scholarly journals TERMS AS UNITS OF TRANSLATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliia Sydorenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Professional Knowledge ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Special Character ◽  
Lexical Structure ◽  
Complex Term ◽  
Descriptive Method

The purpose of the paper is to determine the features of the translation of technical terms from English into Ukrainian. A term is a word or phrase that expresses a clearly defined concept in a particular field of science, technology, art, socio-political life, and so on. Scientific and technical terminology is a wide layer of vocabulary that develops intensively and actively interacts with other layers of the vocabulary of the language, primarily with common vocabulary. Unlike commonly used words, terms are usually unambiguous, they are not characterized by expression. Some terms have lost a purely special character and are widely used in various parts of speech, while others retain a narrowly specialized use. Peculiarities of terms, as well as their translation into Ukrainian were studied by such linguists as G. Bezhenar, I. Beloded, I.Volkova, M.Volodina, B.Golovin, V.Danylenko, А. Dyakov, T Kiyak, R. Korobin, D Lotte, A. Naumenko, O. Oguy, E. Pirikov and others. Terms, as specific lexical units of language, are characterized by such features as accuracy, unambiguity, systematicity, objectivity and motivation. Translation of complex terms consists of two main procedures - analytical and synthetic. An important role in the translation of phrases is played by the analytical stage - the translation of its individual components. And for this it is necessary to correctly define the components of a complex term, because they can be not only words but also phrases that are part of a complex term. The main means of translating terms-phrases are descriptive method, transcription and tracing. The most difficult to translate are terms that have different meanings not only in different fields of science and technology, but even in one field. The main problem of translation of terms and terms-phrases is their ambiguity not only among different branches of science, but also within the technical field itself. Terms are units of language and professional knowledge that ensure the effectiveness of intercultural communication. For this reason, the greatest practical significance in the translation of scientific and technical texts is the equivalent translation of terminology. Differences in the lexical structure and morphosyntactic structure of terms have objective linguistic reasons: English terms, the structure of which includes a substantive defining component (noun or noun group), cannot be translated into Ukrainian without differences in morphosyntactic structure due to differences in the grammatical structure of languages.

scholarly journals Using UAM CorpusTool to Explore the Language of Evaluation in Interview Program

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyu Hu ◽  
Jinlin Tan
Keyword(s):  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Manual Annotation ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Appraisal System ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Evaluative Language

As an interactional encounter between a journalist and one or more newsworthy public figures, an interview program is a special type of discourse that is full of evaluative language. This paper sets out to explore evaluation in interview programs from the perspective of appraisal system. The corpus software used in this study is UAM CorpusTool 3.3— annotating software that is able to automatically annotate the grammatical structure and parts of speech of the text, meanwhile allows manual annotation of linguistic features based on various schemes. The results show that the use of attitudinal resources is closely related to speaker’s communication strategies. Invoked evaluation and positive appraisal resources are most frequently used in the interview to establish alignment with the audience. As will be explained below, the design of the program process and other information are also sources of evaluation.

scholarly journals Translation Shift From Balinese Into English in the Puppet Shadow Script Lubdaka

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Sayani Sayani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Translation Equivalent ◽  
Cultural Shifts ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
The Invisible

Balinese and English have different grammatical structure and English does not have speech level like Balinese. The condition may cause both linguistic and cultural shifts to make the translation equivalent. This difference becomes a challenge for translators in finding the closest natural equivalent of Balinese terms of address in English or vice versa. This study analyzed types of shifts in translation occurred in the translation of the terms of address from Balinese into English in puppet shadow script ‘Lubdaka’. This study belonged to qualitative study approach and used descriptive method. The primary data is the translation of terms of address from Balinese into English directly taken from puppet shadow script and its translation into English of the Lubdaka story in the book The Invisible Mirror of Siwaratri Kalpa (2008). Shifts in translation in the data occurred in grammatical (transposition) and in point of view (modulation). There are four types of shifts that belong to the grammatical: structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra-system shift. Meanwhile, there are three types of shifts found that belongs to the shift in point of view: lexical dense shift, lexical loose shift, and emphasizing on 2nd person.

scholarly journals Parts-of-speech systems and word order

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEES HENGEVELD ◽  
JAN RIJKHOFF ◽  
ANNA SIEWIERSKA
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Lexical Structure ◽  
Order Constraints ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
Lexical Items

This paper argues that the word order possibilities of a language are partly determined by the parts-of-speech system of that language. In languages in which lexical items are specialized for certain functionally defined syntactic slots (e.g. the modifier slot within a noun phrase), the identifiability of these slots is ensured by the nature of the lexical items (e.g. adjectives) themselves. As a result, word order possibilities are relatively unrestricted in these languages. In languages in which lexical items are not specialized for certain syntactic slots, in that these items combine the functions of two or more of the traditional word classes, other strategies have to be invoked to enhance identifiability. In these languages word order constraints are used to make syntactic slots identifiable on the basis of their position within the clause or phrase. Hence the word order possibilities are rather restricted in these languages. Counterexamples to the latter claim all involve cases in which identifiability is ensured by morphological rather than syntactic means. This shows that there is a balanced trade-off between the syntactic, morphological, and lexical structure of a language.

