Exploring the Antimicrobial Activities of Chrysophyllum albidum Seed oil in Pharmaceutical and the Seeds in Food industry.

The anti- microbial activity tests of the seed oil, NaOH and ash soaps of the seed oil, of C.albidum were carried out to determine their effectiveness against gram+, gram– bacteria and some fungi strains. The proximate analysis of C.albidum seeds was performed to determine its nutritional benefits to mankind. Agar diffusion tests using Disc diffusion for the pure oils and soaps while the cup plate test method for dilutions was used in the determination of in-vitro activities. Standard methods as described by AOAC, (1990); AOAC, (1984) and Kjeldahl method described by Chang (2003) were used for proximate determinations. The results show the activity of the oil against Klebsiella pneumonia at a concentration as low as 10 mg/ml. The ash-soap of the leaves shows the highest antimicrobial activities because its MIC is the closest to the standard, Streptomycin. It possesses activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia at a concentration as low as 5mg/ml. The % proximate analysis composition shows Moisture content, Ash content, Crude Fibre, fat/Oil, Protein, Carbohydrates as follows (14.98, 1.90, 2.09, 2.38, 12.14 and 67.65)%. The study concluded by unleashing the great potential of Chrysophyllum albidum seeds as a useful raw material in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries rather than being regarded as waste in the environment

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Nutritional evaluation of sweet orange citrus sinensis seed oil

MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences ◽

10.15406/mojes.2021.06.00208 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nwozo Sarah O ◽

Omotayo Opeoluwa O ◽

Nwawuba Stanley U

Keyword(s):

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Glutaric Acid ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Sweet Orange ◽

Ash Content ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

The Family ◽

Safe Limit ◽

Nutritional Benefits

Highlighting the nutritional benefit of oil gleaned from the seed of sweet orange Citrus sinensis has become necessary; owing to the fact that the seed is predominantly considered a waste. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the nutritional benefits of oil extracted from the seed of sweet orange Citrus sinensis of the family; Rutaceae, and order; Sapindales. A total of 2.0 kg of coarsely crushed seeds were immersed in 15 liters of n-hexane for 72 hours in batches with intermittent vigorous shaking and the oil was further extracted using a soxhlet extractor. Other procedures for analysis were performed using standard methods. The result revealed that, the anti-nutrients levels were found to be within the safe limit, vitamin and minerals fell within the daily recommended intake limit. The proximate composition of Citrus sinensis seeds oil revealed that the oil contains; Protein 1.560±0.120, Moisture content 4.636±0.153, Fat 89.810±0.282, Ash content 1.776±0.161, Crude fibre 0.619±0.052 and Carbohydrate 1.614±0.036. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of the following fatty acid compounds; Linoleic acid 37.644%, Palmitic acid 28.051%, Isopropyl linoleate 12.699%, Pentadecanoic acid 9.652%, Stearic acid 5.839%, Butyl linoleate 2.867, and Glutaric acid 2.616%. Therefore, indicating that, the oil extracted from sweet orange Citrus sinensis seeds it’s an excellent choice for both nutritional and industrial purposes.

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Supplementation of Superfine Powder Prepared fromChaenomeles speciosaFruit Increases Endurance Capacity in Rats via Antioxidant and Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2014/976438 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ka Chen ◽

Jia You ◽

Yong Tang ◽

Yong Zhou ◽

Peng Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Raw Material ◽

Endurance Capacity ◽

Swimming Time ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Herb Medicine

Chaenomeles speciosafruit is a traditional herb medicine widely used in China. In this study, superfine powder ofC. speciosafruit (SCE), ground by supersonic nitrogen airflow at −140°C, was investigated to assess itsin vitroantioxidant activity andin vivoantiphysical fatigue activity. SCE was homogenous(d<10 μm)and rich in antioxidants like polyphenols, saponins, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, ascorbic acid, and SOD. According to thein vitroexperiments, SCE displayed promising antioxidant activity with powerful FARP, SC-DPPH, and SC-SAR activities. According to thein vivoexperiments, rats supplemented with SCE had prolonged exhaustive swimming time (57%) compared to the nonsupplemented rats. Meanwhile, compared to the nonsupplemented rats, the SCE-supplemented rats had higher levels of blood glucose and liver and muscular glycogen and lower levels of LA and BUN. Lower MDA, higher antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) activities, and upregulated Nrf2/ARE mediated antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, Trx, GCLM, and GCLC) expression were also detected in the supplemented group. This study indicates that SCE is a potent antioxidant and antifatigue agent, and SCE could be a promising raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

