Risk factors, Prevalence

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Frequency of Metabolic Syndrome among Stroke Patients

Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/jom.v9i1.1424 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 37-41

Author(s):

Ahmedul Kabir ◽

MM Sadeka ◽

MJ Ahmed ◽

E Kabir ◽

MA Kahhar

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Medical Unit ◽

Economic Class ◽

Future Researcher ◽

Relevant Field

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factor and is strongly associated with CVD. This study had been carried out at Mitford Hospital with a view to get a profile of the stroke patients and to obtain the proportion of the patients having metabolic syndrome. Patients & methods: In the observational study a total of fifty patients of stroke (confirmed by CT Scan) were studied at medical unit of Mitford hospital from December, 2005 to April, 2006. Results: Among the fifty stroke patients, about half (48%) were diagnosed as metabolic syndrome and there was slight female preponderance among them. Majority of the patients (79%) were from middle socio-economic class. Investigations regarding hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia revealed the percentages of these risk factors along with gender distributions among the patients with stroke. Conclusion: Stage two hypertension and diabetes were the major risk factors causing stroke. This study would provide baseline line information for the future researcher in the relevant field. Â DOI = 10.3329/jom.v9i1.1424 J MEDICINE 2008; 9 : 37-41

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Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its relationship with various risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal with special reference to tribal population, India

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20191306 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1098

Author(s):

Narenrda Kumar Sharma ◽

Subodh Kumar Mahto ◽

Rahul Sharma ◽

Ankita Sheoran ◽

Sumit Kumar Suman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

West Bengal ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Tribal Population

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication and metabolic disorder of pregnancy. The aim and objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of GDM and its relationship with various risk factors with special reference to tribal population.Methods: The study was done in 200 patients between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, attending antenatal outdoor in a tertiary care hospital of West Bengal. These patients were given 75gm oral glucose irrespective of the last meal and their plasma glucose was estimated at 2hours. Patients with plasma glucose values ≥140 mg/dl were labelled as GDM. Patients who were diabetic before pregnancy or whose pre pregnancy body mass index was not known or was in labour or had chronic disease, were not included in the study.Results: Prevalence of GDM was 11% in whole population while it was 14.63% and 10.06% in tribal and non-tribal population respectively. Prevalence of GDM and its correlation with most of risk factors in previous pregnancies was found to be significant in both non-tribal and tribal population. Family history of diabetes mellitus was the most prevalent risk factor in both non-tribal (9.4%) and tribal population (14.63%). There was no single most common risk factor among GDM patients found as there were multiple risk factors present with same frequency in both tribal and non-tribal population.Conclusions: The prevalence of GDM is 14.63% in the tribal population and 10.06% in non-tribal population which is not statically significant (P<0.407). The relation between the prevalence of GDM and risk factors was found to be significant for most of the risk factors.

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Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Attending Primary Health Care Centers in Bahrain

Oman Medical Journal ◽

10.5001/omj.2022.53 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Afaf Merza Mohamed ◽

Hasan Mohamed Ali Isa ◽

Mohamed Shaikh Ali ◽

Abdulhusain Dadi ◽

Zahra Kadhim

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Fatty Liver Disease ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Female Gender ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Primary Health ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objectives: We aimed to identify the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess the possible risk factors. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, a random sample from patients receiving treatment for T2DM in the non-communicable disease clinic, primary health centers, Bahrain in 2018 was reviewed. Three-hundred eighty-two patients who underwent abdominal ultrasonography were selected for the study. Detailed patients’ data were collected and statistically analyzed. Prevalence of NAFLD and its’ possible risk factors were assessed. Results: The study populations were mostly females (235 (61.5%) patients). The mean age was 5912 years. Hypertension was the most frequent associated disease (221 (57.9%) patients). Most of the patients were either overweight or obese, 103 (30.5%) and 197 (58.3%), respectively. Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was found in 75 (21%) of 357 (93.5%) tested patients. Two-hundred sixty (68.06%) patients had fatty liver based on ultrasound imaging. In univariate analysis, female gender (p=0.013), high body mass index (BMI) (p<0.0001), high waist circumference (p=0.011) and high triglyceride levels (p=0.043) were significant risk factors for fatty liver. In binary logistic regression, BMI was the independent risk factor for fatty liver (p=0.005). Conclusions: The prevalence of NAFLD among patients with T2DM was found to be high. However, it was comparable to what has been reported in other studies. Female gender, high BMI, waist circumference and triglyceride level are risk factors for NAFLD. BMI is the independent risk factor.

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A study to evaluate scope of preventive strategies in modifiable risk factors of hypertension

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20184583 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 4849

Author(s):

Medha Mathur ◽

Navgeet Mathur

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Family History ◽

Positive Family History ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Preventive Strategies ◽

Hypertensive Patients ◽

Lack Of Exercise

Background: Hypertension is a vascular disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality. Risk factor prevention plays key role in control of the non-communicable diseases. Current study was conducted to assess prevalence of risk factors related to hypertensive patients.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for the period of six months (January to June 2018). Total 672 hypertensive patients were included in this study and subjected to evaluation of modifiable risk factors like obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, dyslipidemia and pre-existing diabetes mellitus along with non-modifiable risk factors like positive family history and age.Results: On risk factor evaluation of 672 hypertensive patients it was found that 601(89.4%) patients had lack of exercise, 210 (31.2%) patients had dyslipidemia, 190 (28.2%) patients were smokers, 164 (24.4%) patients had diabetes mellitus before emergence of hypertension, 132 (19.6%) patients were obese and 498 (74.1%) patient had age more than 60 years, 94 (13.9%) patients had family history of hypertension.Conclusions: High prevalence of risk factors for this non-communicable disease in Indian community is alarming. Dealing with modifiable risk factors by health education, promotion of exercise, favourable life style, dietary modifications, cessation of smoking, screening programmes for early detection of deranged blood pressure, blood sugar, lipid profile can be effective preventive strategies.

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