Manifestation of Mental Features of China in Intercultural Communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
V. Didenko ◽  
Dosmukhamed Nur-Akhmet ◽  
Nadezhda Paudyal ◽  
Larisa Filindash
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Cultural Shock ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the national mentality as a factor of intercultural communication. The authors highlight such aspects as the relationship between mentality and ethical and religious teachings on the example of China, and also emphasize the complex structure of these concepts. The article reveals how certain provisions of Confucianism affect the formation of certain mental features and how they, in turn, are manifested in the process of intercultural communication. The article considers the essence of such concepts as “globalization”, “mentality”, “intercultural communication”, “macro-and microsphere of intercultural communication”, “cultural shock”. The article focuses on the consequences of globalization for the modern communication process. The article emphasizes the practical significance and relevance of the problem under consideration, since understanding the mental national characteristics and taking them into account is a necessary factor for successful intercultural communication at all levels.

scholarly journals Competences of the interpreter

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-79
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Ulanova
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Practical Skills ◽  
Simultaneous Interpretation ◽  
Professional Interpreter

The article describes the practical skills of the interpreter. It reviews necessary professional skills essential for the interpreter. The author describes professional and innate abilities as vital when mastering and improving one’s skills of the simultaneous interpretation: mental alertness, long-term and operational memories, diaphragm breathing, and communication skills. The presentation plays a decisive role in the interpretation, in this regard, the author speaks about the problem of the working tool of the interpreter: voice hygiene. A special place in the article is devoted to the concept of the background knowledge, cultural competence, and their practical significance for the interpreter. The author concludes that range and richness of the background knowledge means more than recent news from media. The article also depicts the grounds of common mistakes in studying interpretation. In conclusion, the author emphasises the necessity of interpreters’ motivation and qualified training that together with personal development and experience of intercultural communication can result in a competent professional interpreter.

scholarly journals On the Differences between English and Chinese Animal Words Cultural Connotations

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Rongmei Yu
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
English Learning ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human History ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Cultural Connotations ◽  
Different Cultures

A social language could reflect culture which is correspondent and its manners show in the contents of words and vocabulary. The same to the animal words what contains rich and profound cultural customs of various nationalities and reflects the philosophical and cultural mentality of all ethnic groups profoundly.In the course of the development of human history, animals keep in touch with human beings. Many animals yet have been being human beings’ pets and friends. Many animals have formed a certain symbol in the minds of people, and are embodied in the language. Animal words are also forming a specific meaning in these processes. There are abundant words in English and Chinese with large number of animals as a metaphor. The cultural diversity of all nations around the world causes people to have different emotional attitudes towards animals in the different cultures, thus, the meaning of animal vocabulary is different in different cultures. It’s helpful to improve the communicative competence of English for the understanding of the cultural connotations of English and Chinese. To promote English learning and intercultural communication is of great practical significance.

scholarly journals Syntactic Transformations in Russian Translations of A. Kadiri’s Novel “Past Days”

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-384
Author(s):  
Gulnora N. Khidirova
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Different Levels

The compared languages (Uzbek and Russian) belong to languages of different grammatical structure, which has a decisive theoretical and practical significance in the cognition of linguistic phenomena. The grammatical structure of these languages is determined by the nature of their syntax and morphology. Differences in languages at different levels of their system cause translation difficulties. This is the reason for the use of syntactic transformations in the translation process. The article analyzes syntactic transformations - transformations of the structure of a sentence or one syntactic type of sentence into another, based on the material of Russian translations of A. Kadiris novel Past Days. It is shown that transformations occupy an important place in literary translation, since it is often impossible to use correspondences from dictionaries. With the help of transformations, it is possible to change the internal form of lexical units or replace one or another syntactic structure for an adequate transfer of content. Based on factual material, the influence of lexical, grammatical and stylistic factors on the methods of interlingual replacement, means of compensation, various transformations, including syntactic transformations, is considered.

scholarly journals ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASES IN THE OSSETIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Р.Г. ЦОПАНОВА ◽  
Э. ЧАНГИЗИ
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
The Common ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Different Levels