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In Vitro Assessment of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chitosan from Scylla serrata Against the Human Pathogens

Vol. 5, No. 1 - International Journal of Zoological Investigations ◽

10.33745/ijzi.2021.v07i01.016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sangeetha B ◽

Indra V ◽

Abdul Rahim M ◽

Venkadachalam E

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Scylla Serrata ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Crab Shell ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Chitosan, a polysaccharide derivative of chitin forms the structural components in the exoskeletons of crustacean animals and is also found in the cell walls of fungi. Chitosan is produced primarily from the crab shell waste through chemical means. The chemical structure of chitosan has been identified and characterized by FT-IR and XRD. In the current study, the antimicrobial activity of chemically deacetylated chitosan extracts of mud crabs (Scylla serrata) was evaluated against five human pathogenic isolates viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar disc diffusion method. These were performed to determine the crystallinity and functional properties of chitosan. The results showed that the antibacterial effect increased with increasing chitosan concentration. This study showed that chitosan isolated from crab shell has potential antibacterial activity therefore it can be utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and that antibacterial activity may be due to functional groups present in the crab shell.

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The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600086305 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 93 (1) ◽

pp. 217-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 773

Author(s):

K. H. Menke ◽

L. Raab ◽

A. Salewski ◽

H. Steingass ◽

D. Fritz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Energy Content ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Gas Production ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Maize Starch ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Crude Fibre Content

SUMMARYA rapid method for measuring gas production during incubation of feedingstuffs with rumen liquor in vitro is described. Gas production in 24 h from 200 mg feed dry matter was well correlated with digestibility of organic matter, determined in vivo with sheep. Multiple regression analysis, when it included data from proximate analysis, resulted in an equation (R = 0·98) for prediction of metabolizable energy content, based on 30 experiments with rations varying in protein and crude fibre content, and 59 other experiments with concentrates. Energy content was in the range of 7·7–13·2 MJ ME/kg D.M. (± S.D. = 11·17 ± 1·08). The residual standard deviation of the equation was 0·25 MJ. Gas production was measured in calibrated syringes. The only chemical determinations needed are dry matter, protein and fat. Differences in activity between batches of rumen liquor are corrected by reference to gas production with standard feedingstuffs (hay meal and maize starch).

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Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Pyrenacantha grandiflora Conjugated Silver Nanoparticles

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11061568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1568

Author(s):

Arinao Murei ◽

Karen Pillay ◽

Patrick Govender ◽

Ntevheleni Thovhogi ◽

Wilson M. Gitari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Biological Synthesis ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Biological Methods ◽

Mic Value

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using both the chemical and biological methods and conjugated with Pyrenacantha grandiflora extracts. These were then characterized and evaluated for antimicrobial activities against multi-drug resistant pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. Nanoparticles were analyzed with UV-visible spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Silver nanoparticles, P. grandiflora extracts, and the conjugates were also analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). As a result, quasi-sphere-shaped AgNPs with sizes ranging from 5 to 33 nm and spherically shaped AgNPs with sizes ranging from 3 to 25 nm were formed from chemical and biological synthesis, respectively. A well diffusion assay showed that the activity of silver nanoparticles was most improved with acetone extract against all tested bacteria with diameters in the range of 19–24 mm. The lowest MIC value of 0.0063 mg/mL against MRSA was observed when biologically synthesized AgNPs were conjugated with acetone and water extracts. Chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles showed the lowest MIC value of 0.0063 mg/mL against E. coli when conjugated with acetone and methanol extracts. This study indicates that silver nanoparticles conjugated with P. gandiflora tubers extracts exhibit strong antibacterial activities against multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Therefore, biosynthesized conjugates could be utilized as antimicrobial agents for effective disease management due to the synergistic antibacterial activity that was observed.

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Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Hydro-Alcoholic Solutions to Counteract Wooden Artwork Microbial Colonization

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11188704 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (18) ◽

pp. 8704

Author(s):

Silvia Sparacello ◽

Giuseppe Gallo ◽

Teresa Faddetta ◽

Bartolomeo Megna ◽

Giovanna Nicotra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Alcoholic Solution ◽

Microbial Colonization ◽

Supplementary Information ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Sabouraud Agar ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Aromatic plants represent a source of natural products with medicinal properties, and are also utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, the need for eco-compatible and non-toxic products, safe for both the environment and human health, have been proposed for the sustainable conservation of historic–artistic artifacts. In this study, in order to counteract microbial colonization (Aspergillus sp., Streptomyces sp., Micrococcus sp.) on wooden artwork surfaces, Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil (EO) and hydro-alcoholic (HA) solutions were applied in a polyphasic approach. The antimicrobial activities of EO and HA solutions were preliminarily assessed by agar disc diffusion (ADD) and well plate diffusion (WPD) in vitro methods, defining the specific concentration useful for bacterial and fungal genera, identified by optical microscopies, in vitro cultures (nutrient or Sabouraud agar), and DNA base molecular biology investigations. Specifically, the microbial patina was directly removed by a hydro-alcoholic solution (while evaluating the potential colorimetric change of the artwork’s surface) combined with exposure to EO volatile compounds, performed in a dedicated “clean chamber”. This study proposes, for the first time, the combined use of two plant extracts to counteract microbial development on wooden artworks, providing supplementary information on these products as bio-agents.

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Nutritional Study of Processed Amygdalus communis L. Sesamum indicum and Bertholletia excelsa Nuts on Two Weeks Old Wistar Rats

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry ◽

10.9734/ajrb/2020/v6i130109 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 29-41

Author(s):

Blessing M. Onyegeme-Okerenta ◽

Omeodu Steve ◽

Okere Peace Ijeoma

Keyword(s):

Wistar Rats ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Brazil Nut ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Crude Lipid ◽

Sesame Seeds ◽

Water Group ◽

Brazil Nuts ◽

Nutritional Benefits

The study evaluated the nutritional benefits of processed Almond nuts, Sesame seeds and Brazil nut on two weeks old Wistar rats. The rats were weighed and arranged into seven groups and feed for 4 weeks. Group one (control) was fed with commercial rat feed and distilled water. Group two was fed with a diet formulated from Brazil nuts and distilled water. Group three was fed with a diet formulated from almond seeds and distilled water only while Group four was fed with a diet formulated from sesame seeds. Group five was fed with diet from sesame + almond seeds while Group six was fed with a diet formulated from Brazil +almond nuts. Group seven was fed with a diet formulated from Brazil + Almond nuts +Sesame seeds. Biochemical and haematological analyses were carried out applying standard methods and procedures. Results for proximate analysis indicated that Brazil nut contains 4.03% Ash, 7.61% crude moisture, 43.74% crude lipid, 12.82% crude protein, 8.7% crude fibre and 28.1% carbohydrate. Plasma enzyme activities of rats fed with Brazil nuts were: ALT (22.96±1.95U/l), AST (66.49±3.33 U/l), ALP (64.18±2.76 (U/l) and GGT (6.89±1.69 (U/l). Total protein, albumin, and total bilirubin concentrations were 53.56±2.03 g/dl, 32.13±1.21 g/dl and 3.82±0.20 g/dl respectively. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL concentrations were 2.83±0.42 mmol/l, 1.35±0.02 mmol/l, 4.10±0.19 mmol/l, 4.72±0.13 mmol/l respectively. The PCV, Hb, WBC, RBC, Platelet and MCV concentrations of rats fed with Brazil nuts only were 48.20±1.79%, 15.02±0.65 g/dl, 7.06±0.44 X103/mm3, 7.28±0.23 X106/mm3, 195.00±5.79 X103/ml, and 6.63±0.43 X10-7fl respectively which were significantly (p<0.05) different from the control values. The result is suggestive that they can be incorporated as a supplementary diet for Wistar rats. However, the results obtained from rats feed with almond and Brazil nuts were more significant when compared with sesame seeds.