Цель данного исследования – определить сходство и различия в образовании атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что словосочетания в осетинском языке не исследовались в сравнении с аналогичными синтаксическими единицами в персидском языке.Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что сопоставительное изучение особенностей атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках даст возможность охарактеризовать общее и различное в этих языках в области синтаксиса словосочетания, что будет способствовать при необходимости лучшему изучению и исследованию этих языков в области синтаксиса, послужит также развитию межкультурной коммуникации осетин и иранцев, с которыми сейчас у осетин намечаются тесные культурные связи. Атрибутивные словосочетания в персидском языке чаще всего образуются на основе изафета, в ряде случаев используются послелог -ра и примыкание. В осетинском языке определение традиционно стоит перед определяемым словом и бывает выражено всеми знаменательными частями речи и связывается с ним падежными формами, существительными с несколькими послелогами, порядком слов. Для осетинского языка не характерна инверсия определения, но она возможна при его обособлении и изменении семантико-структурных и стилистических отношений между определением и определяемым словом. Инверсия определения не была чужда древнеперсидскому языку, а также языку скифов и алан, с которыми у осетин общее происхождение, на что указывает, помимо многих других свидетельств, лингвистическое единство этих языков на разных уровнях языковых структур. The purpose of this study is to determine the similarities and differences in the formation of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages. The novelty of the study lies in the fact, that phrases in the Ossetian language have not been studied in comparison with similar syntactic units in the Persian language. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that a comparative study of the features of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages will make it possible to characterize the common and different phrases in these languages in the field of syntax, which will contribute, if necessary, to a better study and research of these languages in the field of syntax, will also serve the development of intercultural communication of the Ossetians and the Iranians, with whom the Ossetians are now developing close cultural ties. Attributive phrases in the Persian language are most often formed on the basis of an isafet, in some cases postposition ‘ra’ and adjunctions are used. In the Ossetian language, the definition traditionally stands before the word being defined and is expressed by all significant parts of speech and is associated with it by case forms, nouns with several postpositions, word order. The inversion of the attribute is not typical for the Ossetian language, but it is possible with its isolation and change of semantic-structural and stylistic relations between the attribute and the word it attributes. The inversion of the attribute was not alien to the ancient Persian language, as well as to the language of the Scythians and Alans, with whom the Ossetians have common origin, which is indicated, among many other evidence, by the linguistic unity of these languages at different levels of linguistic structures.

scholarly journals The origins of theoretical comprehension of adjective as a part of speech

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Zera Asanova
Keyword(s):  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Past ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Crimean Tatar ◽  
Descriptive Method

The subject of this article is the examination theoretical approaches towards studying adjective as a part of speech, since the description of this lexical and grammatical group in the Crimean Tatar linguistics is incomplete. The aim goal consists in tracing the origins of theoretical comprehension of adjective as an independent part of speech. This linguistic research is based on the descriptive method. Methodological framework is comprised of the fundamental writing of prominent scholars: O. Jespersen, A. Potebnja, V. V. Vinogradov, A. M. Shcherbak, D. N. Shmelyov, and others. As a result, it was determined that the the word is attributed to a particular part of speech is in accordance with the scripted rules introduced by the linguists in the past. Languages and methods of their research have undergone significant changes. Accentuation of adjective among the parts of speech was related to the logical separation of the characteristic of thing from itself, on the level of understanding self-sufficiency of the characteristic as an empirical phenomenon, and the existence of special adjective words as names of quality. The acquired results and materials can be applied in basic and specialized educational courses on theoretical and practical grammar of the modern Crimean Tatar language in the section of “Morphology”.

scholarly journals On the Notion of Person in Confucianism

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-141
Author(s):  
Bogumił Gacka
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Boston University ◽  
Universal Love ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Will

The article presents the notion of person in Confucianism in the context of biographical background of Confucius (551-479 B.C.). As an itinerant sage Confucius taught the practical significance of moral values in the social and political life. His disciples collected his teachings in Analects, in which Confucius noticed that at his age of 50 he knew the will of Heaven (A 11:4). He began to teach Humanism with respect to Transcendence (T’ien).According to the great specialists, Prof. Tu Wei-Ming (Harvard University) and Prof. John Berthrong (Boston University), “the social dimension” of the human person in Confucianism is important and the person is conceived as “a center of relationships” and as a self of personal development (selfhood as creative transformation). There are five universal ways in human relations which are governed by five moral principles. The five ways are those governing the relationships between ruler and minister, between father and son, between husband and wife, between elder and younger brothers, and those in the intercourse between friends. The core of the human person is humanity (jen or ren).Just as “compassion” is the greatest Buddhist virtue, and “love” the Christian, jen is the ultimate goal of conduct and self-transformation for the Confucian. According to Confucius, education reforms a personal life as well as a social and political life in order to realize a universal love and a personal development of man (juncy).

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