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In vitro Antimicrobial Potential of Samples From the Leaves and Fruits of Medicinally Important Melia azedarach

Biological Sciences - PJSIR ◽

10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.64.2.2021.109.115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (2) ◽

pp. 109-115

Author(s):

Jehan Bakht ◽

Ayesha Bukhari ◽

Arshad Iqbal ◽

Mohammad Shafi

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Melia Azedarach ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal ◽

Micro Organisms

Different solvent extracted samples obtained from the leaves and fruits of Melia azedarach were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. All the extracts from both tissues sources showed varying degrees of antimicrobial activities. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of both tissues inhibited the growth of the tested micro-organisms at all concentrations. N-hexane extracted fractions of the leaves reduced the activity of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at all concentrations, while no growth inhibition was recorded against Klebsiella pneumonia and Candida albicans. Crude methanolic extract from the leaves tissues showed activity against all the tested microbial species and highest susceptibility was noted against Bacillus subtilis. In case of leaves, the most susceptible bacteria were Bacillus subtilis (gram positive) and Klebsiella pneumonia (gram negative) was the most resistant one. In case of fruits extracts, the most susceptible bacteria were Klebsiella pneumonia (gram negative) and Escherichia coli (gram negative) was the most resistant one.

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Antimicrobial activities of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil against several oral pathogens and its volatile compounds

Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.24198/pjd.vol32no1.24966 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Henny Zaliyana Ahmad Kamal ◽

Tuan Nadrah Naim Tuan Ismail ◽

Erry Mochamad Arief ◽

Kannan Thirumulu Ponnuraj

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Raw Material ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Cymbopogon Nardus ◽

Oral Pathogens

Introduction: Cymbopogon nardus is a strong aromatic plant with relevant medicinal properties due to its essential chemical compounds and its potential therapeutic effects. This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of citronella essential oil against several oral pathogens and to identify the volatile compounds. Methods: The essential oil of C. nardus was purchased from Excellent Wisdom Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. The source of raw material was collected from Malacca, the southern region of Malaysia, and the company made its taxonomic identification. An experimental in-vitro study was conducted on the essential oil processed from C. nardus genus Cymbopogon of Poaceae family. The in-vitro antimicrobial activities of C. nardus essential oil were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus sobrinus (ATCC 33478), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) using agar well diffusion assay. The identification of the volatile compounds was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The C. nardus essential oil exhibited inhibitory activity against C. albicans at the concentration of 6.25%, whereby the inhibitory activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus began at the concentration of 25%. The antimicrobial activity of C. nardus essential oil was statistically significant at the concentration of 50% in all tested pathogens. The GC-MS analysis of the C. nardus essential oil revealed the presence of few constituents, which include monoterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds. Monoterpenes were the major identified terpenoids and contributed to 54.45% of the total volatile composition. The main identified monoterpenes were citronellal (11.35%), z-Citral (11.34%), β-Myrcene (6.70%), and β-Trans-ocimene (6.03%), which was the first time β-Myrcene and β-Trans-ocimene was found in high percentage. Conclusion: C. nardus essential oil is an active antibacterial agent against several oral pathogens, and the percentages of active volatile compounds are different within different origins.

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Phytochemical investigation GC-MS analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Coleus forskohlii

Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.3329/bjp.v10i4.24406 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 924 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Krishnamoorthy Rajkumar ◽

Ramaswamy Malathi

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Coleus Forskohlii ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Investigation

The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and antimicrobial activity of Coleus forskohlii. The different solvents such as ethanol, chloroform, acetone and aqueous extracts were identified pharmacologically as important bioactive compounds and their antimicrobial properties were studied. In the phytochemical investigation almost all the ethanol extract of leaf, stem and root having secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. The active constituents of the ethanol extract of C. forskohlii root was studied by GC-MS analysis. According to the antimicrobial results ethanol extract of C. froshkolii root showed highest antibacterial activity compared with stem and leaf. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Klebsiella pneumonia (19 mm) and Candida albicans (16 mm) in ethanol extract of root. Among the above extracts of leaf, stem and root, ethanol extract of root having antimicrobial activities due to the presence of phytoconstituents.

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